Unit a biologicaldiversitynotes(human impacts)
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This document discusses how human activity affects biological diversity and defines various terms related to extinction and conservation. It explains the natural and human causes of extinction and extirpation and their effects. It also discusses artificial selection, biotechnology, risks of biotechnology, and five methods of conserving biodiversity with examples and advantages/disadvantages of each.
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Yes, Giant African Land Snails (GALS) do exist, and they are among the most fascinating creatures in the world of mollusks. These snails, known for their impressive size and intriguing biology, are a subject of interest for scientists, pet enthusiasts, and environmentalists alike. This topic delves into the existence, biology, habitat, impact, and controversies surrounding Giant African Land Snails……PLEASE WATCH THIS VIDEO TO SEE HOW GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAILS ARE BEING CARED FOR………..https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dz4Tln9Mz0
Existence and Identification
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1. Physical Characteristics
• Size: True to their name, these snails can grow exceptionally large. Achatina achatina can reach up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) in length and weigh over 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds).
• Shell: Their shells are typically conical and can have beautiful patterns, often brown or striped. The shell's color and pattern can vary depending on the species and environmental conditions.
• Body: The snail's body is soft and elongated, usually greyish or brownish in color. They possess two pairs of tentacles: the upper pair contains the eyes, and the lower pair is used for smelling and feeling………PET SNAIL LOVERS, SURE YOU WOULD LOVE TO WATCH THIS VIDEO CLIP,, PLEASE WATCH………https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dz4Tln9Mz0
Habitat and Distribution
Giant African Land Snails are naturally found in humid, tropical regions of Africa like Nigeria, Ghana and some other West African countries. In Nigeria, they are mostly found in the south south, south west, south east and middle belt areas which are mainly forested areas. However, due to their adaptability and human introduction, they have spread to many parts of the world, including Asia, the Americas, and islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
1. Preferred Environment
• Climate: These snails thrive in warm, humid environments. They prefer temperatures between 25-30°C (77-86°F) and require high humidity levels to survive.
• Habitat: In their natural habitat, they are commonly found in forests, agricultural areas, and gardens. They are nocturnal and tend to hide in moist, shady places during the day.
Biology and Lifecycle
Giant African Land Snails have a fascinating biology and lifecycle, which contribute to their success as a species……ARE YOU A PET LOVER? WOULD YOU LIKE TO KEEP PET SNAILS? THEN PLEASE WATCH THIS VIDEO CLIP………https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dz4Tln9Mz0
1. Reproduction
• Hermaphroditism: GALS are hermaphrodites, meaning each individual possesses both male and female reproductive organs. This increases their
Threats to Biodiversity
This document discusses biodiversity and threats to it. It begins by defining biodiversity and describing it at three levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then outlines several major threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and disease. It provides more detail on habitat loss, describing the causes from human activities like agriculture, resource harvesting, and development. Habitat loss is a primary driver of species extinction worldwide. The document also discusses poaching and how it negatively impacts species survival and ecosystem balance. It notes man-wildlife conflicts have increased due to competition over limited resources and describes some of the efforts to mitigate these conflicts.
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Structural forms
The document provides instructions for a structural engineering challenge to build the tallest structure possible using 5 pieces of paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines key structural concepts like strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A sketch of the completed structure must be provided.
Unit d structures & forces
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students must build the tallest structure possible using only 5 pieces of blank paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines what a structure is and discusses the concepts of structural strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A hybrid structure is noted as a combination of two or more forms.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The document discusses the wave model of light and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains that light is a form of energy that travels in waves, with characteristics like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and crest and trough. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all forms of energy that travel as waves, including light, which is classified based on its wavelength.
Light sources
Incandescent lightbulbs produce light through heating while fluorescent and phosphorescent lights use electricity to excite particles that then glow and produce visible light. Fluorescent lights are more energy efficient than incandescent but contain toxic materials, while phosphorescent lights continue glowing after the energy source is removed. Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent lights produce light through chemical reactions, as seen in glow sticks and deep sea creatures, respectively.
Unit c light and optics
The document discusses different types of light sources:
- Incandescent light bulbs produce light by heating a filament to high temperatures. Most of the energy is released as heat.
- Fluorescent lights use electricity to excite mercury vapor which produces ultraviolet light, causing a phosphor coating to glow and produce visible light. They are more energy efficient but harder to dispose of than incandescent lights.
- Phosphorescent materials continue to glow for a period of time after the light source is removed by slowly releasing stored energy.
- Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions produce light through chemical processes in glow sticks and deep sea creatures.
