Unit 7: World War II [Guided Notes]

In your own words…
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!
_________________________
attacks against other
nations for expansion
or retaliation
________________________
form of government
with total control
over a nation, usually
with a dictator
(EX: Hitler)
________________________
Germany was forced to pay
due to the Treaty of
Versailles; created
hostility
_________________________
due to the worldwide
depression; led to
rise of fascist
leaders
________________________
giving into an aggressor’s
demands in order
to keep peace
226. Fascism 229. Treaty of Versailles 232. Axis Powers Aggression 235. Neutrality Acts 238. Pearl Harbor
227. Nazism 230. Appeasement 233. Non-Aggression Pact 236. “Four Freedoms” Speech
228. Totalitarianism 231. Munich Conference 234. U.S. Isolationism 237. Lend-Lease Act
EOC Key Concepts
Causes of World War II: A T.E.A.R.
Setting the Scene
Unit 7: World War II Name: Period:
U.S. 4.6 Part 1: Causes of World War II
US.4.6: Examine the causes of World War II and explain the reasons for U.S. entry into the war.
1
A T RE A
• On May 4th, 1923, ________________________________ called hundreds of thousands of people to a political rally where he led
them in a “holy oath” to Germany.
• These types of events were important to Hitler’s totalitarian rule. A ________________________________ government exerts total
control over a nation. It silences all opposition and dominates every aspect of life, using terror to suppress individual rights.
• “People ask: is there someone fit to be our leader? Our task is not to search for that person. Either God will give him to us or he
will not come. Our task is to shape the sword that he will need when he comes. Our task it to provide the leader with a nation
which is ready for him when he comes!”
Reparations (Treaty of Versailles)
• The failures of the ___________________________________________, which ended World War I, led to rise of leaders driven by
dreams of national greatness and territorial expansion. One of the primary ways that the Treaty of Versailles led to World War II
was that it put huge ___________________________________ on Germany, weakening its government.
• Additionally, the Treaty of Versailles did not treat the losers of the war fairly. It left ________________ with
___________________ and hostility towards the Allies. When _____________ rose to power, he opposed the Treaty of
Versailles and sought to undo it.
Totalitarianism and Dictatorship
• ___________________________________________: a form of government that exerts total control over a nation, using terror
as a tool to dominate and suppress the rights of individuals.
• _______________________: a ruler who has total power over a country; typically one who obtained that power by force.
• During this time period, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini, Francisco Franco of
Spain, and Hideki Tojo of Japan were all ________________________________________.

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• Hitler and Mussolini (Italy) governed by a philosophy called fascism. __________________ emphasizes the importance of a
_____________ or ethnic group and the ________________________________ of the leader.
• The ________________________________________ of the 1930s contributed to the eventual outbreak of World War II as
well because the weak economy drove support for fascist leaders like Mussolini (Italy), Hitler (Germany), and Franco
(Spain).
Fascism
• ___________________________ joined the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party in 1919 and soon became its leader.
• Nazism was based on extreme __________________________ and the dream of uniting all German speaking people. It was an
extreme form of ________________.
• Hitler also believed that ________________ (whites with blue eyes and blonde hair) were a _____________________ and should
rule the world, adding that Jews, Slavs, and non-whites were to serve Aryans.
Nazism
• Hitler was an unsuccessful ___________________________________________. He rose to power around the same time Mussolini
rose to power in Italy.
• Germany, facing depression in the 1930s, looked to their political leaders for help. Hitler and the Nazis promised to
_______________ the country, rebuild the _______________, and restore the empire that had been lost. Through these promises,
Hitler gained the support of many Germans. In order to restore the empire, Hitler pursued national expansion (adding to the territory
of a nation), even if it meant going to war to achieve it. He saw expansion as a way to bolster
_______________________________.
• Hitler gained power as Chancellor (head of Government) of Germany in January 1933. He was ____________________ by the
German President, Paul von Hindenburg. Soon after Hitler became Chancellor, Hitler had Germany ______________ from the
League of ______________ and announced a military _______________________ program.
• He soon ___________________________ freedom of ___________ and freedom of ____________. He had Nazi thugs called
“_________________________________,” or Brown Shirts, who waged a violent campaign against those who opposed his policies.
• Hitler blamed a ‘mysterious’ fire in the _______________________________ (German parliament, like our Congress) on
Communists. He used this to convince the Reichstag to pass a bill that gave him _______________________ powers.
• Hitler joined an alliance with __________________ of ____________ in 1936, and would later be joined by _______________
to form the _____________________________________.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
2
• The Munich Conference: ________________________________________, Prime Minister of Great Britain, went to Munich,
Germany to meet with Hitler. In the __________________________, he agreed to let Hitler take over the
______________________ without a shot being fired.
• This became known as a policy of _______________________________: giving into an aggressor’s demands in order to keep
peace.
• British politician _________________________________________ strongly disapproved of the Munich Pact because he
believed it represented a failure of foreign policy. This was mainly because he understood that Hitler’s goal was to use the
Sudetenland as an avenue to ___________________________________.
Appeasement and the Munich Conference

