This document provides an introduction to nutrition, including definitions of key terms like food, nutrition, diet, and malnutrition. It outlines the six major nutrients - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. The document discusses dietary guidelines, food groups, causes of malnutrition, and harmful and best nutrition practices. It also provides daily calorie requirements for different age groups and activity levels. Staple foods are classified as grains and cereals, roots and tubers, or starchy fruits.
Meal planning becomes essential thing while planning diet.People's eating habits vary enormously and we must respect dietary freedom and diversity when making recommendations and the best way to achieve is to plan meals in relation to other food for the whole day
Today more than ever, nutrition appears to be a testing ground where differences and inequalities between North and South of the world measure against each other, in particular with regards to childhood. n developed countries, if on the one hand obesity and overweight are dramatically increasing among young people, on the other adults has been affecting more and more by cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (type 2), pathologies on which (bad) nutrition habits, usually acquired during childhood and adolescence, have a strong effect. In developing countries, the scenario confirms the existence of a discouraging and apparently never ending emergence: millions of children are underweight because of chronic nutrition’s deficiency and malnutrition is one of the first childish deseases.
Meal planning becomes essential thing while planning diet.People's eating habits vary enormously and we must respect dietary freedom and diversity when making recommendations and the best way to achieve is to plan meals in relation to other food for the whole day
Today more than ever, nutrition appears to be a testing ground where differences and inequalities between North and South of the world measure against each other, in particular with regards to childhood. n developed countries, if on the one hand obesity and overweight are dramatically increasing among young people, on the other adults has been affecting more and more by cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (type 2), pathologies on which (bad) nutrition habits, usually acquired during childhood and adolescence, have a strong effect. In developing countries, the scenario confirms the existence of a discouraging and apparently never ending emergence: millions of children are underweight because of chronic nutrition’s deficiency and malnutrition is one of the first childish deseases.
Nutritional education and health education in Pediatric Priya Gill
Nutrition education is the process of teaching the science of nutrition to an individual or group. Health professionals have a different role in educating an individual in the clinic, community, or long-term health-care facility.
This slide emphasizes the significance of consuming a balanced diet for maintaining good health and well-being. It highlights the key components of a balanced diet, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and healthy fats. The slide also discusses the benefits of a balanced diet, such as supporting growth and development, maintaining energy levels, and preventing chronic diseases.
The slide encourages individuals to prioritize whole, natural foods that are rich in essential nutrients and to avoid consuming too much processed and high-fat foods, as well as sugary drinks and snacks. It emphasizes the need to make healthy food choices and to develop a sustainable eating pattern to achieve a balanced diet.
Overall, this slide serves as a reminder of the importance of consuming a varied and balanced diet for improving overall health and quality of life. It encourages individuals to take a holistic approach to nutrition and prioritize healthy food choices to support their well-being.
A presentation that the Greek team created and presented during the 1st Learning Meeting in Greece in February 2018, for the Erasmus+ project:"Pro-healthy lifestyle with your mobile phone".
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. UNIT ONE General Nutrition
Learning objectives
At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
define Food, Nutrition, Diet and Malnutrition
Understand best practices and harmful
traditions , which affect nutrition,
Explain the dietary guidelines,
Outline the important causes of malnutrition
3. Definitions
Food: - is defined as any solid or liquid which when ingested will
enable the body to carry out any of its life function.
Most foods are made up of several simple substances, which
we call nutrients.
There are six nutrients each of which has specific function in
the body.
Those that supply energy are the carbohydrates and fats.
Those responsible for growth and repair of tissues cells are
proteins.
Those, which regulate chemical process in the body, are the
vitamins and minerals.
Water is present in most foods and is an indispensable
component of our bodies
4. Cont……..
Nutrition: - is the sum total of the process by which living
things receive and utilize the necessary materials for
survival, growth and maintenance of worn out tissues.
Malnutrition: - is the condition that results from an
imbalance between dietary intake and requirements.
It includes under nutrition, which results from less food
intake and hard physical work and over nutrition results
from excess food intake and less physical activities.
Diet: - is defined as food containing all the nutrients in a
sufficient amount and in proper ratio.
5. Cont………….
Roughage: - is defined as food fibres which enable the
body to get rid of waste products, which would
otherwise become poisonous to the body. It prevents
gastrointestinal disorders (gastritis, appendicitis,
gallbladder stone and constipation) and metabolic
disorders (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic
heart disease and colon cancer).
6. Dietary guidelines
Eat wide variety of foods Maintain healthy weight
Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
Choose a diet with plenty of vegetable, fruits and grain
Products
Use sugar in moderation
Use salt and sodium in moderation
If you drink alcoholic beverage, do so in moderation.
7. Food groups
Milk, cheese, yoghurt
♦ Meat, poultry, fish and alternates
♦ Fruits and vegetables
♦ Bread and cereals
♦ Fats, sweets and alcohols
8. Why human beings need food?
Human beings need food to provide energy for the essential
physiological functions like:-
Respiration
Circulation
Digestion
Metabolism
Maintaining body temperature.