- Light is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Excretory system
The excretory system works to maintain balance in the body by filtering waste and toxins from the blood and eliminating them from the body. It is led by the kidneys, which filter waste through tiny nephrons. The kidneys then produce urine, which travels through ureters to the bladder for storage and is later released through the urethra. In addition to the kidneys, the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs all play roles in excretion to eliminate various waste products.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS sends sensory information to the CNS and carries out the CNS's instructions through the body. The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic system, which controls voluntary movement and reflexes. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system has two circuits - one sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and return to the heart, while the second sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart, and capillaries allow for gas exchange between blood and tissues. The heart is divided into four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out, with the right side pumping to the lungs and left side pumping to the body.
Specialized cells & tissues
Specialized cells combine to form four main tissue types in humans and animals - connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle tissue. Connective tissue supports and connects parts of the body, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, nervous tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord, and muscle tissue allows movement. Cells also combine to form three tissue types in plants - photosynthetic tissue uses sunlight to produce energy, protective tissue forms a waterproof layer, and transport tissue moves food and water.
Cell transport
This document discusses several concepts related to cell transport. It defines concentration and explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It also defines permeable, impermeable, and semi-permeable membranes. A semi-permeable membrane, like the cell membrane, allows some substances like water and small particles to pass through via diffusion while blocking larger particles, which require channel proteins. The document also explains that osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. The tonicity of the environment determines whether cells appear bloated or shrunken.
The cell
All organisms are made of cells, which contain specialized structures called organelles that each perform a specific function. Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells can be thought of as living factories containing organelles that act as the nucleus directing activities, mitochondria generating energy, a cell membrane controlling what enters and exits, vacuoles storing materials, cytoplasm providing nutrients, and in plant cells, a cell wall providing structure and chloroplasts carrying out photosynthesis.
Unit b cells & systems
The document provides information about microscopes and cells. It discusses the first microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen and how it allowed humans to see a new microscopic world. It then explains the basic parts and use of the compound light microscope, including how lenses are used to enlarge images and micrometers are used to measure tiny objects. It also discusses estimating sizes of objects viewed under the microscope using the field of view. The document concludes by outlining the six main characteristics of living things: made of cells, need energy, grow and develop, respond to environment, reproduce, and have adaptations.
Biomagnification
Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain. Chemicals accumulate in plants and algae, which are then eaten by smaller fish, building up further in larger fish and predatory birds and mammals. This can lead to toxic levels of chemicals like mercury and pesticides in organisms high on the food chain, including humans. An example given is how mercury from power plant emissions concentrates over 10,000 times moving from water to algae to fish to humans. Exposure to high levels of biomagnified chemicals can cause illness and affect offspring.
Transporting chemicals
Chemicals can be transported through the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil. In the air, chemicals disperse and deposit based on their properties and wind patterns. Groundwater transports chemicals slowly through permeable soil. Surface water carries dissolved chemicals long distances while non-dissolved chemicals sink and concentrate near the source. Chemicals also leach through soil, with the rate affected by soil composition.
Monitoring the atmosphere
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their role in trapping heat in the atmosphere. It defines greenhouse gases as atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that trap heat. It then explains the greenhouse effect as radiant energy from the sun being reflected back to the Earth's surface by a layer of these gases, trapping heat. It also discusses the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities and deforestation, which add to the heat-trapping in the atmosphere. A separate section explains ozone depletion and the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation, and how CFC chemicals released into the atmosphere break down the ozone.
Monitoring air quality
Air quality is determined by measuring pollutant levels in the air and estimating emissions from sources. Common air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone. Sulfur dioxide forms smog and acid rain and affects respiratory and eye health, produced from burning coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides are produced from vehicle and industrial combustion and cause smog. Ground-level ozone forms from reactions between oxygen, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from vehicles, industry and trees, and can cause breathing problems.
Monitoring water quality
Monitoring water quality is important to detect harmful pollutants and their concentrations. Five important chemical factors that indicate water quality are undissolved solids, phosphates and nitrates, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, and heavy metals. Each of these factors can be tested through specific chemical reactions to determine their presence and concentration in water samples. Biological indicators like the presence of certain aquatic organisms can also help assess water quality.
Human impacts
Human activities like agriculture, solid waste disposal, and industry have significantly impacted the environment by adding and releasing chemicals. Agriculture contributes to eutrophication through fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus and pesticides that can accumulate up the food chain. Solid waste disposal in landfills produces leachate containing heavy metals and other toxins that seep into soil and water without protective layers. Wastewater from daily use also contaminates the environment with chemicals even after treatment at sewage plants. Burning fossil fuels further pollutes the air with gases causing acid rain and air pollution.