• Hitler wanted _______________________ (living space) for Germans. He looked to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to
obtain it. He seized the land of other nations, violating the _____________________________________ and people’s human rights.
• Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles in 1936 by moving troops into the ___________________________, and the League of
Nations did nothing to stop him. In fact, __________________________ did not support France in using force to stop Hitler’s
armies because Great Britain viewed Germany’s occupation as a ____________________________________.
• ___________________________ (Italy) began his new Roman Empire by invading ______________ in 1935. Again, the League
of Nations’ response was _________________. Haile Selassie (the Ethiopian emperor) said, “It is us today. It will be you
tomorrow.”
• On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into ________________ unopposed. Hitler proclaimed that Austria was now in
a union with Germany known as the ______________________.
• Hitler wanted the ___________________________________ (a part of Czechoslovakia) because he said that Czechoslovakia was
abusing the 3 million German speaking people that lived there.
• In 1939, shortly before the war began, Germany and the Soviet Union entered a _________________________ pact, dividing
Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. The signing of the non-aggression pact soon led to the invasion and
division of Poland. Hitler later broke this pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, just like he had invaded Poland.
Axis Powers Aggression: Germany and Italy
• The Japanese military expanded Japan’s power into ______________ and southeast Asia and came to dominate Japan’s government.
• By engaging in wars against China (1894-1895) and Russia (1904-1905), Japan expanded its
________________________________ in East Asia. By the time of World War I, Japan had developed into the strongest nation in
East Asia and one of the most _________________________________________ in the world.
• __________________________ and depression in Japan led to massive layoffs and widespread political discontent. People were
losing faith in the new democracy. The _________________ was also dissatisfied with the current conditions. Radicals committed
acts of ______________________ with the hope that the military would take over the government.
• In July 1940, President Roosevelt limited what Japan could _________ from the United States. Roosevelt hoped to stop Japanese
____________________________. It did not work. A year later, Japan took complete control of French Indochina.
• As a result, Roosevelt then froze all Japanese financial assets in the U.S. (money in banks, etc.) and used an
____________________ to cut off all oil shipments. This led the Japanese to look to the Dutch East Indies for oil.
• All of these actions led up to the attack on __________________________. The Japanese wanted to attack the U.S.
at Pearl Harbor in retaliation for the _________________________________ enforced by the United States.
Axis Powers Aggression: Japan
Axis Powers Aggression
3
of Austria
Taking over part of Japan’s attack on Militarization of the
Examples of Axis Powers Aggression

In your own words…YOU
MUST DO THIS TO GET
CREDIT!
In your own words…YOU MUST
DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!
• The _____________________________________________________ (1935-1939) were a series of acts created by the U.S. Congress that
were designed to keep the U.S. out of another war and to _______________ international involvement.
• The acts passed between 1935 and 1937 ______________________ arms sales to nations that were not at war.
• Throughout the mid-1930s, the United States’ response to the rise of fascist militarism in Italy, Germany, and Spain had been to
declare a stance of __________________. Still war-weary from World War I, the U.S. aimed to stay out of another European war.
• It was believed that if American ships were carrying ______________________ to a nation at war, they would be a logical target for an
enemy nation and the U.S. could be drawn into another war.
• The Neutrality Acts ____________________ the United States from ________________________ for actions that could provoke such a
situation, and thus released the United States from the obligation of _________ in certain scenarios.
• However, once war actually broke out, the ___________________________ was repealed, and the U.S. was able to help the British.
• September 1939: Four years after the first Neutrality Acts were passed, in response to the German attack on Poland, ________ asked
Congress to ______________ the Neutrality Acts to make them more flexible. This allowed the U.S. to sell provisions to countries at
________ if they paid cash and carried it on their own ships. The program was known as “___________ and ______________.”
• The Neutrality Acts were amended because FDR wanted to help ___________ against Nazi Germany without ______________ the
war.
• The U.S. began trading ships and weapons with Britain for ________________________________ in Caribbean and Newfoundland.
In your own words… YOU MUST
U.S. Isolationism (Neutrality)
4
U.S. 4.6 Part 2: U.S. Entry into World War II
US.4.6: Examine the causes of World War II and explain the reasons for U.S. entry into the war.
• Remaining ____________ while making war supplies available to _____________ became U.S. policy during the early years of World War
II.
• By late 1940, FDR finally called for the ___________________________ program, which allowed the U.S. to send supplies to any
country whose defense was vital to the safety of the United States. The U.S. did not charge for aid supplied under this legislation,
which ended the United States’ previous attempts to remain neutral.
• FDR began sending Lend-Lease supplies to both ________________ and the ____________________________. (Hitler had broken his
non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union by ______________________ it in September 1941.)
The Lend-Lease Act
• In January 1941, FDR delivered what became known as the ____________________________________________. In it, FDR described four
fundamental freedoms that he believed people everywhere in the world should enjoy: freedom of _____________ and ______________,
freedom of ______________, freedom from _____________, and freedom from _____________.
• “In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is
freedom of speech and expression- everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-
everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want…everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear…anywhere in the
world.”
• The Four Freedoms speech marked an important shift in America's attitude toward the war in Europe, moving the nation much closer
to __________ involvement in World War II. It also became a building block for the ________________________________.
• In 1940, Congress passed the first peacetime ________________________ and spent billions for defense. ______________________ tried to
block the extension of the draft, but lost by one vote (203-202) in the House of Representatives.
The Four Freedoms Speech

In your own words…YOU MUST
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• The Atlantic Conference: In August 1941, _____________________________________________ met in Washington to decide how
to conduct the war. FDR had always considered ___________ to be the number one enemy of the United States.
• Churchill and FDR decided that the war in Europe (and the defeat of Germany) was the top priority. This declaration
became known as the Atlantic Charter. The Atlantic Charter contained the terms agreed to by the U.S. and Great Britain to govern
war behavior and _________________________________. The Atlantic Charter strengthened the _______________ between
the U.S. and _____________________.
• After World War II, the _____________________________ was formed on the basis of the principles laid out in the Atlantic
Charter.
The Atlantic Charter
• General Tojo Hideki (Hideki Tojo) became ________________________________ of Japan in October 1941. He supported war
with the United States, though Roosevelt still hoped for _____________.
• A year earlier, the U.S. had cracked a top secret code. Knowing the code allowed the US. to read intercepted diplomatic messages.
As a result, by November 27, 1941, the U.S. knew that the Japanese fleet was on the move. They expected an _________, but they
did not know where it would happen.
• The Japanese wanted to attack the U.S. at ________________________ in retaliation for a trade embargo enforced by the
United States. Japanese leaders believed that they could _________________ the American _______________________ by
attacking Pearl Harbor.
• On the morning of _________________________________, an American army radar operator saw a large blip on the radar screen.
He called the officer on duty, who, believing it to be American, told the radar operator, “don’t worry about it” and hung up the
phone.
• Less than an hour later, Japan attacked the navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec 7, 1941 with more than
_____________________________________________________ killing 2,400 and injuring nearly 1,200. Japan sunk or damaged
18 warships, nearly 200 planes were destroyed.
• The next day, as a result of the attack on ___________________________, the U.S. declared war on _______________.
• President Roosevelt, referring to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, used the expression
“_________________________________________________________” in an address to Congress when declaring war on Japan.
• Three days later, __________ honored his pact with Japan and Germany declared war on the United States. This was one of the only
agreements that Hitler honored. He was only obligated to defend Japan if they had been attacked. Italy also declared war on the U.S.
Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
5
239. Office of War Mobilization 241. Deficit Spending 243. Propaganda 245. Victory Gardens
240. Office of Price Administration 242. Patriotic Activities 244. Rationing 246. War Bond Drives
EOC Key Concepts
U.S. 4.7: Americans at War
US.4.7: Explain how the U.S. government financed World War II, managed the economy, and encouraged public support for the war effort.
• President Franklin Roosevelt created the Office of War Mobilization to _____________________ all agencies and resources involved
in ___________________________ during World War II. The Office of War Mobilization would shift the country from a peacetime to a
wartime economy, sometimes loaning smaller factories the money needed to convert to war production.
• Soon out producing the Axis powers, ________________________________________ split their time between making consumer goods and
war supplies. Unemployment, the scourge of ten years earlier, had all but vanished, as Americans went to work to fuel the war machine.
Office of War Mobilization