Growth and repair body Tissues
An adequate supply of nutrients is needed to maintain all the
functions of the body and daily activities at maximum efficiency,
thus ensuring healthy living.
Health and nutrition are closely linked and to ensure proper
development and life quality they must be adequate from early
childhood on and most vulnerable groups are infants, young
children, pregnant women and lactating mothers.
9. Diets in public health practice
Resettlement areas,
HIV/AIDS patients,
Displaced compatriots due to natural and man made
disasters.
It is important to make sure that any recommended
ration scale is compared with acceptable standards
and that its use is not likely to cause deficiency disease
10. Major causes of malnutrition
Lack of knowledge in selecting foodstuff
with high nutritive value
Poverty and infectious diseases
Drought
Uneven distribution of the available foods
Social arrest and civil conflicts,
Transport problems (inaccessibility]
Increased populations
Inadequate weaning
Farming technique-insufficient
11. Cont…….
• Poor management of resources
• Topographical differences in different regions
(variation in productivity)
• Loss of food through destruction by insects
• Exploited land due to planting the same type of
food crop for many years, erosion because of
overgrazing and moreover the farmers could not
use the fertilizers due to many reasons.
12. Harmful traditional practices with
regard to nutrition
• During period of fasting important
nutrients are not eaten, such as milk,
eggs, butter, meat, fish, meal pattern, etc.
• Pork is forbidden for religious and cultural
reasons
• Lack of sun light (lack of Vitamin D) during
infancy to protect the child from the “evil
eyes”
13. Cont…….
Discrimination in feeding among family members, adults
before children, adult males over adult females
Practising heavy meals once, may be twice a day
Giving butter to neonate to swallow, hoping to keep the
intestine smooth
Delay to start complementary food
Refusing to give the child meat for fear of infection
Feeding children with diluted milk
Feed children with left over and may be contaminated food
14. Best practices which favor nutrition
Breast feeding
Mixing of foods E.g. Injera with wat prepared from - Cereals -
Legumes - Vegetable
Traditional use of dark green leaves “Hbesha Gommen.”
Eating cereals in the form of kolo (roasted) and nefro (cooked)
Additional high calories and high protein diet for pregnant and
lactating mothers
After the 7th day of delivery the mother and the child warm in
the sun every morning
15. Cont……
Eating inset (false banana) which prevents constipation
Special care for children and lactating mothers
Drinking sour milk and cured milk
Local beverages are constituted from different cereals
Eating wild fruits from the forest e.g. Enjory, Kega, Sholla,
Honey mixed with butter is eaten in the morning
Giving to children a tea-like drink made out of Abish (fenugreek) is
rich in protein (27 gm/100gm)
Good hospitality and sociability
Eating of raw vegetables and cereals
16. Cont……
Good nutrition must meet the needs of varying ages and
activities and always with individual differences.
Therefore, the planning of food to meet especial needs
begins with:
• Pregnant women
• Nursing mothers
• Infants
• Adolescents and
• Adults
17. Cont…..
A well-nourished individual:-
Is alert mentally and physically fit
Has optimistic outlook on life
Has good resistance to infection
Shows numerous other signs of good health such as
an increased life span extending the active and
vigorous period of life.
18. The energy requirements of individuals
depend on
♦ Physical activities
♦ Body size and composition
♦ Age may affect requirements in two main ways – During
childhood, the infant needs more quires less energy.
♦ Climate: Both very cold and very hot climate restrict outdoor
activities.
19. Cont….
In general feeding is dependent on the
controlling centres, appetite and satiety in the
brain. There are a variety of stimuli, nervous,
chemical and thermal, which may affect the
centres and so alter feeding behaviour.
20. Daily calorie requirements of
individuals
Infants 1 - 3 years need 1,000 cal/day
Children 5 years need 1,500 cal/day
Children 5 – 8 years need 1,800 cal/day
Children 10 – 12 years need 2,000 cal/day
For adolescents and adults calorie requirements
depend on the degree of physical activities
21. Cont…….
From 13 – 20 years of age
Office worker Heavy work
2, 800 cal/day 3,500 cal/day
Adults
2,300-cal/day 2,700 cal/day
Very heavy work up to 4,000 cal/day
• For pregnant woman, the daily figure must be
increased by 150 calories for the first trimester and
350 for the second and third trimester.
• For the nursing mother the daily figure must be
increased by 800 calorie.
22. Staple foods
Staple foods are foods, which form
the largest part of a nation’s diet.
They are of plant origin and are
classified into three main groups
The grain and cereals
The roots and tubers
The starchy fruits
23. Discussion questions
1. Why human beings need food? Discuss
2. Mention the fundamental causes of malnutrition?
24. Thank you for your attention
prepared by: nutritionist fardus fuad rageh