Unit V
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It deals Money Market and Capital Market. Also deals Monetary policy types, objectives and instruments.
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Money Market and Capital Market
The document summarizes Nepal's money and capital markets. The money market is narrow and deals in short-term instruments like treasury bills traded between the central bank and commercial banks. The capital market has a growing primary market that raises funds through shares, bonds and debentures, and a secondary market for trading existing securities on the Nepal Stock Exchange. Though the stock market has expanded, it remains dominated by banks and influenced by non-economic factors, with low representation from the real sector of the economy. Recent reforms aim to modernize trading and increase literacy.
Mm vs-cm
The document compares money markets and capital markets. Money markets deal in short-term debt investments between institutions and retail investors, and are used by participants to lend and borrow high-quality debt securities with maturities of one year or less. Capital markets raise capital through equities and long-term debt instruments, bringing together investors and companies seeking capital, and providing a secondary market for trading securities. Both markets serve important functions for issuers seeking funding and investors with different risk tolerances and time horizons.
Foriegn exchange market (2)
The document discusses the foreign exchange market and how it facilitates international trade and investment. It defines key terms like exchange rates, foreign exchange risk, and hedging. The foreign exchange market is decentralized and operates globally 24/7, with major banks and brokers facilitating currency trades between clients. It also describes different types of currency markets like the spot market for immediate exchanges and the forward market for locking in future exchange rates to mitigate risk.
Day 2
This document provides an overview of financial markets and institutions. It discusses the key functions of financial markets, which include: [1] transferring funds from savers to spenders; [2] providing liquidity through facilitating the sale of securities; and [3] pricing securities through supply and demand. It also covers the regulation of financial markets to protect investors and the important role they play in facilitating efficient allocation of funds and allowing companies and governments to raise capital.
Financial market
The document discusses different types of financial markets, including the money market, capital market, and foreign exchange market. The money market deals with short-term lending between banks, corporations, and governments. The capital market involves the trading of stocks, bonds, and other long-term securities. Companies use the primary capital market to issue new securities to investors, while the secondary market allows investors to trade existing securities. The foreign exchange market facilitates the trading of one country's currency for another.
Stock Market
The document discusses the different types of financial markets including capital markets, commodity markets, money markets, derivatives markets, insurance markets, foreign exchange markets, and government securities markets. It provides details on the key segments within capital markets such as stock markets and bond markets. It also discusses the regulatory bodies that govern the different financial markets in India.
IFS
The document provides an overview of the international financial system (IFS). It defines the IFS as the global system consisting of financial institutions, regulators, and other players that operate internationally. The key components of the IFS include money, banking/financial institutions, financial instruments, financial markets, and central banks. It also distinguishes the IFS from the international monetary system (IMS) and outlines some of the major types of financial markets and terms related to the IFS.
Money market vs Capital market.mcb
The document compares and contrasts money markets and capital markets. Money markets deal in short term instruments of up to one year, such as bills and commercial paper, to fulfill short term credit needs. They involve banks and have high liquidity and low risk. Capital markets deal in long term instruments like stocks and bonds, to fulfill long term credit needs. They have lower liquidity, higher risk, and higher potential returns due to longer maturity periods.
Recommended
Money Market and Capital Market
The document summarizes Nepal's money and capital markets. The money market is narrow and deals in short-term instruments like treasury bills traded between the central bank and commercial banks. The capital market has a growing primary market that raises funds through shares, bonds and debentures, and a secondary market for trading existing securities on the Nepal Stock Exchange. Though the stock market has expanded, it remains dominated by banks and influenced by non-economic factors, with low representation from the real sector of the economy. Recent reforms aim to modernize trading and increase literacy.
Mm vs-cm
The document compares money markets and capital markets. Money markets deal in short-term debt investments between institutions and retail investors, and are used by participants to lend and borrow high-quality debt securities with maturities of one year or less. Capital markets raise capital through equities and long-term debt instruments, bringing together investors and companies seeking capital, and providing a secondary market for trading securities. Both markets serve important functions for issuers seeking funding and investors with different risk tolerances and time horizons.