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established to create ________________________ on nonagricultural
commodities (goods) and _______________________ essential consumer goods during World War II. This was done to keep
prices from rising out of control.
• High levels of ________________________________________ helped the United States field a well-equipped army and navy,
bring prosperity to workers, and pull the United States out of the Depression.
• Deficit spending also boosted the ____________________________________ from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945.
• The United States began to ____________________________________________________________ as a result of producing
goods for the allied forces.
Office of Price Administration
6
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• To meet the demand for war material, the American government directed the _______________________________________ of
businesses. To do this, the government set up the War Production Board (WPB).
• Henry ______________ built 7 new shipyards to produce ____________________________ (cargo carriers), tankers, troop
transports and small aircraft carriers. Kaiser revolutionized production techniques.
• Instead of making cars, _________________________________________________ plants retooled to produce bombers.
• One of the biggest changes on the U.S. home front during World War II was that _______________ were much easier to find,
as a result of war ______________________________; in addition, union membership rose.
War Production Board
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• _________________________ of consumer items prevented Americans from spending the high wages they earned during wartime
and limited the number of goods people could buy. As a result, the government began to use _________________________.
• The United States government issued ration ____________________ to help conserve raw materials needed for the United
States military.
Rationing
• Popular culture during World War II was characterized by _______________________________ and high morale.
• The Office of _____________________________was established in June 1942 to work with magazines, ad agencies, and radio
stations to create ads and posters that would stir Americans’ ______________________ and therefore increase public
support.
• The government encouraged ____________________________________ to use materials for war production– it gave adults
and children an opportunity to contribute to the war effort.
• _________________ is a form of communication aimed at influencing the attitude of a person/community toward a cause/position.
• During World War II, U.S. propaganda was used to _____________________________________ for the war and
commitment to an Allied victory.
• Using a wide variety of media, propagandists:
1. Formed ____________________ for the enemy and support for America's allies,
2. Urged greater ______________________________ for war production and victory gardens,
3. Persuaded people to _________________ with what they had so that more material could be used for the war effort,
4. And sold __________________________.
World War II Propaganda

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• Americans were encouraged to ____________________________ to help defeat the Axis Powers. They were encouraged
to be patriotic and do patriotic activities, including:
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. Buying ________________________
4. Joining _____________________________________ to conserve fuel
• One popular idea was the victory garden, which was a home _________________________________ planted to reduce the
pressure on public food supply brought on by the war effort.
Patriotic Activities and Victory Gardens
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• To _____________________ the war, the United States government used _____________ spending,
launched __________ sales drives, and _____________________________________.
• People were told ______________________________________________________ to help win the war if they bought
____________________. This was the main action the government took to help pay for the war effort. War bonds allowed the
government to _______________ money from citizens that would be repaid later with interest.
War Bond Drives
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• The Selective Service and Training Act required all males aged 21 through 36 to ___________________ for military service.
• 5 million ______________________________ for service, but it was not nearly enough, so another 10 million were
______________________________.
• Americans who served in the military called themselves ____________, an abbreviation for “government issue.” GI’s went through
_____________________________ of basic training.
• The Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC) took over many duties men did in the military –______________________________.
250,000 women served in the military during the war. Army Chief of Staff, General George Marshall, pushed for the formation of
the WAAC because the “need for ‘manpower’ was so great.”
• ________________________________ took an active part in the military, including some 500,000 Mexican Americans, 1,000,000
African Americans, 50,000 Asian Americans, and 25,000 Native Americans.
Mobilizing the Armed Forces
Homework: 4.7
Non-Honors (20 Points) Honors (30 Points)
• Complete: p. 599, #1 and #4
• Study: Notes from 4.7
• Complete: p. 599 #1, 4, 5
• Study: Notes from 4.7
247. Rosie the Riveter 250. Congress of Racial Equality 253. Code Talkers 256. Japanese Internment
248. Double V Campaign 251. Philip Randolph 254. 1943 Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act 257. Korematsu v. United States
249. Executive Order 8802 252. Tuskegee Airmen 255. Zoot Suit Riots of 1943
EOC Key Concepts
U.S. 4.8: Social Impact and Role of Minorities
US.4.8: Examine the role of minority groups, including women, on the home front and in the military and describe how it changed their status in society.
7