Transport of substances
This document discusses several methods of transporting substances in biology. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a membrane. Active transport moves nutrients against a concentration gradient using energy. Ingestion directly takes substances in, while hydrolysis uses enzymes and water to break down larger molecules. A substrate provides nutrients and a surface for an organism to live or move on.
Acids & bases
This document defines acids and bases, their properties, and how pH is used to measure acidity and alkalinity. Acids have a pH below 7 and increase hydrogen ion concentration in water, tasting sour. Bases have a pH above 7 and increase hydroxyl ion concentration, tasting bitter. Neutral substances have a pH of 7. pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, with lower numbers being more acidic and higher more basic. Acid rain forms when rainwater reacts with air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from industry and vehicles.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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Unit a biologicaldiversitynotes(human impacts)
- 2. zExtinct: Organisms that die out completely and do not exist anywhere. Ex: Dinosaurs Endangered: Organisms become very rare and are in serious danger of becoming extinct. Ex. Polar Bears/Pandas Threatened: Those species whose numbers are declining. A species at risk of extinction. Ex. Humpback Whale Extirpated: A species that no longer has any living members in a certain area or region. Ex. No timber wolves in USA Special Concern: Species that are particularly vulnerable to natural events or human activates ex. Amphibians like frogs
- 3. z 2. What are the natural causes of extinction/extirpation? 1. Natural Disasters - Volcanic eruptions, Floods & Fires 2. Overspecialization – Having to narrow a niche. – Koalas only eat one type of plant 3. Lack of food – Due to draught or loss of habitat 4. Disease – Honey Bee Disease
- 4. z
- 5. z3. What are the human causes of Extinction/extirpation? 1. Habitat destruction 2. Introduction of non-native species (Bio-invasion) 3. Over hunting 4. What are the effects of extinction and extirpation? Why should we be concerned? Extinctions and extirpations reduce biological diversity. Extinctions reduce the number of species on the planet. Extirpations reduce biological diversity in areas from which the organism has disappeared. It is important to maintain species diversity
- 6. z 5. What is artificial selection and biotechnology? a) Artificial selection: Humans selecting desirable traits and breeding to maintain or enhance them. Humans have practiced artificial selection since we first began to farm about 10 000 years ago. After so many generations of artificial selection, most of our plants no longer resemble the wild species from which they were bred. b) Biotechnology: Technology humans use for artificial selection and selective breeding. For instance, livestock breeders have to breed cows over many generations to get a whole herd that produces large quantities of milk. Scientists and breeders have, therefore, developed technologies that can speed up this process. These technologies can range from “low tech” to extremely “high tech.”
- 7. z6. What are the 4 forms of biotechnology with examples? 1. Cloning plants – Using a cutting from a plant and growing an identical plant from the cutting or using cells in a petri dish to create a clone 2. Artificial insemination – Taking sperm from a bull and planting it in a female 3. In vitro fertilization – Taking both sperm and eggs and combining them in a petri dish 4. Genetic engineering – Changing the genes of a species (glowing genes)
- 8. z
- 9. z
- 10. z7. What are the risks of biotechnology or artificial selection? a) In Animals: Reduced genetic variation & risk of disease b) In Plants: Risk of cross pollinating weeds that would be resistant to herbicides
- 11. z 8. What are the 5 ways of conserving biodiversity? Give an explanation and example of each. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each way of conservation? 1. Protected areas – In-situ conservation – Banff national park Advantage: allow organisms to live relatively undisturbed in their natural habitats. Disadvantage: It takes work and cooperation from the government as well as money 2. Restoration of ecosystems & species- In-situ conservation – replanting forests Advantage: allow organisms to live relatively undisturbed in their natural habitats. Disadvantage: It takes work, manpower (Volunteer groups, private landowners etc.) as well as money 3. Federal & provincial laws to protect species & natural areas. (parks & wetlands) – no hunting laws Advantage: prevent species in Canada from becoming extinct as a consequence of human activity. Disadvantage: It takes work and cooperation from the government
- 12. z8. What are the 5 ways of conserving biodiversity? Give an explanation and example of each. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each way of conservation? 4. Controlling the spread of exotic species – purple loosestrife Advantage: keeps natural order of an ecosystem and keeps diversity alive in an ecosystem Disadvantage: It takes work and cooperation from the government or other group if bio invasion does occur 5. Conserving genetic resources (like seed storage) - Ex-situ conservation / Conservations in zoos Advantage: chance of survival for some endangered species and plays an important role in conserving economically valuable genetic resources for forest, aquatic, and agricultural purposes. Disadvantage: This is a huge task since some scientists estimate that there are as many as 10 million different species in the world.