Foriegn exchange market (2)
The document discusses the foreign exchange market and how it facilitates international trade and investment. It defines key terms like exchange rates, foreign exchange risk, and hedging. The foreign exchange market is decentralized and operates globally 24/7, with major banks and brokers facilitating currency trades between clients. It also describes different types of currency markets like the spot market for immediate exchanges and the forward market for locking in future exchange rates to mitigate risk.
Day 2
This document provides an overview of financial markets and institutions. It discusses the key functions of financial markets, which include: [1] transferring funds from savers to spenders; [2] providing liquidity through facilitating the sale of securities; and [3] pricing securities through supply and demand. It also covers the regulation of financial markets to protect investors and the important role they play in facilitating efficient allocation of funds and allowing companies and governments to raise capital.
Financial market
The document discusses different types of financial markets, including the money market, capital market, and foreign exchange market. The money market deals with short-term lending between banks, corporations, and governments. The capital market involves the trading of stocks, bonds, and other long-term securities. Companies use the primary capital market to issue new securities to investors, while the secondary market allows investors to trade existing securities. The foreign exchange market facilitates the trading of one country's currency for another.
Stock Market
The document discusses the different types of financial markets including capital markets, commodity markets, money markets, derivatives markets, insurance markets, foreign exchange markets, and government securities markets. It provides details on the key segments within capital markets such as stock markets and bond markets. It also discusses the regulatory bodies that govern the different financial markets in India.
IFS
The document provides an overview of the international financial system (IFS). It defines the IFS as the global system consisting of financial institutions, regulators, and other players that operate internationally. The key components of the IFS include money, banking/financial institutions, financial instruments, financial markets, and central banks. It also distinguishes the IFS from the international monetary system (IMS) and outlines some of the major types of financial markets and terms related to the IFS.
Money market vs Capital market.mcb
The document compares and contrasts money markets and capital markets. Money markets deal in short term instruments of up to one year, such as bills and commercial paper, to fulfill short term credit needs. They involve banks and have high liquidity and low risk. Capital markets deal in long term instruments like stocks and bonds, to fulfill long term credit needs. They have lower liquidity, higher risk, and higher potential returns due to longer maturity periods.
INTERATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF FINANCIAL SYSTEM :
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,
FINANCIAL MARKETS ,
FINANACIAL SERVICES ,
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,
PARTICIPANTS OF FINNANCIAL SYSTEM ,
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL MARKET ,
CAPITAL MARKET ,
MONEY MARKET ,
FOREX MARKE,
EURO CURRENCY MARKET ,
EORO BOND MARKET ,
FORWARD MARKET ,
FUTURE MARKET ,
IMF ,
WORLD BANK ,
WTO ,
IFC .
Money & Banking
This document discusses the key concepts of money and banking. It defines money as anything generally accepted as a medium of exchange, like currency notes and coins. Money serves four main roles: as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payment. Historically, money has taken the form of commodity money, backed by valuables like gold, and fiat money, which is not backed but widely accepted. Modern forms of money include currency, checkable deposits in banks, and various types of paper money not backed by commodities. For a currency to function well as money, it should have properties of portability, divisibility, durability and recognizable value.
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Financial markets
This document provides an overview of financial markets. It discusses what finance is, the components of the financial system like markets and intermediaries, and how capital is transferred from savers to borrowers through direct markets and intermediaries. It also describes the importance of well-functioning financial markets for economic growth. Finally, it outlines the main types of financial markets like money markets, capital markets, primary and secondary markets, spot and derivatives markets.
Session 29 unit 5
This document discusses international cash management. It covers topics like foreign exchange risk, currency risks from foreign direct investment, and international financial reporting standards. The benefits of good cash management are controlling financial risk, grabbing profit opportunities, and strengthening the balance sheet. Effective cash management involves planning, monitoring, and managing liquid resources, receivables, payments, investments, and foreign exchange. The objectives of international cash management are to maximize returns from short-term currency allocations and borrow at minimum cost while maintaining liquidity and minimizing risks.
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Participants in foreign exchange market
The document discusses the major participants in the foreign exchange market. The key participants include commercial banks, which provide the core market activity; foreign exchange brokers, who facilitate trading between dealers; central banks, which intervene to maintain exchange rates; multinational corporations, which hedge future cash flows; individual and small businesses conducting international transactions; and hedgers, who take opposite positions to protect against losses from currency fluctuations. The foreign exchange market operates globally 24 hours a day through networks of financial centers.