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• _____________________________________________ is a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American
women who worked in _________________ during World War II.
• Women of all ages and ethnic backgrounds went to work in the __________________________________________. Many joined
the workforce out of patriotism. As men were drafted, ________________________________________ to fill jobs left vacant.
• Women took men’s places in industry and proved they could _____________________________________ as well as men.
• At one point, women made up a record number of the civilian workforce- about ________________.
Role of Women: Rosie the Riveter and the Workforce
• Civil Rights leaders like ____________________________________ organized a march in Washington to protest racial
discrimination in war industries and to propose the desegregation of the American Armed forces.
• However, the march was cancelled when President Roosevelt issued the
_______________________________________________, orthe Fair Employment Act, which
__________________________________________________________________in the national defense industry. This forced
most ________________________ men to leave their jobs.
• Nearly a million ______________________________________ joined the military. At first, black troops were limited to supporting
roles (non-combat). However, as casualties mounted, authorities reluctantly gave African Americans the opportunity to fight.
Role of African Americans: Executive Order 8802
• When given the opportunity to fight in WWII, African Americans fought in ______________________ (separate) units from whites.
• Once such unit was the ____________________________________________. These brave soldiers became the first African
American flying unit in the United States military.
• As an effect of the accomplishments of the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II, we saw the movement for full
_________________________ into the military for African-Americans gain momentum.
• To help bring about an end to __________________________, _______________________________________________ began,
where the first V was victory over the ________________________ and the second V was victory in winning
__________________ at home. This campaign originated in The Pittsburgh Courier, an African American newspaper.
Role of African Americans: Tuskegee Airmen and the Double V Campaign
• World War II was heralded as the war for freedom and democracy, yet in America, black soldiers who had experienced first-class
citizenship abroad were treated as ________________________________ citizens at home.
• The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in Chicago in 1942 after considerable pressure from Civil Rights leader
______________________________, attempted to end ____________________ against blacks, including in war industries.
Role of African Americans: Philip Randolph and the Congress of Racial Equality
V
V
8
• The term __________________________ describes people who use a coded language, especially the 400 Native Americans
(_________________) who served in the U.S. Marine Corps. Their main job was the transmission of ____________ messages.
• Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed
codes built upon their _____________________________________________. Their service improved _______________________
in terms of speed of encryption at both ends in front line operations during World War II. Although the name “code talkers” is
associated with ___________________ in WWII, code talking was originally pioneered by ____________________________
serving in the U.S. Army during World War I. These soldiers are referred to as Choctaw Code Talkers.
Role of Native Americans: Code Talkers

6
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• Mexican Americans as well as native Mexicans faced _______________________________ during the war. Towards the end of the
war, more opportunities presented themselves for these individuals.
• Due to a shortage of ______________________________________, the U.S. sought help from Mexico.
• Workers from Mexico who worked on the farms were called _____________________________. The program brought a rise in the
number of ____________________ in Los Angeles and other cities in Southern California. Many Mexican (American) laborers
lived in Spanish-speaking neighborhoods called _____________, where conditions were overcrowded.
• _________________________________________________: In 1943, a series of riots broke out in Los Angeles between white
sailors and Marines and the _____________________________, who were recognizable by the
____________________________ they wore- which included a long draped jacket and baggy pants with tight cuffs.
• This look ______________________ many people, especially sailors who came to Los Angeles on leave from nearby military bases.
• Groups of sailors roamed the streets in search of _________________________________, whom they beat up and humiliated for
looking “un-American.”
• In early June 1943, the street fighting grew into full scale _______________. The local papers blamed the Mexican-
Americans for the violence. Police officers often arrested the victims rather than the sailors who had begun the attacks.
• Army and Navy officials finally intervened by ________________________ GI’s off-duty access to Los Angeles.
• The Zoot Suit Riots were a reaction to the Sleepy Lagoon murder case in which a Latino was killed by another Latino. This sparked
the _________________________________________________________________ calling for action against zoot-suiters.
Role of Mexican Americans: Barrios and Zoot Suit Riots
6
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• Japanese Americans suffered official ___________________________ in World War II. Many Japanese Americans were
____________________, or confined to _______________ in isolated areas, including many who were born in America.
• On February 19th, 1942, _____________, ordered the removal of Japanese Americans (Nisei) from the west coast as part of a
national security move.110,000 were put in camps - 2/3 were ________________, or native born American citizens.
• _________________________________________________, as it was officially known, resulted in the internment of Japanese
Americans for fear that they would be disloyal to the U.S. during World War II.
• In 1988, Congress passed a law awarding each surviving Japanese American internee $20,000 tax free money and an apology.
• _______________________________________ (1944) was a landmark Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of
Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps in WWII. In a 6-3 decision, the Justices ruled in
favor of the government. They upheld Japanese internment because they said it was necessary for
________________________.
• The _______________________________ repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act, allowing Chinese immigration for the first time
since 1882, and permitting some __________________ immigrants already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens.
Role of Asian Americans: Japanese Internment, Korematsu v. United States, Executive Order 9066
258. Battle of the Atlantic 261. D-Day 264. Island Hopping 267. Atomic Bombs on Japan 270. Yalta Conference 273. Nuremburg Trials
259. Battle of Stalingrad 262. Battle of Midway 265. Kamikaze Pilots 268. War Conferences 271. Potsdam Conference
260. North Africa Campaign 263. Battle of Okinawa 266. Manhattan Project 269. Tehran Conference 272. Holocaust
EOC Key Concepts
U.S. 4.9 Part 1: The War in Europe
US.4.9: Analyze the major events, turning points, and key strategic decisions of World War II and describe how they affected the outcome of the war.
9

