This document provides information about different English modal verbs including:
1) Modal verbs like must, should, and have to are used to express obligation or necessity. Must is used for present obligations while have to is used for past and future obligations.
2) Modal verbs like can, could, may, and might express ability, possibility, or permission depending on the context. Can and could express ability or permission while may and might express possibility.
3) Other modal constructions like be supposed to, had better, need, be allowed to, let, and make are also discussed in terms of their meanings and uses.
Tips on Modal Verb [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/14-modals/1-tips-on-modals/ ].
LearningPundits helps Job Seekers make great CVs [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/1-cv-preparation-for-freshers/1-cv-writing-tips-for-freshers/ ] , master English Grammar and Vocabulary [ https://learningpundits.com/course/4-english-grammar/ ] , ace Aptitude Tests [ https://learningpundits.com/course/11-mathematical-aptitude/ ], speak fluently in a Group Discussion [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/6-group-discussion-questions/1-tips-for-speaking-in-a-group-discussion/ ] and perform well in Interviews [ https://learningpundits.com/course/2-personal-interview/ ] We also conduct weekly online contests on Aptitude and English [ https://learningpundits.com/contest ]. We also allow Job Seekers to apply for Jobs [ https://learningpundits.com/applyForJobs ]
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 5 Grammar Contents Modals Verbs of obligation and necessity
1. 1
FCE
by Matifmarin
Modal VerbsModal Verbs (10) UNIT 5(10) UNIT 5
will
would
should
must
shall
Instead of Modals, we can use:
need - be able to - have to - allow
Next pageNext page
can could may might ought to
2. 2
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Modal VerbsModal Verbs
1. Structure of Modal Verbs1. Structure of Modal Verbs
I
Modal Verb
(can /should, etc.)
Bare Infinitive
(without TO)
You
He
She
It
We
They
Next pageNext page
3. 3
● For obligation we can often use MUST or HAVE TO:
I must go now or I’ll miss the bus.
I have to go now or I’ll miss the bus.
● We also use MUST to give orders or strong advice, including to ourselves:
You must tell me everything. (=I feel curious about all this)
Sara must be home by midnight. (=these are my instructions)
You must come to the hotel one day. (=I strongly advise you to)
I must go now. (=I have decided to do this)
FCE
by Matifmarin.
1. OBLIGATION
1. AFFIRMATIVE:
Must + verb: You must leave now.
Have to/has to + verb: She has to leave now.
2. INTERROGATIVE
Must … + verb?: Must she leave now?
Do / Does … + have to + verb?: Does she have to leave now?
You must leave
now.
Women must
stay home and
raise their
children.
Modal VerbsModal Verbs of Obligation and Necessityof Obligation and Necessity
I must
catch the
bus or I’ll
have to
walk
Next pageNext page
[Contents of UNIT 5]
4. 4
FCE
by Matifmarin. Modal Verbs of Obligation and NecessityModal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity
We only use must in the present tense. In all other tenses, we use have to:
I had to work every day. (past simple)
I’ll have to work longer hours. (future)
I avoided having to speak to him by crossing the street. (verb + -ing)
If I got the job, I’d have to buy a car. (Necessity)
□ The Present: Karen must cook for all the guests.
□ The Past: Karen had to cook for all the guests.
□ The Future: Karen will have to cook for all the guests.
□ Verb + -ing: She avoided having to cook for all the guests by pretending she was ill.
□ Necessity: If she had 100 guests, she’d have to cook for all of them.
EXAMPLES:
Next pageNext page
5. 5
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Modal Verbs of Obligation and NecessityModal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity
MUSTN’T and DON’T HAVE TO
● Although must and have to both express obligation, mustn’t and don’t have to
have different meanings.
● MUSTN’T means “don’t do it” and DON’T HAVE TO means “it’s not necessary to do it”:
We mustn’t make a lot of noise (= it is wrong to do this and it isn’t allowed)
You don’t have to stay at school until you’re 18. (= you are not obliged to but you can if you want)
Next pageNext page
GRAMMAR – UNIT 5
6. 6
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Modal Verbs of Obligation and NecessityModal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity
SHOULD – OUGHT TO
● We use should and ought to to express advice or make recommendations:
You should eat less fat if you want to lose weight.
You ought to relax if you don't want to get ill.