Forex markets
This document discusses foreign exchange markets and transactions. It begins by defining foreign exchange markets as markets where individuals, firms, and banks buy and sell foreign currencies via telecommunications networks globally. It then covers:
- The main functions of foreign exchange markets as clearing currencies and providing credit.
- Participants including banks, brokers, central banks, arbitragers, hedgers, and speculators.
- Types of transactions including spot, outright forward, swaps, and futures markets.
Hammad awan presentation
This document contains notes from a class on financial markets and institutions. It lists 3 participants - Hammad Awan, Syed Tayyab, and Jawad Ahmed. The topics covered are why study financial markets and financial institutions. For financial markets, it discusses how they channel funds from savers to investors, promoting economic efficiency. Financial institutions make these markets work by moving funds from savers to those with investment opportunities. The notes cover various financial markets, institutions like banks and central banks, monetary policy, international financial systems, and risks within financial systems.
Financial markets
This document defines and describes various financial markets, including spot markets, futures markets, foreign exchange markets, and interbank lending markets. It provides the following key details:
Spot markets involve the immediate delivery of assets traded at the current market price. In futures markets, participants agree today to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date. The foreign exchange market allows participants to buy, sell, and speculate on currencies. The interbank market involves banks exchanging currencies with each other, excluding retail investors. Interbank lending markets involve banks extending short-term loans to one another, usually overnight, at an interest rate known as the interbank rate.
Mangesh naik (2)
The document discusses equity markets, stock exchanges, and money markets. It provides details on:
1) What equity markets and stock exchanges are, including that they allow for public trading of company stock.
2) The main participants in equity markets, including individual and institutional investors such as mutual funds and corporations.
3) Key money market instruments like treasury bills, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements that facilitate short-term borrowing and lending.
4) Major participants in the money market, including banks, corporations, money market funds, and central banks.
International Financial Market
The document discusses various segments of the international financial market (IFM). The IFM allows buyers and sellers to trade financial assets across borders, motivated by factors like interest rate differences and economic growth prospects. The key segments discussed are the foreign exchange market, international bonds market, international equity market, international money market, and international credit market. The foreign exchange market, being the largest financial market globally, facilitates international trade and transactions through currency conversion. It involves spot rates, forward rates, and participants like importers/exporters. The international bonds market includes foreign and euro bonds that allow companies to raise long-term funds in foreign currencies.
Financial Market: A Brief overview
This document provides an overview of finance and financial markets. It defines finance as the study of allocating scarce resources over time in an environment of uncertainty. The financial system allows for the transfer of funds from surplus units like savers to deficit units like businesses through markets and intermediaries. Well-functioning financial markets are important for economic growth by facilitating the flow of capital from investors to users of capital. The document describes different types of financial markets including money markets, capital markets, primary and secondary markets, spot and forward markets, and derivatives markets.
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This document discusses the financial environment, including financial markets and institutions. It describes financial markets as places where individuals and organizations looking to borrow funds are brought together with those having surplus funds. The markets are divided into money markets, which exchange short-term instruments under one year, and capital markets, which exchange long-term securities over one year. Primary markets are where new securities are issued, while secondary markets allow existing securities to be traded. The document also outlines various financial institutions that transfer funds between lenders and borrowers, such as commercial banks, credit unions, and mutual funds.
Foreign exchange
Foreign exchange reserves are foreign currency deposits and bonds held by central banks that back local currency and bank reserves. Central banks use reserves to stabilize exchange rates by buying or selling domestic currency. Reserves allow manipulation of exchange rates to provide economic stability and defend against speculative attacks on a currency. The level of reserves impacts a nation's credit rating and ability to repay foreign debts.
Global financial market
The document discusses financial markets and their key characteristics. It defines financial markets as marketplaces where buyers and sellers trade assets like stocks, bonds, currencies and derivatives. Financial markets have transparent pricing, basic regulations, and market forces that determine security prices. The document then discusses several benefits of financial markets, including channeling savings into productive uses, facilitating price discovery, providing liquidity to financial assets, and reducing transaction costs.
Global financial markets
This document provides an overview of global financial markets and their terminology. It discusses how trading occurs both on formal exchanges and over-the-counter markets. Financial exchanges provide price information, counterparty protection, and facilitate trading. OTC markets allow customization but lack exchange protections. Major debt, foreign exchange, and derivatives markets operate via OTC arrangements and inter-dealer brokers.