Operation
Major Powers of World War II
G __________________________
F __________________________
U __________________________
S __________________________
and… ___________________, __________________, and many more
J __________________________
I __________________________
G __________________________
and… _________________, ________________, and many more
Axis Allies
10
6
• On March 15th, 1939, Hitler took over the rest of _________________________________ and then turned his attention to Poland.
• On March 31st,1939, _______________ and __________________ pledged support to Poland, agreeing to help if Germany invaded.
• On August 23rd, 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed a Non-Aggression Pact in which they agreed not to fight each other. In a
second secret pact, they agreed to divide Poland (as well as other Eastern European nations) between them. This eliminated
the possibility of a ____________________________________.
• Hitler invaded __________________ on September 1st, 1939, and defeated the country in 3 weeks. This was known as the
___________________, or lightning war. It was a fast and concentrated land and air attack that took enemies by surprise.
• Germany was able to defeat _______________________ in less than a month for four major reasons:
1. It was the first time that the ______________________ was used, so no one really knew what to expect.
2. _____________________________ had a more advanced military than Poland.
3. ________________________________________________ were unable to aid Poland in time.
4. Finally, the ___________________________________ came to Germany’s aid, and under the terms of the secret non-
aggression pact, seized eastern Poland.
• Because of the attack on ____________________________, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on
September 3rd, 1939. World War II had officially begun.
The War Begins: September 1st, 1939
Battle of the
Operation
(North Africa Campaign)
Battle of
Battle of the
Battle of
Key Battles of World War II: European Theater

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• On April 9th, 1940, Germany invaded _____________________________ and Norway. The Phony War was over. Soon the
Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg were overrun.
• _____________________________________: Germany went around the Maginot Line and invaded France. The Germans divided
the British and the French troops, forcing the British to retreat to the northern city of Dunkirk.
• As a result of the British retreat to Dunkirk, 340,000 British troops were cut off and had to be carried back to England by
900 vessels. This was one of the ____________________________________ in the history of warfare.
• On June 17th, 1940, France __________________________ to Germany, leaving Britain alone to fight. Under the terms of
surrender, Germany _____________________________ the northern three-fifths of France and the entire Atlantic coast southward
to Spain.
• The French government supervised the unoccupied part of France from the city of Vichy, becoming known as
_____________________________. They used a policy of ________________________ (close cooperation) with Nazi
Germany.
• Led by General __________________________________, the __________________________ continued the fight against Nazi
Germany in an underground resistance movement.
War on the Western Front
6
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• The ______________________________________ lasted from the summer of 1940 into the fall and took place over the skies of
Britain. In this battle, Hitler launched the greatest ________________________ the world had ever seen against London and
the rest of Britain.
• The RAF (Royal Air Force) was able to hold off the German _________________________ (air force) using
_______________, leading Hitler to eventually give up on trying to invade Britain.
• ____________________________________________ was an inspirational leader who encouraged people to resist the invasion.
Battle of Britain
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• ______________ ordered ______________________ attacks off the eastern U.S. coastline. In total, 681 ships were sunk in the
Atlantic during the first seven months of the war.
• By May 1943, U.S. _______________ with naval escorts using sonar started sinking German ___________________ faster than the
Germans could replace them. The U.S., however, began ___________________ cargo ships fast enough to keep up with their losses.
• It was the _____________________________ naval battle of World War II, lasting almost the entire length of the war.
Battle of the Atlantic
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• In February 1941, Hitler sent General _______________________________________________ (nicknamed “the Desert Fox” for
his shrewd tactics) to reinforce the ____________________ fighting in North Africa.
• Rommel threatened British controlled Egypt and the Middle East, but British General Bernard Law “Monty” Montgomery won a
decisive victory at the Battle of El Alamein. The German army ______________________ to the west. The
____________________
______________________________________ was a ___________________________________ in the North African campaign.
• In February 1943, the inexperienced ______________________________ suffered a major defeat at Kasserine Pass. They learned
from the defeat, however, and by early May 1943, the last of the German _____________________________________ surrendered.
Operation Torch (The North Africa Campaign)
11

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• Soviet leader ___________________________ wanted the Allies to open a second front in France, but FDR and Churchill felt that
they did not have enough troops to do it. After the Allies gained control of Africa, their next target would be _____________.
• Shortly after the _____________________________________________ of Italy, Mussolini was defeated in the Italian election. As
a result, Italian King Victor _______________________________ stripped Mussolini of power and arrested him.
• _____________ sent troops to free Mussolini and restore his power. It would take _______ months to drive the Germans out of
Italy.
• Finally, on April 28th, 1945, Italian freedom fighters captured ______________________________. They shot and killed him in
Milan Square as he was trying to escape across the border. His body was then taken to Milan, where it was
_____________________
___________________________ at a service station for _______________ viewing and to provide confirmation of his death.
The Fall of Mussolini
• In ______________________________, Hitler called for the ____________________ of the Soviet Union to give the German
people ______________________ (“living space”).
• Hitler believed Germany needed to be self-sufficient, which meant that it needed its own sources of ____________ and _______.
• Hitler decided to turn his war machine to the east and seize the farmland in the _______________ (part of the Soviet Union).
• The intensity of the attack took the Soviet Union by ____________. Because they had been treated so poorly by _____________,
the Soviet people welcomed the Germans, whom they thought were there to liberate them. This feeling ended once the German
troops introduced __________________________________ and began ________________________ citizens.
• Stalin had ordered his troops to defend the city at all costs. Unlike the Germans, the Soviets were well equipped to fight in the
_________________ weather. As the weather grew worse, thousands of wounded, starving German soldiers ____________ to
death in subzero temperatures. Throughout the battle, the Soviets offered many chances for the Germans to surrender. Hitler,
unfazed, refused to let his troops _____________.
• Finally, against Hitler’s commands, the surviving German troops simply quietly _____________________. The Battle of Stalingrad
ended on January 31st, 1943, _________________________________________ after Hitler had come to power in Germany.
• The Germans were finally ___________________ at the __________________________________________________,
considered the ________________________ battle in the history of warfare.
• Cost to the Soviet Union: _______________________ Soviets were killed.
• Cost to Germany: __________________ Germans were killed and ___________________ Germans were captured.
• Ten days after the invasion, Stalin broadcast a message to his people- do not leave anything behind that the enemy could use. So, as
troops retreated, they ______________________ everything that could be useful to the Germans.
• Stalin repeatedly asked the Allies for help. Though he did not receive it, he did convince them to invade _________________.
Battle of Stalingrad
12
• ___________________________________ was the code for the invasion of Europe- to take Europe back from Axis Powers.
• _________________ (Day of Invasion): On ________________________________, the Allies landed on France’s
_______________________ coastline with 156,000 troops, 4,000 landing crafts, 600 warships, and 11,000 planes.
• Within a month, more than 1,000,000 men, 170,000 trucks, and 567,000 tons of supply were landed in France.
• Paris was freed on ___________________________ by French resistance troops (the __________________________), led by
General Charles de Gaulle, and American forces.
Operation Overlord (The D-Day Invasion)