You shouldn't be rude to anybody.
You oughtn't to tell lies.
● When we are talking about the right thing to do, we use SHOULD:
Mark should take more care when he’s cycling. (= it’s a good idea but he doesn’t)
I shouldn’t spend so much time watching TV. (it’s a bad idea but I still do it)
● To talk about the past, we use SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE:
We shouldn’t have lent him the money. (=it was a bad idea but we still did)
1.1. OBLIGATION or ADVICE
Next pageNext page
7. 7
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Modal Verbs of Obligation and NecessityModal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity
● We can use NEED like a normal verb in all the tenses, but it can also be used as a
modal verb in questions and in the negative:
Need I come with you? (=Do I need to come with you?)
I needn’t come. (if I don’t want to) (=I don’t need to come. / I don’t have to come)
● In positive statements, we say:
I need to come. (not I need come.)
3. NECESSITY
Next pageNext page
I needn't buy any more bread; I have plenty here.
But I need to buy some vegetables.
8. 8
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Modal Verbs of Obligation and NecessityModal Verbs of Obligation and Necessity
● To talk about the past we say:
Peter needed to buy a computer. (=it was necessary because he didn’t have one)
Peter didn’t need to buy a computer. (=it wasn’t necessary because he already had one)
● NEEDN’T HAVE has a different meaning:
Peter needn’t have bought a computer. (= he bought a computer but his parents gave him
one so now he has two!)
Next pageNext page
You needn’t have
come here. There is
nothing wrong with
you, you’re a
Picasso.
9. 9
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Modal Verbs for Ability, Possibility and PermissionModal Verbs for Ability, Possibility and Permission
Can – Could - May
● CAN is used to indicate ABILITY, POSSIBILITY and PERMISSION
Ability: He can sing very well. (= He’s able to sing)
Possibility: You can add graphics to your web pages. (= You can do it if you want to.)
Permission: Can I use your mobile phone? (= Am I allowed to use it?)
● COULD is also used to indicate POSSIBILITY, ABILITY or PERMISSION.
He could swim very well when he was 5. (= he was able to swim)
We couldn’t send e-mails 30 years ago (= we didn’t have the possibility)
Could I just interrupt you for a minute? (= polite request / permission)
Next pageNext page
● BE ALLOWED + TO INFINITIVE is also used for general permission (all tenses are possible)
We are allowed to smoke in the office. (= We can smoke in the office).
We aren’t allowed to smoke in the office. (= We can’t smoke in the office).
● Past tense: was/were allowed
We were allowed to smoke in the office.
10. 10
FCE
by Matifmarin.
● MAY is used to indicate POSSIBILITY, and PERMISSION.
(May is a polite modal verb used to ask for permission)
He may talk about e-business.
Can/May I go to the bathroom? (In this case May is more formal than can)
● MIGHT is also used to indicate WEAK POSSIBILITY.
The prices of Smartphones might go down next month.
Next pageNext page
Modal Verbs for Ability, Possibility and PermissionModal Verbs for Ability, Possibility and Permission
11. 11
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Next pageNext page
● We use "be supposed to" when we are talking about the normal or correct way of doing things.
The guests are supposed to buy flowers for the hostess.
Look at these cars. This area is supposed to be kept clear of traffic.
The bus driver needs to concentrate. You’re not supposed to talk to him.
How am I supposed to cook this? - It tells you on the packet.
● We can use "was/were supposed to" for the past.
It’s eleven o’clock. You were supposed to be here at ten thirty, you know.
Be supposed to - Had betterBe supposed to - Had better
1. be supposed to1. be supposed to
2. had better2. had better
● We use "had better" to say what is the best thing to do in a situation.
It’s cold. The children had better wear their coats.
The neighbours are complaining. We’d better turn the music down.
My mother is complaining. I 'd better help her with the household.
My husband is waiting for me. I’d better hurry up.
● We could also use "should" or "ought to" in these examples, although "had better" is
stronger. The speaker sees the action as necessary and expects that it will happen.
12. 12
FCE
by Matifmarin.
Let and MakeLet and Make
Grammar:
• Make + Someone + Infinitive (without to) means "to force someone to do something“
• Let + Someone + Infinitive (without to) means "to allow someone to do something"
My parents make me do the homework every day.
My parents let me watch TV late at night at the weekend.
EndEnd