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Financial institutions
This document defines key finance terms and provides an overview of financial institutions, markets, instruments, and services. It discusses the classification of public and private finance as well as external and internal finance sources. Financial institutions are categorized as banking and non-banking, and financial markets are classified as primary/secondary and money/capital markets. The roles of financial intermediaries in managing assets and liabilities are also summarized, in addition to defining financial innovation.
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INTERATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF FINANCIAL SYSTEM :
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,
FINANCIAL MARKETS ,
FINANACIAL SERVICES ,
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,
PARTICIPANTS OF FINNANCIAL SYSTEM ,
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL MARKET ,
CAPITAL MARKET ,
MONEY MARKET ,
FOREX MARKE,
EURO CURRENCY MARKET ,
EORO BOND MARKET ,
FORWARD MARKET ,
FUTURE MARKET ,
IMF ,
WORLD BANK ,
WTO ,
IFC .
Money & Banking
This document discusses the key concepts of money and banking. It defines money as anything generally accepted as a medium of exchange, like currency notes and coins. Money serves four main roles: as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payment. Historically, money has taken the form of commodity money, backed by valuables like gold, and fiat money, which is not backed but widely accepted. Modern forms of money include currency, checkable deposits in banks, and various types of paper money not backed by commodities. For a currency to function well as money, it should have properties of portability, divisibility, durability and recognizable value.
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Role of Banks-Evolution of Banking-Structure of Banking Sector-Rationale of Banking Sector Reforms-Basle Committee Recommendations
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The Bank of Namibia is the central bank of Namibia. It maintains monetary and economic stability by controlling the money supply, setting interest rates, and regulating commercial banks. Namibia's banking system consists of four commercial banks that provide services to businesses and consumers like processing payments, lending money, and currency exchange. The Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX) is an electronic marketplace where shares of approved companies can be publicly traded. It helps raise funds for companies and government and influences savings.
Financial markets
This document provides an overview of financial markets. It discusses what finance is, the components of the financial system like markets and intermediaries, and how capital is transferred from savers to borrowers through direct markets and intermediaries. It also describes the importance of well-functioning financial markets for economic growth. Finally, it outlines the main types of financial markets like money markets, capital markets, primary and secondary markets, spot and derivatives markets.
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This document discusses international cash management. It covers topics like foreign exchange risk, currency risks from foreign direct investment, and international financial reporting standards. The benefits of good cash management are controlling financial risk, grabbing profit opportunities, and strengthening the balance sheet. Effective cash management involves planning, monitoring, and managing liquid resources, receivables, payments, investments, and foreign exchange. The objectives of international cash management are to maximize returns from short-term currency allocations and borrow at minimum cost while maintaining liquidity and minimizing risks.
Discussion of “Limits to Arbitrage in Sovereign Bonds” by Loriana Pelizzon, M...
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Frankfurt am Main - July, 2 2014
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The document discusses the major participants in the foreign exchange market. The key participants include commercial banks, which provide the core market activity; foreign exchange brokers, who facilitate trading between dealers; central banks, which intervene to maintain exchange rates; multinational corporations, which hedge future cash flows; individual and small businesses conducting international transactions; and hedgers, who take opposite positions to protect against losses from currency fluctuations. The foreign exchange market operates globally 24 hours a day through networks of financial centers.
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This document discusses foreign exchange markets and transactions. It begins by defining foreign exchange markets as markets where individuals, firms, and banks buy and sell foreign currencies via telecommunications networks globally. It then covers:
- The main functions of foreign exchange markets as clearing currencies and providing credit.
- Participants including banks, brokers, central banks, arbitragers, hedgers, and speculators.
- Types of transactions including spot, outright forward, swaps, and futures markets.
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This document contains notes from a class on financial markets and institutions. It lists 3 participants - Hammad Awan, Syed Tayyab, and Jawad Ahmed. The topics covered are why study financial markets and financial institutions. For financial markets, it discusses how they channel funds from savers to investors, promoting economic efficiency. Financial institutions make these markets work by moving funds from savers to those with investment opportunities. The notes cover various financial markets, institutions like banks and central banks, monetary policy, international financial systems, and risks within financial systems.