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET
CREDIT!
U.S. 4.9 Part 2: The War in the Pacific
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• On December 16th, 1944, Hitler launched a ______________________________ to seize the Belgian port city of Antwerp. This was
the last major ______________________ by the Germans, and would eventually result in Germany’s full _________________.
• Germany's goal was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capture Antwerp, and ________________ and
________________ four Allied armies. Hitler hoped to force the Western Allies to
________________________________________
_________________ in the Axis Powers' favor. Once that happened, Hitler could fully concentrate on the eastern theater of the war.
• The Germans smashed into the U.S. army and pushed it back, forming a ____________ in the Allied line and cutting off U.S. units.
• Eisenhower ordered General _____________________________________ to the battle. Patton’s Third Army moved north to
help stop the advance. After a month long battle, the Germans were pushed back with heavy losses that could not be replaced.
• Germany was in retreat on all fronts. The _______________ pushed in from the East; the ________________ pushed from the West.
• The Battle of the Bulge was the __________________ battle fought in Western Europe during WWII. It was also the costliest
battle in terms of _________________________ for the U.S., whose forces bore the brunt of the attack, during all of World War II.
Battle of the Bulge (Operation Overlord)
13
• Complete: p. 608, #2, 4, 7
• Study: Notes from 4.9 Part 1
• Complete: p. 608 #2, 4, 5, 7
• Study: Notes from 4.9 Part 1
US.4.9: Analyze the major events, turning points, and key strategic decisions of World War II and describe how they affected the outcome of the war.
• General __________________ and Admiral Chester ______________ developed the
_________________________________________ technique, which meant avoiding Japanese strongholds and instead attacking less
protected islands. By hopping from island to island, the Allies moved closer to the main Japanese islands, putting themselves in a position
to ______________ Japan.
• The Bataan Peninsula fell in early April 1942. As a result, the ___________________________ captured about 76,000 Filipinos and
Americans as prisoners of war. The Japanese split them into groups of 500 to 1,000 and __________________ them to _______________
60 miles in the tropical heat to a railroad junction. They took the train to within 8 miles of an army camp, then walked the rest of the way.
• This ordeal became known as the _______________________________________________. During the march, the POWs, both
American and Filipino, were denied water and rest and many were beaten and ______________________. At least 10,000 prisoners
died during the journey. Many were _____________________ by the guards when they became too weak to keep up.
• The _______________ of the Japanese soldiers defied the international standards of conduct towards POWs in the 3rd Geneva Convention.
The Pacific Theater: Island Hopping and the Bataan Death March
Non-Honors (30 Points) Honors (40 Points)
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• On April 25th, 1945, the Soviets stormed _________________. The city panicked, and the German troops fled.
• While hiding in his Bunker, Hitler married his long-time mistress, ______________________________. He also wrote a letter to the
German people, blaming the ______________ for starting the war and his __________________ for losing it.
• Hitler _______________________________________ on April 30th, 1945, using his Walther PPK 7.65.
• Eisenhower accepted the ______________________________________________ of Germany (and the end of the war in
Europe) on May 8th, 1945. This date would become known as ____________________________ (Victory in Europe Day).
The War in Europe Ends
Homework: 4.9 Part 1

In your own words… YOU MUST DO THIS
TO GET CREDIT!
• The U.S. Navy ______________________ the Japanese invasion of Australia in the first sea battle where the opposing ships never saw
one another or fired a shot. All of the fighting in this battle was done by carrier based ___________________.
• The Japanese actually won the battle, but they had to withdraw because of a _________________________. It was the first time the
Japanese had been ____________________ since Pearl Harbor.
TO GET CREDIT!
Battle of
Battle of
Battle of
Battle of
Battle of
Battle of the
Key Battles of World War II: Pacific Theater
Battle of the Coral Sea
• The Battle of ___________________ began in June of 1942. Over 100 Japanese ships were heading to invade Midway Island, but the
U.S. had broken the _________________________________. We were waiting for the Japanese.
• The U.S. sank all 4 Japanese aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. Japan lost some of their most ____________________________.
• As in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway was fought entirely _______________, using carriers based in the Pacific Ocean.
• The Battle of ___________________ was significant because it assured America’s position of _____________ power in the Pacific
Ocean and changed the course of the war in the South Pacific _______________________________________________. The U.S.
victory also made it __________________ for the U.S. navy to advance across the ___________________________________.
In your own words… YOU MUST DO
THIS TO GET CREDIT!
TO GET CREDIT!• The Battle of ______________________________ began in August of 1942. By February 1943, the Japanese, badly outnumbered, were
forced to ____________________ their remaining 12,000 troops from Guadalcanal. Along with the naval Battle of ______________, the
fighting on Guadalcanal marked a turning point in favor of the Allies in the Pacific War.
• When the United States defeated the Japanese on the island of Guadalcanal, it became their _______________________________
__________________ and allowed the Allies to take the ___________________ in the Pacific.
Battle of Guadalcanal
• The Battle of ______________________ began in October 1944. It is thought to be the greatest ________________________ in history.
• This was the first battle in which ____________________ (___________________________________) were used. Kamikaze pilots
loaded their planes with ________________ and crashed them into enemy ships to inflict maximum damage.
Battle of Leyte Gulf and Kamikaze Pilots
Battle of Midway
• The fighting grew ___________________ as U.S. troops moved closer to Japan. The Battle of __________________________ (1945)
is considered one of the _________________________ battles of the war in the ______________________________________.
• U.S. forces suffered about _________________ casualties. The Japanese fought to the end; only 250 were taken ___________________.
• The Battle of ___________________________ lasted from April to June of 1945. It was significant because the island of Okinawa
was Japan’s _______________________________________________________, and it was fiercely defended.
Battle of Iwo Jima and Battle of Okinawa
14

YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• The _______________________ Project was code for the ____________________ of the ___________________________- one that
could destroy an entire city. ____________________________________________ led a team of scientists in a secret lab in Los
Alamos, New Mexico to build the actual bomb.
• The _______________ turned to the question of whether or not to actually use the bomb. Some scientists claimed it would be
________________ to use the weapon without warning Japan first. Those in favor of the bomb claimed it would save
_____________________________ and that it needed to be used in order to justify the _______ of building it.
• President ______________________________________ made the final decision to use the bomb. He gave Japan one last chance to
surrender, or face utter destruction. Japan _____________________.
The Manhattan Project
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• On _________________________, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb (code named “_________________________”) on the city
of _________________________________, an important Japanese military center. 43 seconds later, almost every building in the
city collapsed into dust. In spite of the incredible destruction, Japanese leaders still ________________________ to surrender.
• On _________________________, a second bomb (code named “_______________________”) was dropped on the city of
__________________________, leveling half of the city.
• By the end of the year, more than 200,000 Japanese people had died of injuries and ________________________________________
caused by the atomic blasts.
• __________________________________________ of Japan ____________________________ less than a week after the
destruction of Nagasaki. On ________________________________, officials from Japan, the United States, and other countries
around the world formally signed the “Japanese Instrument of Surrender.” The war was finally over.
• In the U.S., Victory over Japan Day (_____________________) is celebrated on ___________________________, the day of the
official surrender.
Dropping of Atomic Bombs on Japan
War Conferences
Conference Conference Conference Conference
• The _________________________ Conference took place in January 1943. Because it took place in the midst of war, it focused on ________________.
• Churchill and Roosevelt decided to maintain the approach of dealing with Europe first.
• They also decided that they would accept nothing less than ______________________________________________ from the Axis Powers.
The Casablanca Conference
• The ___________________ Conference also took place in 1943, and again focused on _____________________. In it, Roosevelt,
Churchill, and Stalin decided to open up a ______________________________________________ in Europe.
• They decided that the ____________________ were to enter into war against _____________ after the defeat of _________________.
The Tehran Conference
15

16
• The MAIN purpose of the _______________ Conference was to develop plans for
_______________________________________.
• It took place from February 4th – 11th, 1945. The plans included:
1. After Germany surrendered, they were to be disarmed and the country would be __________________ into four
parts, to be governed by Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
2. They agreed to hold a _________________________________________ after the war.
3. The _____________________ would get concessions in Manchuria for entering the war against Japan.
4. Plus, the Soviets were to receive 3 seats in the ______________________________________ General Assembly.
• Stalin never fulfilled the promises he made at the Yalta Conference. In fact, according to critics, Roosevelt and Churchill did not do
enough to prevent the eventual Soviet ________________________ of Eastern Europe. This set the stage for the _________________.
The Yalta Conference
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• In 1945, Allied leaders gathered at the _______________________ Conference to decide how to administer
__________________ to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier on May 8th (V-
E Day).
• The goals of the conference included establishing _____________________________, peace treaties, and countering the effects of
war.
• They issued the Potsdam Declaration, which had numerous provisions, including:
1. The _________________________________________ of Japan (or it would face prompt and utter destruction).
2. The set up of a ________________ to administer Germany.
3. The set up of machinery to negotiate ______________________________.
4. ___________________ of German people out of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland and into ____________________.
5. Stalin’s announcement that there would be no ____________________ in Eastern Europe.
The Potsdam Conference and Declaration
• During World War II, the Nazis carried out a brutal plan that led to the deaths of _____________________________ and other
victims, including blacks, gypsies, and homosexuals. The victims were identified by patches on their clothing (EX: Jewish Star of
David).
• Jews in Europe faced _____________________________ for their religious beliefs for centuries. In the mid-1800s, a new form of anti-
Jewish prejudice arose based on racial theories. Some claimed Germanic people called “Aryans” were superior to Middle Eastern
people called Semites. Semitic peoples included _____________________________________, but the term often applied to Jews only.
• __________________________________ was a term used to describe the discrimination or hostility, often violent, directed at
the Jews. When _____________________ became Germany’s leader in 1933, he made anti-Semitism the official policy of the nation.
• The Germans established _______________ in which the Jews were forced to live. In the _____________ ghetto, around 400,000 Jews
were confined to an area about 3% of the size of the city. A wall topped with barbed wire and guarded by Germans surrounded them.
• At __________________________________, where forced labor was done, Jews received very little food. Hunger, overcrowding, and
a lack of sanitation brought on diseases.
• _______________ camps were different from concentration camps- they were used for mass murder. Gas chambers, which used
_________________________ to kill people, were installed at the death camp in ____________________ (located in Western Poland).
• Jews would be loaded onto ______________________________ and shipped to the death camps. They were told they were going to
The East to work. At 4 of the 6 death camps, nearly all were murdered shortly after they arrived.
• The Germans would salvage any article of value from the victims, including jewelry or _________________________ from their teeth.
The Holocaust

