This document provides an overview of the origins and development of sociology. It discusses the early theorists who studied and defined sociology, including Auguste Comte who is considered the founder of modern sociology. It also covers key thinkers and ideas that shaped sociology such as Marx and the concept of class conflict, Durkheim and mechanical versus organic solidarity, and Weber's ideas of verstehen and rationalization. The document traces how sociology emerged in Europe and was influenced by industrialization and the desire to scientifically study changing social conditions.

1. Origins of
Sociology
From Europe to the United States:The Minds
Behind the Theories

2. What Is Sociology?
““Sociology is the study of social
action”. (Mex Weber)
“sociology is the scientific study of society”.
(August Comte)
““Sociology is the study
of social facts
through social
institutions”.
(Emile Durkhiem)
“Sociology is the scientific
study of social aspects
of human life”.
(Mack Young)
“Sociology is the study of
humans living together”.
(Tonnies)
“Sociology is the study of social
groups on the basis of
social interaction”.
(Simmel)
“Sociology is the study
of collective behavior”.
(Park & Burgess )

3. MEANING OF SOCIOLOGY:
The term has been derived from
two words. The Latin “Socious”
mean companionship and the
Greek “logos” mean study.
So the term literally means the
study of human companionship
or association or society.
ORIGIN / HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF SOCIOLOGY:
Systematic study of Sociology
started with Greeks, they
considered men as a social animal
and the need of society. The
modern sociology was coined by
August Comte. He is considered as
the founder of modern sociology.
He called it “Social Physics”.
Conclusion: On the basis of above definitions, we can
conclude that sociology is the science of society,
human behavior, human interaction and relationships.

4. Vocabulary
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positivism: the belief that knowledge should bederived from scientific observation.
social statics: the study of social stability and order
social dynamics: the study of socialchange
bourgeoisie: classowning the meansfor producing wealth
capitalist: person who owns or controls the meansfor producingwealth
proletariat: working class;those who labor for bourgeoise
class conflict: the ongoingstruggle between the bourgeoise (owners) andthe proletariat
(working) classes
mechanical solidarity: social dependencybasedon awidespread consensusof valuesand
beliefs, enforced conformity, anddependenceon tradition andfamily
organic solidarity: social interdependency basedon ahighdegreeof specialization in roles
verstehen: understanding social behavior byputting yourself in the place of others.
rationalization: the mind-set emphasizingknowledge, reasonand planning.

5. European Origins
• Relatively new science - late 1800s
• Heavily influenced byindustrial revolution
• Intellectuals desired to better understand
changesto society as more andmore
people moved from the farms to facto

6. August Comte
1798-1857
• Considered the father of sociology
• Bright, challengingchild - expelled
from Ecole Polytechnique
• Believed , for society to improve,
scientific study needed to occur

7. Positivism
• Comte wanted to usescientific observation to study
social behavior
• He called this positivism (1848)- should bea
scienceon knowledge of which we canbe
“positive”, or sure
• He also distinguished between studying social stability
andorder (social statics) andstudy of social
change(social dynamics)

8. Harriet Martineau
1802-1876
• British woman who translated
Comte’s writing and published
severalbooks herself
• Introduced manyideasabout
research method, political economy
• Considered the pioneer in
feminism; sawlink between slavery
andoppression of women

9. Herbert Spencer
1820-1903
• Compared society to the human body
• Composed of parts working together
to promote its well-being and
survival.
• brains, stomachs, nervoussystems,
limbs : economies, religions,
governments,families

10. Social Darwinism
• Modeled after Darwin’s theory of evolution, Spencer
thought that evolutionary social changeled to
progress (aslong aspeople didn’t interfere)
• Survival of the fittest (for societies)
• He opposed social reform: poor deserved to bepoor
andthe rich to berich - let evolution sort it out
• Supported in America in 1882 - bycorporate leaders

11. Karl Marx
1818-1883
• Most concerned in classstruggle in
society
• Predicted that all society would settle
into two classes:bourgeoisie
(owners of wealth) & proletariat
(workers)
• Owners would want to continue to
gainmore wealth andcontinue
capitalist society

12. Marxism
Marxist Sociology is "a form of conflict
theory associated with…marxism's objective of
developing a positive (empirical) science
of capitalist society as part of the mobilization of
a revolutionary working class."

13. Class Conflict
• The different interests of the different
classesleadsto constant class conflict
• Marx predicted that eventually proletariate
would rise up againstbourgeoise and
overtake the capitalists
• Create aclasslesssociety where no one
would be powerless

14. Emile Durkheim
1858-1917
• French thinker who saidthat society
exists becauseof broad consensus
• Members of society agreeto
certain expectations
• In pre-industrial times, consensusof
valuesandbeliefs surrounded
family, tradition andconformity
called mechanical solidarity

15. Post-Industrial Society
• Changehappenedwith industrial revolution
•Organic solidarity - social
interdependence basedon a web of
specialized roles.
•These specialized roles make members
of society rely on each other for goods
and services

16. Scientific Methodology
• Durkheim helped to develop research
techniques to validate theories
• Replacespeculation with observation,
collect andclassifydata andusethat data
for testing social theory
• Durkheim introduced useof statistical
techniques in research (suicide research)

17. MaxWeber
1864-1980
• Writer on a number of topics
• Human beingsact on the basisof
their own understanding of a
situation
• Weber believed that sociologists
must discover the personal
meanings,values,beliefs and
attitudes underlying humansocial
behavior.

18. Verstehen
• Weber’s concept of versteheninvolved an
understanding of the personal intentions of
people in groups canbeaccomplished
through empathy
• By‘putting yourself in someones’shoes’,
you cantemporarily shedyour values
andseethings from adifferent point of
view

19. Rationalization
• Weber also identified rationalization asa
keyinfluence in the changeto an
industrialized society
• Tradition, emotion, superstition➭
knowledge, reason and planning
• Agriculture: belief in luck, fate or magic ➭
grounded science

20. JaneAddams
1860-1935
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Early social reformer in America
Seeingalot of corruption in government,
shebeganher life’s work seekingsocial
justice
Focusedon problems causedby the
imbalanceof power amongthe social
classes.
Active in women’s suffrage movement
Won Nobel PeacePrize (1931) - only
sociologists to ever win.

21. W.E.B.DuBois
1868-1963
• African-American educator and
social activist
• Analyzed social structure of
black communities to address
the “Negro problem”
• Racialdiscrimination and
segregation basedon idea that
blackswere aninferior race