Financial markets
This document defines and describes various financial markets, including spot markets, futures markets, foreign exchange markets, and interbank lending markets. It provides the following key details:
Spot markets involve the immediate delivery of assets traded at the current market price. In futures markets, participants agree today to buy or sell an asset at a specified future date. The foreign exchange market allows participants to buy, sell, and speculate on currencies. The interbank market involves banks exchanging currencies with each other, excluding retail investors. Interbank lending markets involve banks extending short-term loans to one another, usually overnight, at an interest rate known as the interbank rate.
Mangesh naik (2)
The document discusses equity markets, stock exchanges, and money markets. It provides details on:
1) What equity markets and stock exchanges are, including that they allow for public trading of company stock.
2) The main participants in equity markets, including individual and institutional investors such as mutual funds and corporations.
3) Key money market instruments like treasury bills, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements that facilitate short-term borrowing and lending.
4) Major participants in the money market, including banks, corporations, money market funds, and central banks.
International Financial Market
The document discusses various segments of the international financial market (IFM). The IFM allows buyers and sellers to trade financial assets across borders, motivated by factors like interest rate differences and economic growth prospects. The key segments discussed are the foreign exchange market, international bonds market, international equity market, international money market, and international credit market. The foreign exchange market, being the largest financial market globally, facilitates international trade and transactions through currency conversion. It involves spot rates, forward rates, and participants like importers/exporters. The international bonds market includes foreign and euro bonds that allow companies to raise long-term funds in foreign currencies.
Financial Market: A Brief overview
This document provides an overview of finance and financial markets. It defines finance as the study of allocating scarce resources over time in an environment of uncertainty. The financial system allows for the transfer of funds from surplus units like savers to deficit units like businesses through markets and intermediaries. Well-functioning financial markets are important for economic growth by facilitating the flow of capital from investors to users of capital. The document describes different types of financial markets including money markets, capital markets, primary and secondary markets, spot and forward markets, and derivatives markets.
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This document discusses the financial environment, including financial markets and institutions. It describes financial markets as places where individuals and organizations looking to borrow funds are brought together with those having surplus funds. The markets are divided into money markets, which exchange short-term instruments under one year, and capital markets, which exchange long-term securities over one year. Primary markets are where new securities are issued, while secondary markets allow existing securities to be traded. The document also outlines various financial institutions that transfer funds between lenders and borrowers, such as commercial banks, credit unions, and mutual funds.
Foreign exchange
Foreign exchange reserves are foreign currency deposits and bonds held by central banks that back local currency and bank reserves. Central banks use reserves to stabilize exchange rates by buying or selling domestic currency. Reserves allow manipulation of exchange rates to provide economic stability and defend against speculative attacks on a currency. The level of reserves impacts a nation's credit rating and ability to repay foreign debts.
Global financial market
The document discusses financial markets and their key characteristics. It defines financial markets as marketplaces where buyers and sellers trade assets like stocks, bonds, currencies and derivatives. Financial markets have transparent pricing, basic regulations, and market forces that determine security prices. The document then discusses several benefits of financial markets, including channeling savings into productive uses, facilitating price discovery, providing liquidity to financial assets, and reducing transaction costs.
Global financial markets
This document provides an overview of global financial markets and their terminology. It discusses how trading occurs both on formal exchanges and over-the-counter markets. Financial exchanges provide price information, counterparty protection, and facilitate trading. OTC markets allow customization but lack exchange protections. Major debt, foreign exchange, and derivatives markets operate via OTC arrangements and inter-dealer brokers.
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This document provides an overview of chapter one of a course on financial markets and institutions. It defines a financial system and describes key components including financial markets, instruments, and participants. It discusses various types of financial markets like money markets, bond markets, stock markets, and derivatives markets. It also defines different financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, futures, forwards, and options. Finally, it outlines functions of financial markets like price determination, risk sharing, and capital formation.