• Japanese Prime Minister
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Brought U.S. into WWII
• Commander of SS and
Gestapo
• Oversaw Jewish
concentration camps
• Held responsible for
Holocaust
1• General who led 3rd U.S.
Army at Battle of the Bulge
• U.S. General known as
“Organizer of Victory”
• Emperor of Japan
• Leader during atomic
bombs on Japan
• “Unconditional Surrender” • Commander in Pacific
• Oversaw occupation of Japan
• U.S. Navy Admiral
• In command after Pearl Harbor
• Fascist Dictator of Italy
• Known as El Duce
• Invasion of Ethiopia • British Prime Minister
• Anti-Appeasement
• Leader of “Free French”
• President of France after war
• 34th U.S. President
• Commander for D-Day
• Premier of USSR
• Dictator who killed millions
Major Leaders of World War II
YOU MUST DO THIS TO GET CREDIT!• In November 1945, at the ________________________________________, Nazi leaders were put on trial for crimes against
peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.
• An International Military Tribunal was composed of members selected by the U.S., Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France. The
tribunal gave 12 of the 24 defendants the death sentence.
• Most importantly, the Nuremburg Trials established the principle that _______________________________________ for their
own actions. The tribunal rejected the idea that they were only “following orders.”
The Nuremburg Trials
274. Atlantic Charter 276. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 278. Joseph Stalin 280. General Douglas MacArthur 282. President Harry S. Truman
275. The Big Three 277. Winston Churchill 279. General Dwight D. Eisenhower 281. Admiral Chester Nimitz 283. Founding of the United Nations
EOC Key Concepts
U.S. 4.10: Political and Military Leaders of WWII
US.4.10: Describe how key political and military leaders affected the outcome of World War II and led to the beginning of the Cold War.
• Nazi Dictator of Germany
• Anti-Semitic and Fascist
• Known as Der Furher
• Holocaust
Axis
• 32nd U.S. President
• Attempted neutrality
• 33rd U.S. President
• Only use of atomic bomb
Allies
• In August 1941, Churchill and FDR met in Washington to decide how to conduct the war and decided the war in Europe- the defeat of Germany- was the top priority.
• The Atlantic Charter contained the terms agreed to by the U.S. and Great Britain to govern war behavior and define their aims. It was the basis of the United Nations.
• One other key provision of the Atlantic Charter was that Roosevelt and Churchill agreed that neither the U.S. nor Great Britain would seek territorial gain after WWII.
The Atlantic Charter
17

18
• _____________________________________ played a key role in deciding the post war future in Europe.
1. _______________________________________________: Prime Minister of Great Britain
2. _______________________________________________: President of the United States
3. _______________________________________________: Premier of the Soviet Union
The Big Three
• General Dwight D. __________________________________ was the Supreme Allied Commander and General in the U.S Army.
• “Ike” planned many of the _____________________ and ______________________ of the war. He had a reputation for being
organized, and was able to manage the different personalities of the Soviet Union and Great Britain, without _______________________
our allies.
• He would later be elected the 34th President of the United States.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• General Douglas ________________________ played an important role in the war in the ___________________ (against Japan).
• He was _________________________________________of the U.S. Armed Forces in the Far East prior to the attack at Pearl Harbor.
• He was forced to flee the Philippines as the ____________________ were invading. He vowed to return and later fulfilled that promise.
• It was MacArthur who accepted the _______________________________ surrender on the U.S.S. Missouri.
• MacArthur oversaw the ________________________________ of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he
oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes.
General Douglas MacArthur
• 10 days after Pearl Harbor (December 7th, 1941) Admiral Nimitz was selected as Commander in Chief, U.S.
_______________________.
• _______________ took command in a ceremony on the top deck of the submarine USS Grayling. The change of command ceremony
would normally have taken place aboard a battleship, but every such ship in Pearl Harbor had been either sunk or damaged in the attack.
• Assuming ______________________ at the most critical period of the war in the Pacific, Admiral Nimitz, despite the shortage of
ships, planes and supplies, successfully organized his forces to halt the Japanese advance.
• As Chief of Naval Operations, Nimitz brought the Navy into the new ___________________ defense establishment.
Admiral Chester Nimitz
• Harry Truman became president upon the ____________ of FDR. Although he did not know of the existence of the Manhattan Project
itself, it was ______________________________________________ to drop the _________ on Japan.
• Truman’s decision led to the deaths of thousands of Japanese citizens. However, his primary reason for dropping the bomb was to
___________ the lives of thousands of ______________________________ who would have died in an ________________ of Japan.
President Harry S. Truman
• The United Nations (UN) was founded on October 24th, 1945, due to the recognition that __________________ could not afford a third
world war. The UN’s statement of principles was based on the belief that an international __________________________________
organization could settle ___________________ without resorting to ____________________.
• The primary inspiration for the creation of the United Nations was the ______________of the League of Nations. It was formed on the
basis of the principles of the ________________________________ of World War II.
Founding of the United Nations (UN)

January 1945: Battle of __________________________________________ ends
February 1945: _______________ Conference
February – March 1945: Battle of ______________________________
April – June 1945: Battle of __________________________________
May 8th, 1945: ___________________________________________
July – August 1945: ________________________ Conference
August 8th, 1945: Dropping of ______________________________________________________________
August 11th, 1945: Dropping of _____________________________________________________________
September 2nd, 1945: _____________________________________ 19
• Following World War II, the U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged as the two ____________________________________________.
This happened because the other nations of great power were severely _________________________ by the disasters of war.
• The U.S. and the Soviet Union would go from being ____________ during World War II to being _______________ almost
immediately after the conclusion of World War II.
• Largely because of the development of the ________________________, the United States and the Soviet Union became engaged
in a long-term standoff known as the ________________________, which would last from the end of World War II until the 1990s.
• The Cold War would be fought not with bullets, but with ideologies. One of the areas where this would play out would be in
________________________________________________, where the largest concentration of communist countries would be located.
Postwar Order
October 1935 – May 1936: Invasion of ________________________________________1935 – 1936
Timeline: World War II
August 23rd, 1939: ___________________________________________________________________________
September 1st, 1939: Invasion of _________________________; __________________________ begins1939
May – June 1940: ________________________________________________
June 1940: ___________________________________________________________________________ begins
July – September 1940: ______________________________________________________________
1940
June – December 1941: Invasion of the __________________________________
December 7th, 1941: Attack on _______________________________________
1941
June 1942: Battle of __________________________
August 1942: Battle of __________________________________________ begins
1942
February 1943: Battle of __________________________________________ ends
May 1943: ___________________________________________________________ ends
1943
June 6th, 1944: ___________________________________________________________________________
December 1944: Battle of the _______________________________ begins
December 1944: ______________________________________________________
1944
1945

Unit 7: World War II [Guided Notes]

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Unit 7: World War II [Guided Notes]