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Financial services can be defined as the products and services offered by institutions like banks for various financial transactions and money management. They include activities that transform savings into investment and provide capital market services, money market services, retail services, and wholesale services. Financial services are intangible, customer-oriented, simultaneous in production and delivery, perishable, proactive, link investors and borrowers, and aid in distributing risks. They include fund-based activities like underwriting shares and bonds, money market instruments, and foreign exchange, as well as fee-based activities like managing capital issues and advising corporate clients. Financial services are important because they support vibrant capital markets, expand financial activities, benefit governments, promote economic development and growth, maximize
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The document provides an introduction to the Indian financial system, which includes both formal/organized and informal/unorganized components. It describes the various subsystems that make up the formal financial system, including financial institutions, markets, instruments, and services. It also discusses the roles and interactions of different elements like banks, non-banking institutions, money markets, capital markets, primary markets, and secondary markets.
Indian financial system~prasad
Financial system is a system that aims at establishing and providing a regular, smooth, efficient and cost effective linkage between depositors and investors
Financial services lecture notes
This document provides an overview of financial markets and institutions. It discusses the key constituents and functions of financial markets including money markets, capital markets, primary markets, secondary markets, and various financial instruments. Some of the key points covered include the roles of financial markets in savings mobilization, investment, and economic growth. It also discusses various market segments like equity markets, debt markets, and money markets. The document provides details on various financial institutions and markets in India as well as the regulatory framework and recent developments in the Indian capital markets.
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Internatioal institutions
The document provides information on several international financial institutions and organizations:
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) promotes international monetary cooperation and trade. Headquartered in Washington D.C., it has 189 member countries and oversees short-term lending to address members' balance of payments issues.
The World Bank aims to reduce poverty and promote shared prosperity. Based in Washington D.C., it provides long-term loans for development projects across 173 countries.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) facilitates global trade through negotiations and dispute resolution. With 164 members, it works to liberalize trade, ensure fair competition, and help developing countries.
Exim policy
The Export Import Policy or Exim Policy is a set of guidelines issued by the Indian government every five years that governs import and export regulations. It is updated annually on March 31st. The current policy period is 2022-2027. The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry announces changes to the policy after coordinating with related ministries and the Directorate General of Foreign Trade. Export Promotion Councils promote and support export firms by providing industry insights, promoting government schemes, collecting trade data, and organizing overseas tours and trade delegations. Membership in EPCs allows exporters access to trade advantages, opportunities to meet buyers, and stay updated on industry trends.
Internal financial institution
1. A bank is a business organization that deals in borrowing and lending money and makes a profit through interest charged on loans. The Central Bank, also known as the Reserve Bank of India, controls the country's money supply and promotes financial stability.
2. The Central Bank regulates other banks, acts as a lender of last resort, clears checks, and manages foreign exchange rates and monetary policy. Commercial banks accept deposits, lend funds, use checks, and provide other services like agency functions.
3. Export credit agencies provide insurance to exporters against payment risks and help recover bad debts. The Export Import Bank finances imports/exports and provides related services, while the IMF promotes exchange rate stability and balance of payments adjustments between
International Business
The balance of payments is a systematic record of a country's external economic transactions over a period of time. It includes visible and invisible items, recording transactions of both goods, services, and capital. The balance of trade is part of the current account and records only merchandise exports and imports, while the balance of payments provides a more complete picture of a country's international economic relations by also including financial and other non-physical flows. Imbalances in the balance of payments can be caused by factors like trade cycles, economic development, national income levels, and external borrowing. Currency appreciation means the domestic currency gains value against foreign currencies, while depreciation means it loses value.
Basic concepts in internatioal business
International business involves commercial activities that cross national borders. It is defined as business transactions conducted between countries. International business has several key features, including the involvement of multiple countries, the use of foreign exchange, different legal obligations between nations, exposure to risks in foreign markets, and heavy documentation requirements due to differences in economic environments and business practices across borders.
Internatioal business
This document provides an overview of 5 units related to international business:
Unit I defines international business and compares it to domestic business. Unit II covers balance of trade, balance of payments, and exchange rates. Unit III discusses domestic support institutions for exports like RBI, commercial banks, and ECGC. Unit IV discusses international support institutions like IMF, World Bank, WTO, and the Eurodollar market. Unit V briefly mentions the Indian government's EXIM policy and export councils.
Poverty & Unemplyment
The document discusses poverty and unemployment in India. It defines poverty as individuals who cannot meet basic needs like food and shelter due to insufficient income. It also defines unemployment as people who are willing and able to work but cannot find employment. Some key points made include:
- Over 350 million people in India still live below the poverty line according to recent UN reports.
- Many government schemes have been implemented to reduce poverty and generate employment, such as NREGA, but poverty and unemployment remain significant problems.
- Causes of poverty include population growth, lack of economic development, and low levels of education. Causes of unemployment include a lack of job creation and a mismatch between skills and available jobs.
Exchange Control & Exchange Rate
Exchange control aims to balance a country's foreign receipts and payments through indirect government control of foreign exchange rather than flexible exchange rates or market forces. It involves regulating all foreign currency receipts and payments. The objectives of exchange control include stabilizing exchange rates, preventing capital flight, protecting domestic industries, checking non-essential imports, and remedying unfavorable balance of payments. Methods of exchange control include direct methods like intervention, exchange restrictions, and clearing agreements as well as indirect methods like quantitative restrictions, export bounties, and interest rate adjustments.
FREE TRADE AND PROTECTION
This document discusses free trade and protectionism in economics. It defines free trade as a policy without tariffs or other trade barriers between countries. The advantages listed include comparative cost advantage, increased factor earnings, cheaper imports, an enlarged market, competition, and greater welfare. However, the document also notes arguments against free trade such as imperfect competition and one-sided development. Protectionism is then defined as encouraging domestic industries through subsidies or tariffs on foreign goods. The document provides several economic and non-economic arguments for protectionism, such as terms of trade and infant industries, as well as defense, patriotism, and preservation of certain industries. It concludes by acknowledging some of the difficulties in assessing and implementing these policies.
Balance of Payments
The document discusses balance of trade, balance of payments, causes of disequilibrium in balance of payments, and measures to correct disequilibrium. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's exports and imports of visible goods over a period of time. Balance of payments is a record of all external transactions, including goods, services, and capital flows. Causes of disequilibrium include trade cycles, population growth, external borrowing, and inflation. Measures to correct disequilibrium involve monetary actions like depreciation or devaluation, and non-monetary actions like tariffs, quotas, or export promotion policies.
Terms of trade
The gains from international trade depend on a country's terms of trade, which is the ratio of export prices to import prices. There are three main types of terms of trade: 1) Net barter terms of trade, which is the ratio of export price index to import price index; 2) Gross barter terms of trade, which is an index of import quantities to export quantities; 3) Income terms of trade, which is the net barter terms multiplied by the export volume index. The terms of trade can be influenced by factors like the elasticity of demand, the nature of supply and production, a country's size, population, exchange rates, and trade policies.
Terms of trade
The gains from international trade depend on a country's terms of trade, which is the ratio of export prices to import prices. There are three main types of terms of trade: 1) Net barter terms of trade, which is the ratio of export price index to import price index; 2) Gross barter terms of trade, which is an index of import quantities to export quantities; 3) Income terms of trade, which is the net barter terms multiplied by the export volume index. The terms of trade can be influenced by factors like the elasticity of demand, nature of supply and production, size of the country, population size, exchange rates, and trade policies.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
This document provides an overview of different theories of international trade, including:
- Absolute advantage theory proposed by Adam Smith which states that countries should specialize in goods they have an absolute cost advantage in.
- Comparative advantage theory by Ricardo which expanded on this to show benefits of specialization based on comparative rather than absolute costs.
- Modern theories like Heckscher-Ohlin which propose that differences in factor endowments between countries (e.g. capital vs. labor) lead to trade in factor-intensive goods.
It also outlines key assumptions and limitations of each theory, and differences between internal and international trade.
General economics
Public Finance - Sources of Public Revenue - Principles of Taxation -Public Expenditure and Public Debt – Meaning and Causes for Growth.
General Economics
The document discusses international trade and key organizations involved. It defines the balance of trade and balance of payments, noting key differences. Causes of disequilibrium in the balance of payments are provided. The objectives and functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and World Trade Organization (WTO) are summarized.
General Economics
It deals Money - types - functions of Money - Banking - types- Functions of commercial Banks - functions of Central Bank
General Economics
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to national income and macroeconomics, including:
1) National income is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year.
2) Key concepts in measuring national income include gross domestic product, net domestic product, gross national product, national income, and per capita income.
3) National income can be measured using the product method, income method, and expenditure method.
4) The document also summarizes theories related to rent, wages, interest, and profit, including the Ricardian theory of rent, wage fund theory, Keynesian liquidity preference theory of interest, and Schumpeter
General Economics
This document discusses several economic concepts related to factors of production. It defines factors of production as resources that contribute to output, including land, labor, capital and organization. It then provides more details on the characteristics and definitions of specific factors:
- Land refers to natural resources and includes characteristics like being a gift of nature, fixed quantity, and differing fertility.
- Labor means any work and has characteristics of being perishable, active, and heterogeneous.
- Capital is man-made, productive, mobile and elastic in supply.
It also discusses division of labor and its advantages like increased output and quality, and disadvantages such as monotony. Localization of industry and its causes, advantages like reputation and
General Economics
The document discusses three economic concepts:
1) The law of diminishing marginal utility, which states that the additional benefit a person derives from consuming more of a good diminishes with each additional unit consumed.
2) The law of equi-marginal utility, which assumes consumers rationally allocate spending to equalize marginal utility across goods given prices and income.
3) Elasticity of supply, which measures how responsive the quantity supplied is to changes in price.
General Economics
This document discusses elasticity of demand, including price elasticity of demand and other types. It defines elasticity of demand as the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price, income, prices of related goods, and advertising. The document outlines different types of elasticity - price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, cross elasticity of demand, and advertising elasticity of demand. It also discusses methods of measuring elasticity and uses of understanding elasticity of demand.
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Confirmation of Payee was built to tackle the increasing numbers of APP Fraud and in the landscape of UK banking, the spectre of APP fraud looms large. In 2022, over £1.2 billion was stolen by fraudsters through authorised and unauthorised fraud, equivalent to more than £2,300 every minute. This statistic emphasises the urgent need for robust security measures like CoP. While over £1.2 billion was stolen through fraud in 2022, there was an eight per cent reduction compared to 2021 which highlights the positive outcomes obtained from the implementation of Confirmation of Payee. The number of fraud cases across the UK also decreased by four per cent to nearly three million cases during the same period; latest statistics from UK Finance.
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
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Notable American Ponzi Schemes
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Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
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Unit V
- 1. N.DHINAKARAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE TIRUVEDAKAM WEST MADURAI Course Title : Money and Banking Course Code: 01CT31
- 2. Money Market • Money market is the mechanism through which short term funds are loaned and borrowed. It designates financial instittutions which handle the purchase, sale and transfer of short term credit instruments. Commercial banks, acceptance houses, Non Banking Financial Institutions and the Central Bank are the institutions catering to the requirements of short term funds in the money Market.
- 3. INSTITUTIONS OF THE MONEY MARKET •Central Bank •Commercial Banks •Non – Bank Financial Intermediaries
- 4. Instruments of the Money Market • Promissory Note • Bill of Exchange or Commercial Paper • Treasury bill • Call and Notice Money • Certificate Deposits • Commercial Papers
- 5. Functions of a Money Market • Provides Funds • Use of surplus funds • No need to borrow from banks • Helps governments • Helps in Monetary policy • Helps in Financial Mobility • Promotes Liquidity and safety • Equilibrium between Demand and supply of funds • Economy in Use of Cash
- 6. Characteristics of an Undeveloped Money Market • Personal Touch • Flexibility in loans • Multiplicity of Lending Activities • Varied interest Rates • Defective system of Accounting • Absence of Link with Developed Money Market
- 7. Characteristics of an Developmental Money Market • Central Bank • Organizing Banking System • Specialized Sub – Markets • Existence of larger near – money assets • Adequate financial Resources • Remittance facilities • Miscellaneous
- 8. Capital Market: Capital Market is a part of financial system which is concerned with raising capital by dealing in shares, bonds and other long term investments. The market where investment instruments like bonds, equities and mortgages are traded is known as the capital market
- 9. Differentiate between Money Market and Capital Market
- 10. Monetary Policy • Monetary policy refers to the policy of the central bank – ie Reserve Bank of India – in matters of interest rates, money supply and availability of credit.
- 11. Objectives of Monetary Policy Neutrality of Money: Exchange Rate Stability: Price Stability: Full Employment Economic growth: Equilibrium in the Balance of Payments Equilibrium:
- 12. Types of Monetary Policy:
- 13. Types of Monetary Policy:
- 14. Instruments of Monetary Policy: