FICHAS INTELIGENCIA 4º

9Top Science 4 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
Name Date
Reinforcement
Remember
Digestion is the process that enables us to obtain nutrients from the food we eat.
The digestive system is a long tube that starts in the mouth and ends in the anus.
Other organs are the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine.
Answer.
What is digestion?

Where does digestion take place?

Circle the organs in the digestive system.
stomach

kidney

bone

mouth
intestines

eye

anus

nose
Label the digestive system.
stomach
mouth
small intestine
large intestine
anus
1
2
3
Digestion and the digestive system1
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10 Top Science 4 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
Name Date
Reinforcement
Complete the sentences.
nose

mouth

lungs

trachea

bronchi
We breathe in air through the and the . The air travels
down the and reaches the through
the two . In the lungs, oxygen from the air passes into the blood.
Why do we need oxygen?

Label the respiratory system.
nose
bronchi
trachea
lungs
1
2
3
Remember
The respiratory system is the group of organs that help our body obtain oxygen
from the air.
The lungs, trachea and bronchi are parts of the respiratory system.
Our body needs oxygen for many processes such as digestion.
The respiratory system2
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Circle the parts of the circulatory system.
heart

mouth

arteries

ear

veins

kidneys
Write T (true) or F (false).
The respiratory system constantly circulates blood through the body.
Blood circulates through veins and arteries.
The stomach pumps blood throughout the body.
Arteries, veins and capillaries are blood vessels.
The kidneys clean the blood and produce urine.
Label the circulatory system.
1
2
3
Remember
The circulatory system constantly moves blood inside our body.
The heart pumps blood through blood vessels.
Arteries, veins and capillaries are blood vessels.
The kidneys filter the blood, eliminate waste and produce urine.
Blood circulation3
b
v
h
k
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Why are healthy habits important?

Circle the healthy habits.
Why is it important to sleep well?

Tick the good posture.
1
2
3
4
Remember
Healthy habits help you to keep well.
Good hygiene, exercise, good posture and a balanced diet are healthy habits.
Healthy habits4
A B
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Name Date
ReinforcementFood and nutrients5
You need f and c for energy.
You need p to grow.
You need v and m to be healthy.
You need f for your digestive system to work well.
Look at the food. Circle the nutrients they give you.
Tick the correct sentence.
Calcium is a mineral that makes up our bones.
Carbohydrates make up our bones.
1
2
3
Remember
Food contains the nutrients our body needs to function.
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibre are nutrients.
proteins fibre carbohydrates
fibre proteins fats
minerals carbohydrates fibre
fats vitamins proteins
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Name Date
Reinforcement
What is a healthy diet?

Look at the food wheel.
◾ Circle the healthier food in each pair of words.
oil / butter

cheese / milk

grapes / biscuits
sausages / chicken

croissant / bread

tomato / pizza
1
2
Remember
A diet is everything a person normally eats and drinks every day. A healthy diet is
balanced and the correct amount.
A balanced diet gives you the right amount of nutrients.
A sufficient diet gives you the right amount of energy you need.
6 A healthy diet
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Name Date
ReinforcementParts of plants7
Match.
The part of the plant
that grows above the
ground and supports it.

The green parts of the
plant that grow from
the stem.

The parts of the plant
that are usually
underground.
leaves

stem

roots
Label the plant. Then, answer the question.
Is the stem of this plant woody or herbaceous? Explain.

Label the parts of the leaf.
1
2
3
Remember
Plants have roots, leaves, and a stem.
Roots are underground.
Stems grow above the ground. They can be woody or herbaceous.
Leaves have two parts: the petiole and the blade.
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Reinforcement
What do plants need? Label the drawing.
Label the diagram of photosynthesis.
During photosynthesis, plants take in and release .
What is photosynthesis?

1
2
3
Remember
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis.
For photosynthesis, plants need water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight.
Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis.
Plant nutrition8
c
d
m
s
c
d
w
o
s
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Name Date
ReinforcementPlant reproduction9
Label the parts of the flower.
stamen
pistil
sepal
petal
The calyx is made up of small green leaves called s .
The corolla is made up of coloured leaves called p .
The s are the male parts of the flower. They produce pollen.
The p is the female part of the flower.
Answer the questions.
What is the reproductive part of a plant?

What is pollination?

1
2
3
Remember
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants.
The parts of a flower are: the calyx, the corolla, the stamens and the pistil. The pistil
consists of the stigma, the style and the ovary.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamens of one flower to the stigma
of another flower.
After pollination, flowers become fruits. Fruits have seeds inside.
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Write T (true) and F (false).
Rocks are made up of minerals.
All rocks are soft.
There are liquid rocks.
Marble is a hard rock made up of one mineral.
Clay is a soft rock made up of fine grains.
Match.
quarry

A place where rocks are extracted from
near the surface of the ground.
shaft

A place where rocks and minerals are
extracted from deep below the ground.
mine

The tunnel through which miners reach
the rocks in a mine.
Write three uses of rocks. Give an example for each.

1
2
3
Remember
Rocks form the solid part of the Earth.
All rocks are made up of minerals.
Rocks10
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Name Date
ReinforcementMinerals11
What are minerals? How are they different from rocks?

Use the words to write sentences about minerals.
shape
lustre
colour
hardness
Complete the sentence.
is the hardest mineral.
Match each mineral to its use.
magnetite

for constructing buildings
diamond

for obtaining iron
gypsum

for making jewellery
1
2
3
4
Remember
Minerals are natural, solid substances.
All minerals are made up of only one sustance.
Minerals have different properties: hardness, lustre, colour and shape.
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Match.
Rain, ice and wind wear down
rocks into smaller pieces.
The actions of animals and plant
roots break the rocks into even
smaller pieces.
Small pieces of rock mix with
humus to form soil.
Label the layers of soil. Then, circle the layer that contains humus.
1
2
Remember
Soil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface. In many places it covers rocks. Soil
consists of stones, water, air, minerals and the remains of plants and animals.
Wind, rain, ice, animals and plant roots break down rocks and make soil.
Soil has three layers: topsoil containing humus, subsoil and bedrock.
12 Soil
sin cortes
con cortes
A
B
C
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Reinforcement
Complete the chart.
plants temperature soil water animals
Use the words to make sentences.
ecosystems make up environment living things

ecosystems terrestrial grasslands forests deserts

ecosystems aquatic freshwater saltwater

1
2
Remember
An ecosystem is made up of all the living things and all the non-living components
that live together in one place.
Ecosystems can be terrestrial or aquatic.
Terrestrial ecosystems can be forests, grasslands or deserts.
Aquatic ecosystems can be freshwater ecosystems or saltwater ecosystems.
Ecosystems13
Ecosystems
Environment

Living things

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Name Date
Reinforcement
Match.
Competition

When two living things have
the same needs.
Cooperation

When living things eat other
living things.
Food
relationships

When two living things help
each other.
Draw the arrows for this food chain.
Write the names of the living things in Activity 2.
plant

herbivore

carnivore

1
2
3
Remember
There are different relationships between the living things in an ecosystem:
food relationships, competition and cooperation.
We use food chains to show how living things feed off other living things in
an ecosystem.
Relationships in ecosystems14
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Name Date
ReinforcementProtecting ecosystems15
Match.
Pollution

cutting down trees
Deforestation

using up too many natural resources
Overexploitation

rubbish and car fumes
Look at the pictures. Write pollution, deforestation or overexploitation.
What is a nature reserve?

Is there a nature reserve in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City?
Write the name and location.

1
2
3
Remember
Ecosystems deteriorate because of pollution, deforestation and overexploitation.
We create laws and nature reserves to protect ecosystems.

A B C
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Name Date
Reinforcement
What is matter?

What is volume?

What are the three states of matter?

Match.
mass
volume
Write T (true) and F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
Solids have a fixed shape and volume.
Liquids do not have a fixed shape or a fixed volume.
Gases have a fixed volume, but the shape can vary because they adopt the shape
of the container they are in.

1
2
3
Remember
Everything around us is made up of matter.
All objects have two properties in common: mass, which is the amount of matter in
an object, and volume, which is the amount of space an object occupies.
All matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.
Matter and its properties16
MILK
CHEESE
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Name Date
ReinforcementChanges in matter17
Remember
There are three types of changes in matter: mixtures, changes of state and
chemical changes.
Oxidation and combustion are chemical changes which occur when a substance
combines with oxygen.
Cross out the wrong word. Then, rewrite the sentences.
Oxidation / A mixture is when two or more substances mix together.

Chemical changes / Changes of state are when substances change into different
substances.

Combustion / A mixture is when something burns and produces heat.

Oxidation / An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals.

Complete the chart with freezing, condensation, melting and evaporation.
1
2
solid liquid gas

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Reinforcement
Classify the materials.
concrete wood glass leather granite paper
Natural materials

Man-made materials

Circle six properties of materials and write them.
T R A N S P A R E N T
X Y F H Y M E T Q P W
P C D F H K N U W R B
R E S I S T A N T D L
Q L K W N F S K F M I
S A K P K M L S R G G
L S Y Q J Y B F A D H
D T C R U R Z Y G K T
T I L S D X C P I W N
S C M L C T Z W L Y Z
B L X X Z B L Y E S X
M R B E V W N T L T E
F L E X I B L E Q W C
1
2
Remember
Materials are the substances which we use to make things.
Materials can be natural or man-made.
Materials have properties. For example, they can be resistant, flexible, elastic,
transparent, light and fragile.
Materials18

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Name Date
Reinforcement
Look at how force acts upon the objects in each picture and write in contact
or at a distance.
Read and circle two errors. Then, write the text correctly.
Things do not fall ‘down’. They fall towards the centre of the Earth.
This is called the force of friction. This force attracts objects to the Sun.

1
2
Remember
Forces can act when two objects come into contact or at a distance.
Forces can be of attraction or repulsion.
Friction is the force that makes objects slow down and stop.
Gravity is the force that makes things fall to the ground.
Forces19

A B
C D
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Name Date
Reinforcement
What is energy?

◾ Now, complete the words.
Types
of energy
Z
]
[
]

m
c
t
e
n
l
What type of energy have they got?
petrol wind
uranium x-rays
sunlight fire
Write the types of energy each object uses and produces.
1
2
3
Remember
Energy makes things change.
There are different types of energy: mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical,
nuclear and light.
Energy can change from one type of energy into another type of energy.
Energy20

A B C
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Reinforcement
Classify the types of energy. Then, answer the question.
coal

sunlight

wind

petroleum

uranium

wood
Renewable energy sources

Non-renewable energy sources

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?

Match the type of power station to its source of energy.
thermal power station

wind
hydroelectric power station

energy from falling water
wind farm

uranium
nuclear power station

coal, natural gas, petrol
1
2
Remember
Energy comes from energy sources. There are two types:
Renewable energy sources, such as sunlight and wind, which never run out,
or wood, which can be renewed.
Non-renewable energy sources, such as uranium and petroleum, which can run out
and cannot be replaced.
Uses of energy21
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Name Date
Reinforcement
How does light travel?

Match.
translucent

transparent

opaque
Look at the picture. Write reflection or refraction.
◾ Now, explain your answer.

1
2
3
Remember
Light travels in all directions at very high speed and in a straight line. There are three
different types of objects according to how much light passes through them: opaque,
translucent and transparent.
When light reaches an opaque object, it bounces off the object into our eyes
so we can see it. This is called reflection.
When light reaches a transparent medium, it bends and changes direction. This is
called refraction.
22 The propagation of light

A B C
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Reinforcement
absorb

white

primary

reflect
light is made up of all colours.
Red, green and blue are the colours of light.
White objects all light and do not absorb any light.
Black objects all light and do not reflect any light.
Colour the lemon yellow.
◾ Now, explain how we see the lemon as yellow.

1
2
Remember
White light is made up of all the colours we can see.
The primary colours of light are red, green and blue. When we mix the primary
colours of light we can create all the colours of light.
When light rays reach an object, this object absorbs some of the light and reflects
some of it. The colour we see is the colour of the light that the object reflects.
Light and colours23
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Read the definition and write the word.
An area made up of one or more cities, towns
or villages that have the same local council.
Municipalities in the same region that share
similar characteristics.
Answer the questions about the picture.
What kind of comarca is it: mountain or coastal? Explain.

Which letter indicates the place with most services? Explain.

How many municipalities does this comarca have?
1
2
Remember
A municipality consists of one or more cities, towns or villages which are governed
by a local council.
A comarca consists of several municipalities in the same region.
All the inhabitants of a comarca share basic services such as hospitals and schools.
Municipalities and comarcas24
A
B
D
C
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Use the key to colour the map.
red An Autonomous City.
blue An insular Autonomous Community.
orange A coastal Autonomous Community.
green An Autonomous Community which consists of one province.
yellow An Autonomous Community which consists of more than seven provinces.
1
Remember
Spain is divided into seventeen Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous
Cities: Ceuta and Melilla.
A province is larger than a comarca and consists of many municipalities.
Autonomous communities
and provinces25
Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria
Santa Cruz
de Tenerife
LAS PALMAS
SANTA CRUZ
DE TENERIFE
C A N A R Y I S L A N D S
A T L A N T I C O C E A N
N
EW
S
Merida
Seville
Ceuta
Melilla
ALICANTE
Murcia
Madrid
Toledo
Zaragoza
Valencia
Palma
de Mallorca
Barcelona
Pamplona/Iruña
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Logroño
Valladolid
Santander
Oviedo
Santiago
de Compostela
189714P33
F R A N C E
PORTUGAL
M e d i t e r r a n e a n
S
e
a
C a n t a b r i a n S e a
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
ANDORRA
A CORUÑA
LUGO
OURENSE
PONTEVEDRA
GALICIA
PRINCIPALITY
OF ASTURIAS
CANTABRIA
BASQUE
COUNTRY
VIZCAYA GUIPUZCOA
ALAVA
CHARTERED
COMMUNITY
OF NAVARRERIOJA
LEON
ZAMORA
SALAMANCA
AVILA
SEGOVIA
VALLADOLID
PALENCIA
BURGOS
SORIA
C A S T I L E - L E O N
COMMUNITY
OF MADRID
GUADALAJARA
A R A G O N
HUESCA
ZARAGOZA
TERUEL
LLEIDA
TARRAGONA
GIRONA
BARCELONA
C ATA L O N I A
B A L E A R I C
I S L A N D S
CASTELLON
VALENCIA
C O M M U N I T Y
O F VA L E N C I A
REGION
OF MURCIA
CUENCA
TOLEDO
CIUDAD REAL ALBACETE
CASTILE-LA MANCHA
CACERES
BADAJOZ
E X T R E M A D U R A
CORDOBA JAEN
ALMERIA
GRANADA
MALAGA
CADIZ
SEVILLE
HUELVA A N D A L U S I A
M O R O C C O
Autonomous
Community capital
Autonomous City
Capital of Spain
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Colour your Autonomous Community or City.
◾ Now, answer the questions.
What is the name of your Autonomous Community or City?
What is the name of its capital?
How many provinces does it have?

What borders your Autonomous Community?

Is your Autonomous Community insular or on the peninsula?

1
Remember
Each Autonomous Community or Autonomous City is an area with its own capital,
its own government institutions, symbols and history.
An Autonomous Community is divided into one or more provinces.
My Autonomous Community26
Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria
Santa Cruz
de Tenerife
LAS PALMAS
SANTA CRUZ
DE TENERIFE
N
EW
S
Merida
Seville
Ceuta
Melilla
ALICANTE
Murcia
Madrid
Toledo
Zaragoza
Valencia
Palma
de Mallorca
Barcelona
Pamplona/Iruña
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Logroño
Valladolid
Santander
Oviedo
Santiago
de Compostela
189714P33
F R A N C E
PORTUGAL
S
e
a
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
ANDORRA
A CORUÑA
LUGO
OURENSE
PONTEVEDRA
GALICIA
PRINCIPALITY
OF ASTURIAS
CANTABRIA
BASQUE
COUNTRY
VIZCAYA GUIPUZCOA
ALAVA
CHARTERED
COMMUNITY
OF NAVARRERIOJA
LEON
ZAMORA
SALAMANCA
AVILA
SEGOVIA
VALLADOLID
PALENCIA
BURGOS
SORIA
C A S T I L E - L E O N
COMMUNITY
OF MADRID
GUADALAJARA
A R A G O N
HUESCA
ZARAGOZA
TERUEL
LLEIDA
TARRAGONA
GIRONA
BARCELONA
C ATA L O N I A
B A L E A R I C
I S L A N D S
CASTELLON
VALENCIA
C O M M U N I T Y
O F VA L E N C I A
REGION
OF MURCIA
CUENCA
TOLEDO
CIUDAD REAL ALBACETE
CASTILE-LA MANCHA
CACERES
BADAJOZ
E X T R E M A D U R A
CORDOBA JAEN
ALMERIA
GRANADA
MALAGA
CADIZ
SEVILLE
HUELVA A N D A L U S I A
M O R O C C O
Autonomous
Community capital
Autonomous City
Capital of Spain
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Reinforcement
Label the map.
Inner Plateau

Central Mountain Chain

Pyrenees

Baetic Mountain Chain
What is the highest mountain in the Baetic Chain?
What is the highest mountain in the Pyrenees?
◾ Now, mark these two mountains on the map.
1
2
Remember
The Iberian Peninsula has many different landscapes.
Central Spain is dominated by a large plateau, called the Meseta Central or Inner
Plateau. It is divided into two parts by the Central Mountain Chain.
The Pyrenees is a mountain chain to the north of the Inner Plateau.
The Baetic Chain is a mountain chain to the south of the Inner Plateau.
27 The relief of Spain

0
500
1,000
2,000
metros
ATLANTIC OCEAN
N
S
W E
F R A N C E
PORTUGAL
Mediterranean Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
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Kilometres
0 127
SCALE
MOROCCO
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Reinforcement
Match the words to their definitions.
river

a river that flows into a larger river
tributary

the volume of water in a river
watershed

a body of moving water
flow

where rivers flow into the same sea
Label the three watersheds of Spain.
Which is the largest watershed?

Which is the smallest watershed?

Write one river for each watershed.
Atlantic

Cantabrian

Mediterranean

1
2
3
Remember
A river is the body of moving water.
A watershed is the dividing line betweem mountain ranges. Rivers on the same
watershed flow into the same sea. Spain has three main watersheds: the
Cantabrian watershed, the Mediterranean watershed and the Atlantic watershed.
The rivers and watersheds of Spain28
ATLANTIC OCEAN
189714p36
RIVE
R
MINO
DUERO
RIVER
EBRO
RIVE
R
JUCAR
RIVER SEGURA
RIVE
R
RIVER TAGUS
GUADALQUIVIR
RIVER
F R A N C E
PORTUGAL
Mediterranean
Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
B a l e a r i c
I s l a n d s
C a n a r y I s l a n d s
A N D O R R A
Ceuta
Melilla
MOROCCO
GUA
DIANA
RIVER
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Reinforcement
Complete.
Climate and are not the same thing.
is the typical weather patterns over a long period of time in one area.
The distance of an area from the determines how much heat
it receives from the . This affects climate.
Match.
polar zone

It is hot all year round.
temperate zone

It is very cold all year round.
tropical zone

The summers are warm and the winters are cool.
Identify and label the four climates in Spain.
1
2
3
Remember
The Earth has three climatic zones: the tropical zone, two temperate zones and
two polar zones.
Spain has four different types of climate: the Oceanic climate, the Mediterranean
climate, the Mountain climate and the Subtropical climate.
Climate29
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A N D O R R A
N
S
W E
Kilometres
0 174
SCALE
F R A N C E
A
C
PORTUGAL
Mediterranean
Sea
Cantabrian Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Balearic
Islands
Canary Islands
ATLANTIC OCEAN
A
B
C
D
A
C
D
B
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Write census or municipal register.
A list of the people who live in a municipality.
The local council updates this list every year.
A list of the inhabitants of a municipality,
a province or a country. This list is updated
every ten years.
Circle the correct options, A or B, then, circle the correct picture.
1
2
Remember
A census and a municipal register tell us about the population of a place.
Population changes over time because of natural and migratory growth.
Population30
… there are
more births
than deaths.
… there are more
immigrants than
emigrants.
A The population of a place
increases because
… there are
more deaths
than births.
… there are more
emigrants than
immigrants.
B The population of a place
increases because…
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Put the phrases in order, then, write two sentences.
Traditions are

the typical foods

customs that are
passed down
from adults to
children.

Traditional dishes
are

of a place
or region.

Give two examples of each type of tradition where you live.
Traditional
dishes
Historical
monuments
Festivals
Dances
1
2
Remember
Traditions are the customs of people in a particular place. They are passed down
from adults to children. Traditions include songs, dances, legends and typical food.
Traditions and festivals31

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Name Date
Reinforcement
What jobs belong to the primary sector?

Match the types of farming to the pictures.
extensive farming

dry crops

irrigated crops
Read the definitions and complete the words.
Raising animals such as pigs, cows or sheep. s
This sector gets food from the sea. f
Extracting minerals from beneath the ground. m
People who obtain wood from forests f
work in this activity.
How important is the primary sector in your Autonomous Community or City? Explain.

1
2
3
4
Remember
The primary sector includes jobs that obtain products directly from nature.
Crop farming, stockbreeding, forestry, mining and fishing belong to the primary sector.
The primary sector32
A B C
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Name Date
ReinforcementThe secondary sector33
Complete the text with these words.
construction

raw materials

secondary

manufactured products
Jobs that transform into
belong to the sector. Jobs in factories, crafts
or belong to this sector.
Look at the pictures and write construction, industry or craft industry.
Write the products for each industry.
computers

tinned tuna

steel

cement

ice cream

video games
TYPES OF INDUSTRY
Construction Food Technology

1
2
3
Remember
The secondary sector transforms raw materials into manufactured products.
Jobs in factories, crafts and construction belong to the secondary sector.

A B C
189714 _ 0008-0050.indd 41 11/07/11 14:02

Name Date
Reinforcement
What type of service is it? Read and answer.
This activity consists of buying and selling products
to and from other countries.
.
Write an example for each service.
Trade
Tourism
Public services
Health services
Educational services
What means of transport are there in your Autonomous Community or City?
Which ones do you use every day?

1
2
3
Remember
The tertiary sector provides services.
Services offer us such things as trade, health, education, tourism and transport.
The tertiary sector34
189714 _ 0008-0050.indd 42 11/07/11 14:02

Name Date
Reinforcement
Complete the text.
Parliament

rights

Constitution

institutions
referendum

obligations
The is the most important law in Spain. The Spanish
people approved it in a in 1978. The Constitution
recognises the and
of the Spanish people and establishes the national .
The most important institutions are the , the Government
and the Courts of Justice.
Read the definitions and write the word.
The most important law in Spain.
When all citizens vote on an important topic.
A state where all citizens have the same
rights and obligations.
The document in which a political party
explains their ideas for government.
Elections for local councillors.
Elections for members of parliament.
1
2
Remember
In a democratic state, all citizens have the same rights and obligations.
The Constitution, which defines these rights and obligations, is the most important
law in Spain.
How the state is organised35
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Read and write right or obligation.
Respect the freedom of expression of others
Express your opinions freely
Elect government officials
Belong to a political party
Respect the beliefs of others
Match and write.
The right to equality

The right to express our ideas

The right to vote
What are codes of conduct? Explain.

1
2
3
Remember
Codes of conduct are lists of rights and obligations based on respect for others.
These rights and obligations are recognised in the Constitution.
How citizens participate36

A B C
189714 _ 0008-0050.indd 44 11/07/11 14:02

Name Date
ReinforcementHow primitive human beings lived37
Look at the picture and answer the questions.
Where did the first human beings live?

What did they live near?

What did they eat?

How did they travel?

How did they carry their things?

How did they decorate their homes?

1
Remember
Primitive human beings lived in caves or simple huts. Later, they lived in villages.
The first human beings travelled on foot. Travelling was very slow. They decorated cave
walls with paintings, made simple tools and used clay pots to hold food and water.
189714 _ 0008-0050.indd 45 11/07/11 14:02

Name Date
Reinforcement
Look at the picture and write the number.1
Remember
The Romans lived in domus, insulae or villas.
They travelled on foot, on horseback, in horse-drawn carriages or in sailing boats.
They built temples, thermae, aqueducts, theatres, amphitheatres and circuses.
Roman times38
Domus: a large, private house with
a patio in the centre.
Insula: an apartment building
for poorer people.
Road: a straight road made of stone.
Seaport: a place on the coast where
sailing boats stop.
Amphitheatre: a place for watching
gladiator fights.
Temple: a place for worshipping the
gods.
Thermae: a public bath houses
for bathing and relaxing.
1
3
4
6
5
2
7
189714 _ 0008-0050.indd 46 11/07/11 14:02

Name Date
Reinforcement
Look for the names of the pictures in the wordsearch.
C H U R C H E S
A Q Y D A P J E
S W U S R L L Z
T R I R T S X P
L T O K Z C I B
E N O B L E X O
M N C X J R O A
P P E A S A N T
◾ Now, complete the text.
One thousand years ago, lived in
with their family, servants and soldiers. lived in villages
near the castle.
In Medieval times, people travelled as in Roman times: on foot, on horseback,
by horse-drawn , or by .
They built Romanesque and Gothic .
1
Remember
1,000 years ago nobles lived in castles. Peasants lived in villages near castles.
People travelled on foot, on horseback, in horse-drawn carts or by sailing boat.
In Medieval times, people built Romanesque and Gothic churches.
Medieval times39
A D
B E
C F
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Match the people to their homes.
An instrument to calculate latitude which showed a
sailors their ship’s position.
A fast ship that could travel long distances c
and resist storms and pirate attacks.
An instrument that indicates where north is. m

◾ Five hundred years ago, new inventions made it easier for explorers to travel the world.
Name some of these inventions.

1
2
Remember
Rich people lived in palaces 500 years ago. Craftsman and merchants lived in
modest homes. Peasants lived in simple houses in country villages.
Sailing became an important means of transport.
Artists created great works of art.
The printing press was invented.
The Age of Exploration40
A B C
1 2 3
189714 _ 0008-0050.indd 48 19/07/11 9:49

Name Date
Reinforcement
Circle the correct words, then, write the sentences correctly.
Two hundred years ago, large factories / shops replaced small workshops / farms.

Factory workers lived in neighbourhoods which were dirty and unhygienic / spacious
and comfortable.

The steam engine / printing press was invented 200 years ago.

Find and circle six discoveries and inventions in the wordsearch.
T R A I N H E L
E Q S D A P J I
L W P S R L L G
E R I R T S X H
P T R A D I O T
H K I I Q M T B
O P N X J R O U
N R X R A Y S L
E G P S M Y T B
1
2
Remember
200 years ago people built many factories and cities grew rapidly.
There were many new discoveries and inventions that changed people’s lives,
fo example steam trains and steamships.
The Industrial Revolution41
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Name Date
Reinforcement
Complete the chart with examples.
PRESENT DAY
Where we live How we travel Important inventions

Which do you think are the most important inventions? Choose three and explain your choices.
high-speed train mobile phone
aeroplane computer
spacecraft Internet
lasers heart transplant

1
2
Remember
Nowadays, the majority of the population lives in cities. Transport is faster, safer
and more comfortable. Many modern inventions have changed our lives.
Life nowadays42
189714 _ 0008-0050.indd 50 11/07/11 14:02

Extension worksheets
1 Under the sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2 Long live the hamburger! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3 Nature’s pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Fossils: rocks that talk about the past . . . . . . 58
5 National Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6 Plastic – a modern material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7 Perpetual motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8 Shadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9 Geographic coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
10 Three days in the province of Salamanca . . . . 70
11 The world’s population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
12 The International Labour Organization (ILO) . . 74
13 Long live ‘La Pepa’! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
14 Roman roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
15 The steam engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
ANSWER KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
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Name Date
EXTENSION
What is the text about? Tick.
Scuba diving.
Life under the sea.
What equipment people need to stay underwater.
Marine flora and fauna.
Sea turtles.
Why do people need special equipment to stay underwater? Think and explain.

1
2
Life under the sea is very different from
on land. It is difficult for people to see,
hear and move well under water.
Unlike fish, people cannot obtain oxygen
directly from water. Instead, they need
to carry oxygen tanks with them.
People need to be healthy and in good
shape to stay underwater for a long time.
Their hearts, ears and lungs must be
strong, since these are the organs that
suffer the most underwater.
People need special equipment
for underwater diving such as a diving
mask, fins, a wetsuit, a weight belt,
a compressed air cylinder and some
goggles.
Under the sea1
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Look at the scuba diver and match each item of his equipment to its use.
wetsuit: to keep the diver’s body warm.
scuba socks: thick socks to protect the diver’s feet.
diving mask: to breathe in oxygen from the aqualung.
goggles: to protect the diver’s eyes underwater.
fins: to help the diver swim faster.
weight belt: to help the swimmer sink, then remain underwater.
aqualung: to supply the diver with compressed air.
Why can fish live underwater without special equipment? Think and explain.

3
4
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Name Date
EXTENSION
Who made the first hamburgers? How many years ago?

Who was Genghis Khan?

Where does the name ‘hamburger’ come from?

What were hamburgers like in the 14th
century?

What country introduced hamburgers to the United States?

1
Did you think hamburgers were a modern
food? Believe it or not, the origin of the
hamburger goes all the way back to ancient
Egypt -- more than four thousand years ago!
Much later, the soldiers of Genghis Khan,
a Mongol emperor in the 13th
century, ate
steaks of minced beef. They took this recipe
with them to Russia. Russians eat a variation
called ’tartar steak’: raw, minced meat mixed
with many spices.
The name «hamburger» comes from the German city of Hamburg, where it was
very popular in the 14th
century. This is when the hamburger began to look like
the ones we see today: a flat cake of minced beef placed between two slices of bread.
The hamburger arrived in Britain in the 19th
century. After that, the British introduced
this food to the U.S.A. Nowadays, the hamburger is one of the most popular meals
in the world.
Long live the hamburger!2
189714 _ 0051-0081.indd 54 19/07/11 9:32

What nutrients are in a hamburger? Look and write.

Read the clues, write the name of each country under its flag, then, colour.
The German flag has three horizontal stripes: black, red and yellow. It is on the right
of the Mongolian flag.
The Mongolian flag has three vertical stripes: red, blue and red. There is a yellow
emblem on the left stripe.
The Union Jack, the flag of the United Kingdom, has two red crosses on a white
background, and a white cross on a blue background, and a red cross on a white
background.
The Egyptian flag has three horizontal stripes: red, white and black. There is a yellow
emblem in the centre stripe and white horizontal stripes.
The Russian flag has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. It is on the left
of the Union Jack.
The flag of the United States of America has thirteen narrow, red and white stripes.
To the left, there are 50 white stars in a blue rectangle.
2
3
2

A
D
B
E
C
F
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Name Date
EXTENSIONNatural medicines3
What is the text about?

What are some products that come from plants?

Where does aspirin come from?

What natural medicines do you have in your home?

1
For thousands of years, people have used
plants for food, wood, clothes, dyes,
and medicines.
For example, hundreds of years ago, native
American Indians used the bark of the
willow tree to relieve pain. Nowadays,
a substance is taken from the bark of this
tree to make the well-known medicine
called aspirin.
There are many other examples
of medicinal plants, however, not many
of them are used nowadays because most
medicines are made artificially
in laboratories.
However, you can still find natural
medicines in people’s homes. These
include teas, eucalyptus, thyme, tilia,
rosemary, nettle, chamomile and valerian.
189714 _ 0051-0081.indd 56 11/07/11 13:50

3
Complete the crossword with the names of the plants.
1. This plant has stinging hairs on the stems and leaves. It can be toxic. It is used to cure
diseases and inflammation.
2. This plant belongs to the daisy family. It is used to make a warm, calming tea. The
medicinal uses include treating skin problems and reducing muscle spasms.
3. This plant has a strong fragrance and is used in many recipes to add flavour
to meat, vegetables and sauces.
4. The leaves of this tree contain an oil which is used in sweets, cough drops,
decongestants, etc. It is also used in many insect repellents.
5. The flowers of this tree are used to make herbal teas. They are also used
in medicines to treat colds, headaches, fevers and coughs.
4
▾
1 ▸ E L 5
▾
2 ▸ H L
3 ▸ T Y
What three types of plants are there? Give an example of each one.

2
3
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Name Date
EXTENSION
What are fossils?

What does a palaeontologist study?

What is an ichnite?

Where have ichnites been found in Spain?

1
We can sometimes find fossils in rocks. They are
the preserved remains of plants and animals that
lived on Earth millions of years ago.
Palaeontologists are scientists who study fossils
because they can give us information about climate
and the environment in the past. For example, if
you find the remains of marine animals in rocks,
then this area was probably under the sea
thousands of years ago.
Fossils can be plant remains, or remains of animal
bones, skeletons or teeth.
Special fossils called ‘ichnites’ are rocks with
dinosaur footprints. These fossils can be found
in various parts of Spain, in the Autonomous
Community of Rioja, and in the provinces of Teruel
and Soria.
Fossils: rocks that reveal the past4
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How are ichnites formed? Read, then, put the pictures in order.
1. An animal walks on the
ground.
2. The animal’s foot makes
a footprint in the ground.
3. Over time, minerals are
deposited in the footprint.
4. Because of soil erosion
or excavations, ichnites
are discovered millions of
years later.
Match each dinosaur to its foot and its footprint.
2
3
4
Theropod
Sauropod
Ornithopod
A
B
C
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Name Date
EXTENSION
What is a National Park?

Where was the world’s first National Park created?

What is the name of Spain’s first National Park?

Think and answer. What would happen if all the visitors to a National Park took home
a rock or broke off a tree branch?

1
2
National Parks are created in natural areas where one or more
ecosystems are unspoilt by human activities. The plants and
animals in these ecosystems are of special interest.
In National Parks, special steps are taken to protect
the landscape, flora and fauna.
In 1872, the United States created the first National Park
in the world: Yellowstone National Park. In Spain, the first
National Park, Mount Covadonga, was created in 1918.
It is now renamed the Picos de Europa National Park.
At present, there are fourteen National Parks in Spain.
They offer the best examples of Spain’s natural heritage:
Aiguestortes and Estany of Sant Maurici, the Cabrera
Archipelago, Cabañeros, Caldera de Taburiente, Doñana, Garajonay, the Atlantic Islands
of Galicia, Monfragüe, Ordesa and Mount Perdido, Picos de Europa, Sierra Nevada, Tablas
de Daimiel, Teide and Timanfaya.
National Parks5
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Look up information about a National Park and fill in the index card.3
5
Name:
Location:
Landscape:

Typical plants and animals:

Points of special interest:

How can we help to protect natural landscapes?

4
GARAJONAY
TEIDE
TIMANFAYACALDERA DE
TABURIENTE
AIGÜESTORTES
I ESTANY DE
SANT MAURICI
ORDESA
Y MONTE
PERDIDO
SIERRA
NEVADA
DOÑANA
PICOS
DE EUROPA
CABAÑEROS TABLAS
DE DAIMIEL
ISLAS
ATLÁNTICAS
ARCHIPIÉLAGO
DE CABRERA
MONFRAGÜE
101709CAYRCM4ºP.N.
Spanish National Parks
Ordesa
Y MoNTE
Perdido
MONFRAGUE
CABAÑEROS
DOÑANA
TABLAS
DE DAIMIEL
SIERRA
Nevada
Aiguestortes
Y Estany
DE San Maurici
the Cabrera
ArchipelagoTIMANFAYA
GARAJONAY
tEIDE
CALDERA DE
TABURIENTE
the Atlantic
Islands of Galicia
PICOS
DE EUROPA
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Name Date
EXTENSION
Write a short summary of the text.

1
Plastic is an inexpensive and versatile material which is used to make many objects.
For example, it is good for making containers because it is resistant to chemical changes.
It is also a good insulator since it does not conduct electricity.
There are different types of plastics, such as:
Polystyrene, for making plastic bags.
Expanded polystyrene (EPS), for packaging and containers.
Bakelite, an insulating material for making pot handles.
Rubber, for making car
or bike tyres.
Polyester, for making
clothes.
However, not everything about
plastic is good. Plastic is not
biodegradable. This means it
remains in nature for several
hundred years, polluting the
environment. To reduce this
pollution, people have started
to recycle plastics instead
of just throwing them in
the rubbish bin.
Plastic: a modern material6
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What does biodegradable mean?

Look around the room. Write ten things you can see that are made of plastic.

What are these objects made of? Match.
bakelite

EPS

rubber

polyester
Write down your ideas to reuse plastic containers.

2
3
4
5
6
A B
C D
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Name Date
EXTENSION
Read the text and answer the questions.
What do all machines need to function?

What is a perpetual motion machine?

Look at the painting and answer.
Who is the artist?
When did he paint it?
What is the title of the painting?
Is this a good name for the painting? Explain.

1
2
All the machines we use need energy to function:
a television needs electricity, a car needs petrol, a sailing
boat needs wind, a bike needs a person to push
the pedals.
Throughout history, people have tried to invent a machine
that, once it was started, would not need more energy
to keep functioning. This type of machine is called
a perpetual motion machine.
Many people have tried to achieve fame by inventing
a perpetual motion machine. However, all their machines
eventually stopped because the energy ran out. If these
inventions had worked, they would have changed
the course of history.
Perpetual motion7
M. Escher: Waterfall (1961).
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Look at Escher’s painting. What machine is in perpetual motion? Colour it.
How do you think the machine in Escher’s painting works? Explain.

Look at these machines and answer.
What type of energy does each machine need to work?

Which machines use energy that pollutes and which do not?

Which energy resources are renewable and which are not?

Imagine you invented a perpetual motion machine. How would it change the world?

3
4
5
6
7
A B C D
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Name Date
EXTENSIONShadows8
Answer.
What is a shadow?

Why do shadows have the same shape as the opaque object?

Why do shadows gradually change their shape?

1
People have always been fascinated by
shadows because, although they are
always with us, we can never catch
them or touch them. For this reason,
shadows are often found in games
and stories. Do you remember the
story of Peter Pan losing his shadow?
But what is a shadow? It is the dark
area caused by an opaque object
blocking light. It has the same shape
as the opaque object. Shadows
appear because light travels in a
straight line and cannot go around
obstacles.
Shadows can gradually change shape.
They get longer when the angle between the light source and the opaque object
increases. They get shorter when the angle decreases.
Try this experiment: darken a room by turning off all the lights and closing the
curtains. Then, turn on a lamp or a torch and put your hands close to the light
source. Move your hands farther away to see how their shadows change shape.
189714 _ 0051-0081.indd 66 11/07/11 13:50

Match each shadow to the correct pair of hands. Then, practise the shapes.
Look at where the Sun is and where Peter Pan is standing. Draw his shadow.
Do transparent objects have shadows? Think and explain.

2
3
4
8
A
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
E
5
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Name Date
EXTENSIONGeographical coordinates9
Read and answer.
What are geographical coordinates?

What are meridians?

What is latitude?

1
Imagine you want to travel by ship to the Canary
Islands. First, you need to locate these islands on a
map. Then you need to find their cardinal points.
The principal cardinal points are north, south, east
and west. There are other points between these:
northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest.
Next, you need to know the exact location of the
Canary islands on a globe. To do this, you use
geographical coordinates. These are a set
of imaginary horizontal and vertical lines that help
to locate geographical locations.
The horizontal lines are called parallels because they are parallel to the Equator.
The vertical lines are called meridians and go from pole to pole. We use parallels
and meridians to determine the latitude and longitude of a place.
Latitude is the distance between any point and the Equator. Points to the north
of the Equator are latitude north and points to the south are latitude south.
Longitude is the distance between any point on Earth and the Greenwich Meridian.
Greenwich is a town in the United Kingdom. Points to the east of Greenwich are longitude
east and points to the west are longitude west.
Greenwich
Meridian
Canary
Islands
Equator
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Label the compass rose.
North (N)

South (S)

East (E)

West (W)
Northwest (NW)

Southeast (SE)

Northeast (NE)

Southeast (SE)
Colour the Equator red and the Greenwich Meridian blue. Then, complete the chart.
2
3
9
Point Hemisphere Latitude Longitude
A
B
C
D

A
D
B
C
southern south west
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Name Date
EXTENSION
Draw the route on the map in red. Circle the places the excursion passes through in blue.1
Three days in the province
of Salamanca10
Day 2
From the park we continue through Ledesma until we reach the
city of Salamanca, where we can see the River Tormes. There are
two cathedrals in Salamanca. The Old Cathedral was built in
Romanesque style in the 12th
century. The most spectacular part
is the tower, which looks like it is decorated with stone scales.
Day 3
From Salamanca, we continue to the town of
Bejar. Then we go on to Candelario, one of the
coldest and most beautiful villages in the province
of Salamanca. The River Cuerpo de Hombre flows
through here.
Day 1
We enter the province of
Salamanca at the city
of Zamora, which is very
close the border with
Portugal. Here, we take
a tour around the Arribes
del Duero National Park.
The River Duero flows
through this deep canyon,
which has vertical walls
162 kilometres long
and up to 150 metres
high.
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Look at the map and answer.
Write the names of four villages or cities in the province of Salamanca.

Write the names of the four rivers in the province of Salamanca.

What provinces border the province of Salamanca?

What country borders the province of Salamanca?

Look at the chart. Write the distances in kilometres between the cities.
Avila
Avila — Caceres
Caceres 234 km — Salamanca
Salamanca 94 km 212 km — Valladolid
Valladolid 160 km 332 km 120 km — Zamora
Zamora 159 km 277 km 65 km 89 km —
Between Salamanca and Caceres. km
Between Salamanca and Avila. km
Between Avila and Valladolid. km
Between Caceres and Zamora. km
Which city is the closest to Salamanca?
Which city is the furthest from Salamanca?
2
3
10
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Name Date
EXTENSION
The world’s population has grown rapidly in recent decades. In 1950, there were about
2,500 million people. Today, there are more than 6,500 million people. There has
been a rise in births and a decline in deaths, making the population grow.
Approximately 250 people are born and 100 people die every minute.
This means that there are 150 more human beings every minute and 216,000
more every day!
The main reason for this growth is improved living conditions. These include:
technological advances in producing and preparing food, fewer diseases and improved
control, better hygiene and medical research.
The world’s population is not evenly distributed. Asia is the most inhabited continent:
in 2005, there were 3,950 million people. The second most inhabited continent
is America with 1,263 million people, followed by Africa with 925 million. Europe
has 728 million people and Oceania has 33 million. The least populated continent is
Antarctica, which is only populated by about 1,000 scientists from around the world.
The most inhabited countries in 2005 were:
Country
Number
of inhabitants
Country
Number
of inhabitants
China 1,312 million Pakistan 158 million
India 1,134 million Bangladesh 153 million
United States 300 million Russia 143 million
Indonesia 226 million Japan 128 million
Brazil 187 million Mexico 104 million
Answer.
Explain why the world’s population has grown so much in the past six decades.

Which continent has the smallest population?
Which country has the largest population?
1
The world’s population11
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11
Complete the bar chart.
Think and calculate.
If there are 216,000 more people in the world every day, how many more people are
there in a year?

Circle, then write six words from the wordsearch to complete these sentences.
1. The list of the inhabitants of a municipality, province or country:
2. The country with the world’s second biggest population:
3. The ratio of births to the population at a specific time:
4. The country with the fifth largest population:
5. The continent with the second smallest population:
6. The ratio of deaths to the population at a specific time:
Q C E N S U S O N D
P T K X S F W P H E
I N D I A P V M T A
R O N P W F D N O T
F J B T H K E X C H
B I R T H R A T E R
R H A U I B A U A A
M E Z R A N R G N T
T R I C S H H A I E
C E L O L R T I A N
2
3
4
Inhabitants
in
millions
Africa America Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
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Name Date
EXTENSION12
Read and answer.
What is the ILO?

When was it founded?
Where is its headquarters?
What are the aims of the ILO?

1
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations
(UN) which promotes better working conditions for workers all over the world. It was
founded after World War I, on 11th
April, 1919. The ILO is made up of representatives from
governments, trade unions and
employers. The headquarters is in
Geneva, Switzerland.
One of the main aims of the ILO is to
eradicate child labour. One in six children
between the ages of five and seventeen
works. This means approximately
211 million children around the world.
Sixty percent of these children are
in Asia, especially in a country called
Bangladesh. In India, where there are at
least 60 million children working, a trade
union for children, called Bhima Sangha
was created in 1990. The trade union
helps child workers get together
to defend their rights.
In 1969, the ILO received the Nobel
Peace Prize for its defence of workers
rights.
The International Labour
Organisation (ILO)
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Match each international organisation to one of its aims.
The United Nations (UN)

To defend the rights of children.
United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF)

To promote respect for human rights
around the world.
World Health Organisation
(WHO)

To promote world peace through
education, culture, science
and communications.
Food and Agriculture Organisation
(FAO)

To promote good health levels around
the world.
United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

To improve nutrition through advances
in agriculture.
Write the name of each organisation under its logo.
Do you think children should work? Explain.

2
3
4
12

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Name Date
EXTENSION
Tick the correct answer.
Where was the first Constitution
in history written?
In Spain.
In the United States.
In what century was ‘La Pepa’
adopted?
In the 18th century.
In the 19th century.
What does a constitution define?
The rights and obligations of its citizens.
The country’s holidays.
1
A country’s most important law is its Constitution
because it defines the rights and obligations
of its citizens. The first written constitution in
history was drawn up in the United States,
in 1787.
Over the last two hundred years, Spain has had
several Constitutions. Perhaps the most famous
is the Constitution adopted in Cadiz on
19th
March, 1812. It was known as ‘La Pepa’
because it was adopted on the day of San Jose.
‘La Pepa’ defined ideas that, although they seem
very normal to us today, were very revolutionary
in the 19th
century, such as freedom of the press
or the right to choose political representatives.
Unfortunately, the Constitution of Cadiz did not
last long because King Fernando VII prohibited it in 1814. He even made it illegal to name
this Constitution.
To get around this problem, supporters of the constitutional system used the expression
Viva la Pepa! (Long live Pepa!) which really meant ‘Long live the Constitution!’
Long live ‘La Pepa’!13
Where was Spain’s first Constitution
adopted?
In Cadiz.
In Madrid.
Which King prohibited the Constitution
of Cadiz?
Felipe II.
Fernando VII.
How long did the 1812 Constitution last?
Four years.
Two years.
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Read about the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
◾ Look at the pictures of the creation of the Spanish Constitution of 1978
and put them in order.
What do the Spanish people celebrate on 6th
December? Explain.

2
3
13
Spain’s Constitution of 1978 took about one year to write
and adopt.
First, seven members were chosen to write the text of the
Constitution.
Then, a Constitutional Commission, made up of 36 people
discussed and agreed on the text.
Next, the Commission’s text went to Parliament, where the deputies
and senators voted on all the articles of the Constitution.
After that, the citizens of Spain approved the Constitution
in a referendum held on 6th
December, 1978.
Finally, King Juan Carlos I signed the Constitution and it became law
on 27th
December, 1978.
A
C
B
D E
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Name Date
EXTENSIONRoman roads14
Answer.
What did the Roman roads connect?

What were the Roman roads first built for?

What constructions nowadays are similar to Roman roads?

1
In Ancient Rome, there were roads that
spread across the entire Roman Empire.
They covered more than 90,000 miles and
connected important cities and regions.
The Romans first built roads for their
armies. However, these roads soon
became very important for trade
and communication.
The Romans built their roads using many
layers of stone:
First, they dug a deep trench and filled
it with a thick layer of stones called
the statumen.
Then they laid down a layer of sand or
gravel called the rudus.
Next, they put a layer of crushed stones mixed with white lime on top. This was called
the nucleus.
Finally, they covered everything with paving stones called a pavimentum
or summa cresta.
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Match.
rudus

nucleus
pavimentum

statumen
Read the descriptions. Then, use the key to colour the Roman roads on the map.
Via Augusta. It reached all the way to Gades, passing through the Ebro and Guadalquivir
valleys. It was 1,500 kilometres long – the longest road in the entire Iberian Peninsula.
It connected the cities of Tarraco, Corduba and Astigi, among others.
Via de la Plata. It went from Emerita Augusta to Asturica Augusta, passing through
Salmantica.
Via of the Ebro Valley. It connected Asturica Augusta to Tarraco, passing through Llerda,
Cesaraugusta, Numantia and Clunia.
Via Meseteña. It passed through Toletum and joined Cesaraugusta and Augusta Emerita.
red Via Augusta yellow Via of the Ebro Valley
green Via de la Plata brown Via Meseteña
2
3
14
Tarraco
Cesaraugusta
Numantia
Asturica
Augusta
Toletum
Salmantica
Astigi
Emerita
Augusta
OCÉANOATLÁNTICO
M a r
M e d i t e r r á n e o
Mar Cantábrico
913253p73
Gades
Corduba
Ilerda
Clunia
AtlanticOcean
S e a
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Name Date
EXTENSIONThe steam engine15
Answer.
In what century was the steam engine invented?

Who invented the steam engine?

Where was the steam engine invented?

Explain how the steam engine works.

1
2
The 18th
century was a crucial time in the
search for more sources of energy.
From prehistoric times and up till the 18th
century, there had not been many changes,
despite the increasing need for energy.
At the end of the 18th
century, James Watt,
a Scottish inventor, invented the steam
engine.
This machine used the energy of water
vapour that was collected from burning
coal. Energy from water vapour could move
a wheel at a steady rhythm. The steam
engine was used in many different ways,
in factories, in mines and for means of transport, especially trains.
Thanks to James Watt’s steam engine and other great inventions, large factories were built
which employed many workers. This period of history is called the Industrial Revolution.
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Why do you think this period of history is called the Industrial Revolution?

A caption is a short text that describes an illustration. Look at these pictures and write
a caption for each.
3
4
15

A
B
C
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1 DIGESTION AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Answer
Digestion is the process which enables us to obtain
nutrients from the food we eat. Digestion takes place
in the organs of the stomach, small intestine and
large intestine.
2. Circle the organs in the digestive system.
Mouth, stomach, intestines, anus.
3. Label the digestive system.
Top to bottom: mouth, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, anus.
2 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Complete the sentences.
Nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchi.
2. Why do we need oxygen?
We need oxygen for many processes, such as digestion.
3. Label the respiratory system.
Top to bottom: nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
3 BLOOD CIRCULATION
1. Circle the parts of the circulatory system.
Heart, arteries, veins.
2. Write T (true) or F (false).
F; T; F; T; T.
3. Label the circulatory system.
Blood vessels, heart, kidneys.
4 HEALTHY HABITS
1. Why are healthy habits important?
Healthy habits help you to stay healthy.
2. Circle the healthy habits.
Brushing teeth, good posture, exercising, washing
hands.
3. Why is it important to sleep well?
You need to sleep ten hours to stay healthy.
4. Tick the good posture.
Picture A.
5 FOOD AND NUTRIENTS
Fats, carbohydrates; proteins; vitamins and minerals;
fibre.
2. Look at the food. Circle the nutrients they give you.
Proteins; proteins; carbohydrates; fats; vitamins; fibre.
3. Tick the correct sentence.
Calcium is a mineral that makes up our bones.
6 A HEALTHY DIET
1. What is a healthy diet?
A healthy diet gives us the right amount of nutrients
and energy.
2. Look at the food wheel. Circle the healthier food
in each pair of words.
Oil; milk; grapes; chicken; bread; tomato.
7 PARTS OF PLANTS
1. Match.
Leaves: the green parts…; stem: the part that grows
above ground…; roots: the parts that are usually
below ground.
2. Label the plant. Then, answer the question.
Left: trunk; right: leaves, roots. Woody because it is
hard and rigid.
3. Label the parts of the leaf.
Blade, petiole.
8 PLANT NUTRITION
1. What do plants need? Label the drawing.
Sunlight; carbon dioxide; mineral salts; water.
2. Label the diagram of photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide; oxygen. During photosynthesis,
plants take in carbon dioxide and release
oxygen.
3. What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make
their own food using water, mineral salts, carbon
dioxide and sunlight.
9 PLANT REPRODUCTION
1. Label the parts of the flower.
Left: stamen, sepal; right: petal, pistil.
Sepals; petals; stamens; pistil.
3. Answer the questions.
The flower; When pollen from the stamens of one
plant reach the stigma of another plant.
10 ROCKS
T; F; T; F; T.
Answer key Reinforcement
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2. Match.
Quarry: a place where rocks are extracted from near
the surface of the ground. Shaft: the tunnel through
which miners reach the rocks in a mine. Mine: a
place where rocks and minerals are extracted.
3. Write three uses of rocks. Give an example for each.
M. A. (Model Answer): Construction: granite; fuel:
petroleum; sculptures: marble.
11 MINERALS
1. What are minerals? How are they different from rocks?
Minerals are natural solid substances made up of
only one substance. Rocks are made up of more
than one substance.
2. Use the words to write sentences about minerals.
M. A.: Minerals have different shapes. Lustre is how
much a mineral shines. Minerals can be different
colours. Hardness is a property of minerals.
3. Complete the sentence.
Diamond.
4. Match each mineral to its use.
Magnetite: for obtaining iron. Diamond for making
jewellery. Gypsum for constructing buildings.
12 SOIL
1. Match.
A: The actions of plants and animals. B. Small pieces
of rock mix with humus. C. Rain, ice and wind wear
down rocks into smaller pieces.
2. Label the layers of soil. Then, circle the layer that
contains humus.
Left: subsoil; right: topsoil, bedrock. Circle topsoil.
13 ECOSYSTEMS
1. Complete the chart.
Environment: temperature, soil, water. Living things:
plants, animals.
2. Use the words to make sentences.
Ecosystems are made up of the environment and
all the living things. Terrestrial ecosystems can be
forests, deserts or grasslands. Aquatic ecosystems
can be freshwater or saltwater.
14 RELATIONSHIPS IN ECOSYSTEMS
1. Match.
Competition: two living things have the same needs.
Cooperation: two living things help each other. Food
relationships: living things eat other living things.
2. Draw the arrows for this food chain.
Arrows to the right from grass to zebra to lion.
3. Write the names of the living things in Activity 2.
Plant: grass. Herbivore: zebra. Carnivore: lion.
15 PROTECTING ECOSYSTEMS
1. Match.
Pollution: rubbish and care fumes. Deforestation:
cutting down trees. Overexploitation: using up too
many natural resources.
2. Look at the pictures. Write pollution, deforestation
or overexploitation.
A. deforestation; B. pollution; C. overexploitation.
A nature reserve is a place with an unspoilt
ecosystem, protected by law. O. A.
16 MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
Matter is made up of everything around us. Volume
is the amount of matter in an object. Solid, liquid
and gas.
2. Match.
Mass: in kilograms; volume in litres.
3. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false
sentences.
T; F: liquids have a fixed volume; F: Gases do not
have a fixed volume or a fixed shape.
17 CHANGES IN MATTER
1. Cross out the wrong word. Then, rewrite the
sentences.
Wrong: oxidation; chemical changes; mixture;
oxidation.
Solid to liquid is melting; liquid to solid is freezing;
liquid to gas is evaporation; gas to liquid
is condensation.
18 MATERIALS
1. Classify the materials.
Natural materials: wood, granite, leather.
Man-made materials: concrete, glass, paper.
2. Circle six properties of materials and write them.
Transparent, resistant, flexible, elastic, light,
fragile.
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19 FORCES
1. Look at how force acts upon the objects in each
picture and write in contact or at a distance.
A. at a distance; B. in contact; C. at a distance;
D. in contact.
2. Read and circle two errors. Then, write the text
correctly.
This is called the force of gravity. This force attracts
objects to the Earth.
20 ENERGY
1. What is energy? Now, complete the words.
Energy makes things change. Types: mechanical,
chemical, thermal, electrical, nuclear, light.
2. What type of energy have they got?
Petrol: chemical; uranium: nuclear; sunlight: light;
wind: mechanical; x-rays: light; fire: thermal.
3. Write the types of energy each object uses
and produces.
A. chemical to mechanical; B. electrical to light;
C. electrical to mechanical.
21 USES OF ENERGY
1. Classify the types of energy. Then, answer the
question.
Renewable energy sources: sunlight, wind, wood.
Non-renewable energy sources: coal, petroleum,
uranium. Non-renewable energy sources cannot be
replaced once they have been used up.
2. Match the type of power station to its source of
energy.
Thermal power station: energy from coal, natural gas,
petrol; hydroelectric: falling water; wind farm: wind;
nuclear power station: uranium.
22 THE PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
1. How does light travel?
Light travels at very high speed in a straight line.
1. Match.
A. opaque; B. transparent; C. translucent.
2. Look at the picture. Write reflection or refraction. Now,
explain your answer.
Reflection; M. A.: Light from the lamp hits the object
and reflects into the girl’s eyes.
23 LIGHT AND COLOURS
White; primary; reflect; absorb.
2. Colour the lemon yellow. Now, explain how we see the
lemon as yellow.
We see the lemon as yellow because it absorbs all
the colours except yellow, which it reflects.
24 MUNICIPALITIES AND COMARCAS
1. Read the definition and write the word.
Municipality; comarca.
2. Answer the questions about the picture.
A mountain comarca; B; four.
25 AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES AND PROVINCES
1. Use the key to colour the map.
O. A. (Open Answer): Autonomous Community with
only one province: Asturias, Navarre, Murcia, Soria,
Rioja, Cantabria, Madrid. Autonomous Community
with more than seven provinces: Andalusia,
Castile-Leon.
26 MY AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY
1. Colour your Autonomous Community or City.
Now, answer the questions.
O. A.
27 THE RELIEF OF SPAIN
Mulhacen; Aneto.
28 THE RIVERS AND WATERSHEDS OF SPAIN
1. Match the words to their definitions.
River: a body of moving water; tributary: a river that
flows into a larger river; watershed: where rivers
flow into the same sea; flow: the volume of water
in a river.
2. Label the three watersheds of Spain.
The Atlantic watershed; the Cantabrian watershed;
the Mediterranean watershed.
3. Write one river for each watershed. M. A.
Atlantic: River Tagus; Cantabrian: River Navia;
Mediterranean: River Ebro.
29 CLIMATE
1. Complete.
weather, climate, Equator, Sun.
2. Match.
polar zone: it is very cold all year round; temperate
zone: the summers are warm and the winters are
cool; tropical zone: it is hot all year round.
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3. Identify and label the climates in Spain.
A. Oceanic climate; B. Continental Mediterranean
climate; C. Mediterranean climate; D. Subtropical
climate.
30 POPULATION
1. Write census or municipal register.
Municipal register; census.
2. Circle the correct options, A or B, then, circle the
correct picture.
A. and the top picture.
31 TRADITIONS AND FESTIVALS
1. Put the phrases in order, then, write two sentences.
Traditions are customs that are passed down from
adults to children. Traditional dishes are the typical
foods of a place or region.
2. Give two examples of each type of tradition where
you live.
O. A.
32 THE PRIMARY SECTOR
1. What jobs belong to the primary sector?
Forestry, mining, stockbreeding, fishing and farming.
2. Match the types of farming to the pictures.
A. extensive farming, B. irrigated crops; C. dry crops.
3. Read the definitions and complete the words.
Stockbreeding; fishing; mining; forestry.
4. How important is the primary sector in your
Autonomous Community or City? Explain.
O. A.
33 THE SECONDARY SECTOR
1. Complete the text with these words.
Raw materials, manufactured products, secondary,
construction.
2. Look at the pictures and write construction, industry
or craft industry.
Craft industry, construction, industry.
3. Write the products for each industry.
Construction: steel, cement. Food: tinned tuna, ice
cream. Technology: computers, video games.
34 THE TERTIARY SECTOR
1. What type of service is it? Read and answer.
Trade.
Write an example for each service.
M. A.: Trade: selling T-shirts; Tourism: visiting a
museum in another country; Public services: public
transport; Health services: hospitals; Educational
services: schools.
2. What means of transport are there in your
Autonomous Community or City? Which ones do you
use every day?
O. A.
35 HOW THE STATE IS ORGANISED
1. Complete the text.
Constitution, referendum, rights, obligations,
institutions, Parliament.
2. Read the definitions and write the word.
The Constitution; referendum; democratic state;
election manifesto; municipal elections; general
elections.
36 HOW CITIZENS PARTICIPATE
1. Read and write right or obligation.
Obligation; right; right; right; obligation.
2. Match and write.
A. The right to express our ideas. B. The right to vote.
C. The right to equality.
3. What are codes of conduct? Explain.
Codes of conduct are lists of rights and obligations
based on respect for others.
37 HOW PRIMITIVE HUMAN BEINGS LIVED
1. Look at the picture and answer the questions.
The first human beings lived in caves. They lived near
rivers. They ate fruits and plants and animals they
hunted. They travelled on foot. They carried their things
on their backs. They decorated their homes with wall
paintings.
38 ROMAN TIMES
1. Look at the picture and write the number.
1. Domus; 2. Seaport; 3. Road; 4. Insula; 5. Temple;
6. Thermae; 7. Amphitheathre.
39 MEDIEVAL TIMES
1. Look for the names of the pictures in the wordsearch.
Now, complete the text.
A. noble; B. church(es); C. cart; D. peasant; E. castle,
F. boat.
Text: nobles, castles, peasants, carts, sailing boats,
churches.
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40 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
1. Match the people to their homes.
A-2; B-1; C-3.
Astrolabe; caravel; magnetic compass.
◾ Five hundred years ago, new inventions made it
easier for explorers to travel the world. Name some
of these inventions.
M. A.: magnetic compass; astrolabe; caravel
41 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. Circle the correct words, then, write the sentences
correctly.
• Two hundred years ago, large factories replaced
small workshops.
• Factory workers lived in neighbourhoods which were
dirty and unhygienic.
• The steam engine was invented 200 years ago.
2. Find and circle six discoveries and inventions in the
wordsearch.
Aspirin; train; light bulb; radio; x-rays; telephone.
42 LIFE NOWADAYS
1. Complete the chart with examples.
M. A.: We live in single-family homes or high-rise flats.
We travel by car, high-speed train, boat or aeroplane.
Inventions: Internet, spacecrafts, computers.
2. Which do you think are the most important
inventions? Choose three and explain your choices.
O. A.
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1 UNDER THE SEA
1. What is the text about? Tick.
The text is about what equipment people need to stay
underwater.
2. Why do people need special equipment to stay
underwater? Think and explain.
M. A.: We need special equipment to stay underwater
because we need to breathe in oxygen from the air
to live. There is not enough oxygen in water for us to
breathe. Also, our bodies need protection because
our skin, eyes, ears, etc., are not adapted to living
under water.
3. Look at the scuba diver and match each item of his
equipment to its use.
Wetsuit: 3; scuba socks: 6; diving mask: 1;
goggles: 2; fins: 5; weight belt: 7; aqualung: 4.
4. Why can fish live underwater without special
equipment? Think and explain.
M. A.: Fish breathe through gills, so they do not need
an aqualung. They have scales to protect their bodies
and fins to swim with.
2 LONG LIVE THE HAMBURGER!
• The first hamburgers were made four thousand
years ago.
• Genghis Khan was a Mongol emperor.
• The name comes from the city of Hamburg
in Germany.
• In the 14th
century hamburgers were a flat cake
of meat placed between two slices of bread.
• Great Britain introduced hamburgers to the
United States.
2. What nutrients are in a hamburger? Look and write.
Hamburgers have carbohydrates from bread, proteins
from meat, vitamins and minerals from tomatoes,
lettuce and onions.
3. Read the clues, write the name of each country under
its flag, then, colour.
A. Mongolian; B. German; C. Egyptian; D. Russian;
E. United Kingdom; F. United States of America.
3 NATURAL MEDICINES
• The text is about medicinal plants and natural
medicines.
• You can get food, wood, dyes, clothes and
medicines from plants.
• Aspirin comes from the bark of the willow tree.
• O. A.
2. Complete the crossword with the names
of the plants.
Across: 1. Nettle; 2. Chamomile; 3. Thyme.
Down: 4. Eucalyptus; 5. Tilia.
3. What three types of plants are there? Give an
example of each one.
M. A.: Tree: willow; shrub: thyme; grass: poppy.
4 FOSSILS: ROCKS THAT REVEAL THE PAST
• Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and
animals that lived on Earth millions of years ago.
• A paleontologist studies fossils.
• An ichnite is a rock containing a dinosaur
footprint.
• You can find ichnites in Rioja, Teruel and Soria.
2. How are ichnites formed? Read, then, put the pictures
in order.
Top pictures: 3, 2; Bottom pictures: 1, 4.
3. Match each dinosaur to its foot and its footprint.
A. Bottom foot, middle footprint; B. middle foot, top
footprint; C. top foot, bottom footprint.
5 NATIONAL PARKS
• A National Park is a protected area of unspoilt
ecosystems.
• The first National Park was Yellowstone
in the U.S.A.
• Spain’s first National Park was Mount Covadonga,
now called Picos de Europa.
2. Think and answer. What would happen if all the
visitors to a National Park took home a rock or broke
off a tree branch?
M. A.: If everyone took home a rock or a tree branch,
this would spoil the environment and the trees in the
National Park because there are many visitors.
3. Look up information about a National Park and fill
in the index card.
O. A.
4. How can we help to protect natural landscapes?
M. A.: We can take our rubbish home, not light fires,
keep our dogs on a lead, not disturb nesting birds or
young animals, keep to the footpaths…
Answer key EXTENSION
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6 PLASTIC: A MODERN MATERIAL
1. Write a short summary of the text.
M. A.: There are many different types of plastics.
They are used to make many things. You can
make plastic bags, pot handles, rubber for car
tyres and clothes with polyester. However, plastics
are not biodegradable so they can pollute the
environment. We should recycle plastics.
2. What does biodegradable mean?
M. A.: Biodegradable means something that
decomposes.
3. Look around the room. Write ten things you can see
that are made of plastic.
O. A.
4. What are these objects made of? Match.
A. bakelite; B. EPS; C. rubber; D. polyester.
5. Write down your ideas to reuse plastic containers.
M. A.: Use a butter container with a lid to keep
change in.
7 PERPETUAL MOTION
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
• All machines need energy to function.
• A perpetual motion machine is a machine that never
stops, so it only needs energy to get started once.
2. Look at the painting and answer.
M. Escher; 1961; Waterfall; M. A.: Yes, because you
can see water falling in the picture.
3. Look at Escher’s painting. What machine is in
perpetual motion? Colour it.
The water wheel.
4. How do you think the machine in Escher’s painting
works? Explain.
It works by energy from falling water.
5. Look at these machines and answer.
A. fuel; B. water power; C. human energy; D. electricity.
The aeroplane and the train use energy that pollutes;
Fuel and electricity are not renewable energy
resources.
6. Imagine you invented a perpetual motion machine.
How would it change the world?
O. A.
8 SHADOWS
1. Answer.
• A shadow is a dark area caused by an opaque
object blocking light.
• Because light travels in a straight line and cannot
go around obstacles.
• When the angle between the light source and the
opaque object changes.
2. Match each shadow to the correct pair of hands.
Then, practice the shapes.
A. 5; B. 3; C. 4; D. 1; E. 2.
3. Look at where the Sun is and where Peter Pan is
standing. Draw his shadow.
The shadow is behind Peter Pan, bottom left.
4. Do transparent objects have shadows? Think
and explain.
Transparent objects do not have shadows because
light can pass through them.
9 GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES
1. Read and answer.
• Geographical coordinates are lines on a globe to
help find geographical locations.
• Meridians are vertical lines that go from pole to
pole on a globe.
• Latitude is the distance between any point and the
Equator.
2. Label the compass rose.
Compass rose: clockwise from North: northeast,
east, southeast, south, southwest, west, northwest.
3. Colour the Equator red and the Greenwich Meridian
blue. Then, complete the chart.
B. northern, north, east; C. northern, north, west;
D. southern, south, east.
10 THREE DAYS IN THE PROVINCE OF SALAMANCA
1. Draw the route on the map in red. Circle the places
the erxcursion passes through in blue.
The route is traced in red through these places
circled in blue: Zamora, Arribes del Duero, Ledesma,
Salamanca, Bejar, Candelario.
2. Look at the map and answer.
• Four villages or cities: Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca,
Ledesma, Candelario.
• Four rivers: River Duero, River Tormes, River Alagon,
River Cuerpo de Hombre.
• Provinces: Zamora, Valladolid, Caceres.
• Country: Portugal.
3. Look at the chart. Write the distances in kilometers
between the cities.
Distances: 212 km; 94 km; 160 km; 277 km;
Closest city to Salamanca: Zamora;
Furthest city from Salamanca: Caceres.
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11 THE WORLD’S POPULATION
1. Answer.
• M. A.: The population has grown so much in the
past six decades because there has been a rise in
births and a decline in deaths.
• Antarctica has the smallest population.
• China has the largest population.
2. Complete the bar chart.
Bar chart: Africa: 925 million; America: 1,263 million;
Antarctica: 1,000 scientists; Asia: 3,950 million;
Europe: 728 million; Oceania: 33 million.
3. Think and calculate.
216,000 × 365 days = 78,840,000 people.
4. Circle, then write six words from the wordsearch
to complete these sentences.
1. Census; 2. India; 3. Birth rate; 4. Brazil;
5. Oceania; 6. Death rate.
12 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO)
1. Read and answer.
• The ILO is a specialised agency of the UN
which promotes better working conditions
for workers.
• It was founded in 1919, on 11th
April.
• The headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The aims are: to eradicate child labour and improve
working conditions for workers all over
the world.
2. Match each international organization to one of its
aims.
UN / To promote respect for human rights around
the world.
UNICEF / To defend the rights of children.
WHO / To promote good health levels around
the world.
UNESCO / To promote world peace through
education, culture, science and communications.
FAO / To improve nutrition through advances in
agriculture.
3. Write the name of each organization under
its logo.
Food and Agricultural Organisation; UNICEF;
International Labour Organisation; WHO; United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation.
4. Do you think children should work? Explain.
O. A.
13 LONG LIVE ‘LA PEPA’!
1. Tick the correct answer.
In the United States. In the 19th
century.
The rights and obligations of its citizens. In Cadiz.
Fernando VII. Two years.
2. Read about the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Look at
the pictures of the creation of the Spanish
Constitution of 1978 and put them in order.
A. 1; E. 2; B. 3; D. 4; C. 5.
3. What do the Spanish people celebrate on 6th
December? Explain.
Spanish people celebrate the approval of the
Constitution of 1978. People were happy to celebrate
having the same rights and obligations.
14 ROMAN ROADS
1. Answer.
• They connected important cities and regions.
• They were built for the Roman armies.
• Motorways because they are very straight roads
and connect important cities.
2. Match.
statumen: bottom layer; rudus: next layer up;
nucleus: next layer up; pavimentum is the top layer.
15 THE STEAM ENGINE
1. Answer.
18th
century; James Watt; in Scotland.
2. Explain how the steam engine works.
It uses energy from water vapour collected from
burning coal. The vapour moves a wheel.
3. Why do you think this period of history is called the
Industrial Revolution?
M. A.: The Industrial Revolution was when people
started to work in factories in industry instead of in
the fields in agriculture.
4. A caption is a short text that describes an illustration.
Look at these pictures and write a caption for each.
M. A: Caption A: Factories employed many workers.
Caption B: There were many new inventions
during this period. Caption C: Large factories were
built.
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Assessment
Unit Unit
assessments tests
1 Inside your body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 140
2 Keeping healthy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 141
3 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 142
4 Minerals, rocks and soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 143
5 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 144
6 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 145
7 Forces and energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 146
8 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 147
9 Where we live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 148
10 Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 149
11 Population and traditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 150
12 Economic activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 151
13 Political institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 152
14 Life thousands of years ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 153
15 Life hundreds of years ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 154
Term assessments
Term 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Term 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Term 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Term tests
Term 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Term 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Term 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Answer keys
Unit assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Term assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
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Name Date
ASSESSmentInside your body1
Answer.
What is digestion?

What organs make up the digestive system?

Label the digestive system.
Nutrients are substances we need to breathe.
Lungs are spongy sacks that are in your thorax.
The oxygen you need to live goes into your lungs.
The kidneys are part of the respiratory system.
Label the picture of the respiratory system.
Why do we need oxygen?

1
2
3
4
5
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1
What does the heart do?

Complete the text about the circulatory system.
continually circulates around our body thanks to the
, an organ that is made up of that are working all
the time. The heart pumps blood through the to all parts of the body.
Classify these words.
trachea lungs anus heart bronchi
stomach intestine veins arteries
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Why is this sentence false?
The kidneys are the organs which take the air we breathe to our lungs.

Small parts of food which our body can absorb.
The organ that continually pumps blood.
Hollow tubes through which blood circulates.
Very thin and fragile blood vessels.
6
7
8
9
10
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 111 19/07/11 9:36

Name Date
ASSESSment
What are healthy habits? Write some examples.

Complete.
You should sleep hours a day.
Food has the your body needs.
Your supports your back.
Match.
This helps our digestive system work correctly.

carbohydrates and fats
We need them to grow.

fibre
We need them to stay healthy.

proteins
They give us energy.

vitamins and minerals
Is this a healthy breakfast? Explain.

What is a food wheel? How do you use it?

1
2
3
4
5
Keeping healthy2
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Circle the foods you should not eat too much of.
What nutrients does each of these foods contain?
yoghurt
green peppers
olive oil
lentils
bread
Cross out the odd food in each food group.
Write a sentence with each group of words.
sports

diet

exercise

foods

fatty

less

What is a balanced diet?

6
7
8
9
10
2
A B C
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Name Date
ASSESSment
water

mineral salts

carbon dioxide

sunlight

reproduction

flowers

organs

What is the difference between evergreens and deciduous trees?

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the of one flower
to the of another.
The fruit of a plant grows from the fertilised
and has inside.
Number the pictures in order.
Describe two different types of plant stems.

1
2
3
4
5
Plants3
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Name two ways in which pollination can occur.

Label the parts of a flower.
Read the definitions and write the words.
It is made up of petals.
It is made up of sepals.
They are the male parts of the flower.
It is the female part of the flower.
Complete the diagram about plant nutrition.
Plants need

Take in / release
What is photosynthesis? Where does it occur?

6
7
8
9
10
3
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 115 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
Rocks can be distinguished by their hardness, colour and lustre.
Diamond is the softest mineral, and gypsum is the hardest.
Rocks are made up of minerals.
Rocks make up the solid part of the Earth.
Use these words to write a sentence about minerals.
properties

hardness

colour

lustre

shape

What is a quarry?

Write three uses of minerals. Give an example for each.

Classify the rocks and minerals.
limestone

marble

diamond

granite

malachite

pyrite
Rocks
Minerals
1
2
3
4
5
Minerals, rocks and soil4
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4
Number the layers of soil from top to bottom.
What is humus? Where is it found?

Explain what is in each layer of soil.
topsoil
subsoil
bedrock
How is soil made? Number the pictures.
Complete the text.
are made up of only one substance. They form
rocks. form the solid part of the Earth.
Rocks and minerals are found in . Soil has got three
layers: , and .
is in the topsoil.
6
7
8
9
10
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 117 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSmentEcosystems
Write a sentence with these words.
components environment living things ecosystem

Complete the outline about ecosystems.

living things
water
plants
soil
the environment
temperature
rocks
animals

Z
]
]
[
]
]

Z
]
]
]
]
[
]
]
]
]

Z
[

Components
of
ecosystems
Define these parts of an ecosystem.
Living things

Environment

What types of ecosystems are there?

What type of ecosystem is this?

1
2
3
4
5
5
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 118 11/07/11 13:55

Give examples for each.
Producers
Consumers
Label the living things in the food chain and draw the arrows.
What type of relationship is it? Identify and write.
Two species with the same needs compete.
Two species help each other.
Give examples for each relationship.
Competition between two living things.

Cooperation between two living things.

Three living things in the same food chain.

What is a nature reserve? Explain and give an example.

6
7
8
9
10
5
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 119 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSmentMatter
Write definitions for volume and mass.

What is matter?

Give two examples for each state of matter.
solid

liquid

gas

Label the processes
for the changes of
state.
Two or more substances mixed together is a .
A mixture of two or more metals is an .
Changes in matter can be mixtures, changes of or changes.
1
2
3
4
5
6
gas liquid solid

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What is the difference between a change of state and a chemical change?
Give an example of each.

When an iron key rusts, what change in matter takes place? Complete.
It is a change because

What are materials?

Give two examples of each.

Describe the properties of the materials used to make these glasses.

6
7
8
9
10
6
aluminium
glass
Natural materials
from minerals
Natural materials
from plants
Natural materials
from animals
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Name Date
ASSESSment
Look at the swing. Why is it moving?

What kind of force is acting in each picture?
What is the force of friction? Explain and give an example.

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?
Explain and give an example of each.

In a toaster, energy transforms into energy.
In a light bulb, energy transforms into energy.
With a candle, energy transforms into energy.
1
2
3
4
5
Forces and energy7

A B
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 122 11/07/11 13:55

Classify these sources of energy.
wind

natural gas

coal

sunlight

wood

petroleum
Renewable energy
sources
Non-renewable
energy sources
What are fossil fuels?

Write the names of six types of energy.

Explain how a hydroelectric power station produces electricity.

Underline two errors in the text.
When we burn fuels, they produce oxygen. This goes into the atmosphere
and decreases the temperature of the planet. This is called global warming.
◾ Now, write the correct text.

6
7
8
9
10
7
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 123 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
Tick the picture that best represents how we see objects.
Light travels at a speed of 300,000 kilometres per hour.
Light travels in all directions.
Light can pass through opaque objects.
Light travels in a straight line.
Explain what happens to light as it passes through the water.

Tick the correct column.
Opaque Translucent Transparent
Wood
Drinking water
Green glass
Draw the shadow of the apple.
1
2
3
4
5
Light8
A B C
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 124 11/07/11 13:55

What is the dispersion of light? Give an example.

ray of light prism rainbow

red green primary blue

What colour is an object which reflects blue light? Explain.

This text is not correct. Write the correct version.
White objects absorb all colours of light and do not reflect any light they
receive. Black objects reflect all the light they receive.

What colours does a green object absorb? What colours does it reflect?

6
7
8
9
10
8
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 125 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
Write the word for each definition.
One or more cities, towns or villages which
are governed by the same local council.
Several municipalities that are near each
other and share common characteristics.
A territory larger than a comarca that
is made up of many municipalities.
What kind of comarca
is in the picture?

Write two examples of services in a comarca.

Where are the basic services of a comarca found?

What types of jobs do many of the inhabitants of a comarca share?

1
2
3
4
5
Where we live9
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Explain how the territory of Spain is organised.

What are the symbols of an Autonomous Community?

Autonomous Communities are made up of only one province.
Every Autonomous Community has its own history and customs.
Each Autonomous Community has its own government institutions.
All Autonomous Communities have the same capital.
Complete the chart.
AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES
Name Capital Provinces
Galicia
Rioja
Extremadura
Cantabria
Write about your Autonomous Community or City.
Name:

Capital:
Borders:
It is made up of these provinces:

6
7
8
9
10
9
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 127 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
Look at the map and circle the area of your Autonomous Community or
your Autonomous City.
Answer.
What is the difference between inland and coastal landscapes?

Are there inland landscapes in your Autonomous Community or City? Give an example.

Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.

1
2
3
Landscapes10
189714p128 España físico
M
O R E N A
R A N G E
BAETIC MOUNTAIN CHAIN
CENTRAL MOUNTAIN
CHAIN
C A N T A B R I A N R A N G E
P
Y
R E N E E S
IBERIAN
MOUNTA
IN
CHAIN
MOUNTAINS OF TOLEDO
GALICIANMASSI
F
CATALA
N
COASTAL MO
UN
TAIN CHAIN
P l a t e a u
I n n e r
Cape Finisterre
Cape
Ortegal
Cape Peñas
Bay
of
Biscay
Cape
Creus
River
Ebro
Delta
Cape
Nao
Cape Palos
Cape Gata
Tarifa Point
Gulf
of Cadiz
Gulf
of
Valencia
S e a
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
B A L E A R I C
I S L A N D S
Ceuta
Melilla
F R A N C E
PORTUGAL
A N D O R R A
N
EW
S
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What is the name of the highest peak in your Autonomous Community or City? Where is it?

What is the name of the most important river in your Autonomous Community or City?

Is this sentence correct? Explain why or why not.
My Autonomous Community has the same climate everywhere.

What things do we need to know to find out the climate of a place?

Describe the temperature and precipitation in your Autonomous Community or City.

What fauna is characteristic of your Autonomous Community or City?

Write the name of four plant species found in your Autonomous Community or City.

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 129 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
Write definitions for these words.
municipal register

census

Explain the difference between immigrant and emigrant.

When does the population of a place increase?

Read the sentence and underline the mistake.
Natural growth is the difference between the immigrants that arrive
and the emigrants that leave a place.
◾ Now write the text correctly.

Look at the picture. Is the population increasing or decreasing? Explain.

1
2
3
4
5
Population and traditions11
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 130 11/07/11 13:55

What is natural growth?

Describe the population in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.

What are traditions? Give some examples.

Write the names of these traditions.
Complete the chart with an example for each traditon.
6
7
8
9
10
11
Traditions in my Autonomous
Community / City
dances
historical
monuments
typical dishes festivals

example example example example

A B C
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Name Date
ASSESSmentEconomic activities
Name these jobs. Write the sectors they belong to.
Write two examples of jobs in this economic sector.
Secondary
sector

What economic activities are there in the primary sector in your Autonomous Community
or Autonomous City?

Look at the picture and write: the name of the job, the sector it belongs to,
and what the workers do.

What kind of industries are there in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City?

1
2
3
4
5
12

A B C
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Explain.
What is the most important economic sector in your Autonomous Community or City?

What is the least important economic sector in your Autonomous Community or City?

Complete.
services are provided by banks or savings institutions.
services are carried out in schools and universities.
services are carried out in health centres and hospitals.
Is tourism important in your Autonomous Community or City? What are the most important
tourist areas?

Name three means of transport in your Autonomous Community or City.

Complete the chart.
6
7
8
9
10
12
Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector

for example for example for example
Economic activities in my Community
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 133 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
What is the difference between general elections and elections in an Autonomous
Community?

Is it a right or an obligation? Write the answer for each.
Respect the correspondence of others.
Receive a good education.
Express your ideas in public.
Obey the law.
In Spain, everybody has the same rights and obligations.
The Constitution is the most important law in Spain.
Spanish citizens approved the Constitution in 1988.
The most important institutions of Spain are its Parliament and the local councils.
Match.
Statutes

The State
Constitution

An Autonomous Community
Write the name of the institution of the Autonomous Community or City in charge
of these functions.
Making the laws.
Making decisions about the needs of the community.
1
2
3
4
5
Political institutions13
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Read and explain what this sentence means.
Voting is free, secret and universal.

Write three groups which peacefully defend citizens’ interests.

What does the right to equality mean?

Answer.
Who elects the members of the Autonomous Parliament or Assembly?

Who elects the President of the Autonomous government?

candidates

election manifesto

electoral campaign

political party
A is a group of citizens with similar ideas about
how to govern. Before elections, political parties draw up an
to explain their ideas. They also designate to hold
government positions, and they organise an to promote
their party’s ideas.
6
7
8
9
10
13
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 135 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
Number the transport from the oldest to the most modern.
Tick the true answers. Then, correct the false ones.
The first humans made tools of wood or bones.
The Romans built seaports.
Noblemen lived in insulae.
Romans built thermae to carry water to their cities.

What buildings did the Romans have for entertainment?

Complete the chart.
Describe these buildings.
Domus
Insulae
1
2
3
4
5
Life thousands of years ago14

buildings transport historical remains
In medieval times
A B C
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 136 11/07/11 13:55

Describe the different characteristics of Romanesque and Gothic churches.

Where did most peasants live in medieval times?

Look at the picture and answer.
What kind of building is it?
Where is it positioned? Why was it built there?

What parts of the building can you see?

Circle the object used many thousands of years ago. Explain your choice.

Match the buildings to their uses.
A place for chariot races temple
A place for gladiator fights circus
A place to worship the gods amphitheatre
6
7
8
9
10
14
A B C D
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 137 11/07/11 13:55

Name Date
ASSESSment
Write about these inventions.
Printing press:

Steamship:

High-speed train:

Read and write: 500 years ago, 200 years ago, or nowadays.
Workers lived in poor city
neighbourhoods with no sewage system.
Rich people lived in palaces.
People live in tall buildings or
in family homes.
Complete the chart.
What did the magnetic compass, the astrolabe and the caravel modernise? Explain.

Explain why cities grew rapidly 200 years ago.

1
2
3
4
5
Life hundreds of years ago15

buildings transport historical monuments
500 years ago
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 138 11/07/11 13:55

15
What new means of transport were invented 200 years ago?

Write three inventions from the Industrial Revolution.

Look at the house. Then, read the text and circle the correct words.
Five hundred / thousand years ago, craftsmen lived
in cities / villages. Their houses had two / four
storeys. The main rooms / workshops were
on the top / bottom floor. The craftman’s family
lived on the top / bottom floor.
Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false ones.
The steam engine modernised transport 500 years ago.
Large factories replaced small workshops 200 years ago.
The printing press was invented 500 years ago.
Satellite television and the Internet were invented 200 years ago.

Number the inventions in order from the most ancient to the most modern.
6
7
8
9
10
A B C D
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 139 11/07/11 13:55

1 INSIDE YOUR BODY
1. Answer.
• Digestion is the process by which the body obtains nutrients from food.
• The main organs are the mouth, the stomach, the large and small intestines and the anus.
2. Label the digestive system.
Digestive system labels: left: mouth, anus; right: stomach, intestines.
F; F; T; F.
4. Label the picture of the respiratory system.
Respiratory system labels: left: nose, lungs; right: trachea, bronchi.
5. Why do we need oxygen?
We need oxygen to breathe, and to live.
6. What does the heart do?
The heart pumps blood around the body.
7. Complete the text about the circulatory system.
Blood, heart, muscles, blood vessels.
8. Classify these words.
Digestive system: anus, stomach, intestine.
Respiratory system: trachea, lungs, bronchi.
Circulatory system: heart, veins, arteries.
9. Why is this sentence false?
The kidneys filter the blood, eliminate waste and produce urine.
nutrients; the heart; blood vessels; capillaries.
ASSESSMENTs 1 test
1. c, 2. a, 3. b, 4. b, 5. c, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. b, 10. b
2 KEEPING HEALTHY
1. What are healthy habits? Write some examples.
Healthy habits are activities to keep us healthy such as a balanced diet, exercise and ten hours sleep.
2. Complete.
Ten hours; nutrients; backbone.
3. Match.
Fibre helps our digestive system work correctly. We need proteins to grow. We need vitamins and minerals to stay
healthy. Carbohydrates and fats give us energy.
4. Is this a healthy breakfast? Explain.
This breakfast is healthy because it contains fruit, cereal, and milk which give us all the proteins, vitamins
and minerals we need.
5. What is a food wheel? How do you use it?
A food wheel shows the different food groups. It tells us how much we should eat from each group.
6. Circle the foods you should not eat too much of.
You shouldn’t eat too much cheese, sausage and cakes.
7. What nutrients does each of these foods contain?
Yoghurt: calcium and proteins; green peppers: vitamins and minerals; olive oil: fats; lentils: proteins and fibre;
bread: carbohydrates.
Answer key ASSESSMENTs and tests
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8. Cross out the odd food in each food group.
A. milk; B. meat; C. carrot.
9. Write a sentence with each group of words.
To be healthy, eat a healthy diet and do exercise and sports. You should eat less fatty foods.
10. What is a balanced diet?
A balanced diet gives you the right amount of nutrients your body needs to be healthy.
ASSESSMENTs 2 test
1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. a, 5. c, 6. b, 7. a, 8. c, 9. a, 10. c
3 PLANTS
Plants need water, mineral salts and carbon dioxide to make their food. Flowers are the organs of reproduction of
plants.
2. What is the difference between evergreens and deciduous trees?
Deciduous trees lose their leaves in winter, but evergreens keep their leaves all year round.
Stigma, stamen, flower, seeds.
4. Number the pictures in order.
1, 3, 2, 4.
5. Describe two different types of plant stems.
Woody: they are hard and rigid and are called trunks. Herbaceous: they are soft and flexible.
6. Name two ways in which pollination can occur.
Pollen can be carried by insects or by the wind.
7. Label the parts of a flower.
Left: petal, sepal; right: stamen, pistil.
8. Read the definitions and write the words.
Corolla; Calyx; Stamens; Pistil.
9. Complete the diagram about the plant nutrition.
Plants need: sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
10. What is photosynthesis? Where does it occur?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food. It takes place in the leaves.
ASSESSMENTs 3 test
1. a, 2. b, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. b, 7. b, 8. a, 9. c, 10. b
4 MINERALS, ROCKS AND SOIL
T; F; T; T.
2. Use these words to write a sentence about minerals.
Some properties of minerals are hardness, colour, lustre and shape.
3. What is a quarry?
A quarry is a hole near the surface of the ground where rocks and minerals are mined.
4. Write three uses of minerals. Give an example for each.
Uses of minerals: in construction, for example, gypsum to make cement; for making jewellery, for example,
diamonds; for obtaining metals, for example, iron is extracted from magnetite.
5. Classify the rocks and minerals.
Rocks: limestone, granite, marble; Minerals: malachite, diamond, pyrite.
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6. Number the layers of soil from top to bottom.
3, 1, 2.
7. What is humus? Where is it found?
Humus is a dark layer of soil containing the remains of animals and plants. It is where plants grow.
8. Explain what is in each layer of soil.
Topsoil: sand, clay, air, water and humus; Subsoil: small stones, sand, clay and some water; Bedrock: rocks and
very little water.
9. How is soil made? Number the pictures.
3, 1, 2.
10. Complete the text.
Minerals; Rocks; soil; topsoil, subsoil and bedrock; Humus.
ASSESSMENTs 4 test
1. b, 2. a, 3. b, 4. a, 5. c, 6. a, 7. a, 8. c, 9. b, 10. b
5 ECOSYSTEMS
1. Write a sentence with these words.
An ecosystem is made up of all the living things and the components of the environment.
2. Complete the outline about ecosystems.
Components of ecosystems: living things: plants, animals; the environment: water, soil, temperature, rocks.
3. Define these parts of an ecosystem.
Living things: all the plants and animals; Environment: everything which affects the living things: type of soil, type
of rock, water, temperature.
4. What types of ecosystem are there?
Ecosystems can be terrestrial or aquatic.
5. What type of ecosystem is this?
An aquatic ecosystem.
6. Give examples for each.
Producers: plants; Consumers: mice, birds.
7. Label the livings things in the food chain and draw the arrows.
Food chain: grass, mouse, eagle.
8. What type of relationship is it? Identify and write.
Competition; Cooperation.
9. Give examples for each relationship.
• Competition: plants compete for sunlight.
• Cooperation: insects pollinate some plants.
• Three living things: grass, mouse, eagle.
10. What is a nature reserve? Explain and give an example.
A nature reserve is an ecosystem which is protected by law.
ASSESSMENTs 5 test
1. b, 2. c, 3. b, 4. c, 5. a, 6. c, 7. a, 8. c, 9. b, 10. c
6 MATTER
1. Write definitions for volume and mass.
Volume is the amount of space an object occupies; Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
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2. What is matter?
Everything around us is made up of matter, for example, water, air, etc.
3. Give two examples for each state of matter.
solid: mineral, rock; liquid: water, milk; gas: air, oxygen.
4. Label the processes for the changes of state.
Liquid to gas: evaporation; gas to liquid: condensation; solid to liquid: melting; liquid to solid: solidification.
mixture; alloy; changes of state or chemical changes.
6. What is the difference between a change of state and a chemical change? Give an example of each.
A change of state is when a substance changes its physical state but the substance stays the same, for
example, when water cools and changes to ice; A chemical change is when a substance changes into another
substance, for example, when milk changes into yoghurt.
7. When an iron key rusts, what change in matter takes place? Complete.
It is a chemical change, because the key combines with oxygen to make iron oxide, or rust.
8. What are materials?
Materials are substances we use every day for making things because they have very useful properties.
9. Give two examples of each.
Natural materials from minerals: granite, marble; Natural materials from plants: cotton and wood; Natural
materials from animals: silk and wool.
10. Describe the properties of the materials used to make these glasses.
Aluminium is very light and resistant. The glass in the lenses is transparent.
ASSESSMENTs 6 test
1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. b, 5. a, 6. b, 7. a, 8. c, 9. a, 10. a
7 FORCES AND ENERGY
1. Look at the swing. Why is it moving?
The swing is moving because a force is acting on it: the child is pushing it.
2. What kind of force is acting in each picture?
A. A magnet: force of attraction; B. The apple is falling: force of gravity.
3. What is the force of friction? Explain and give an example.
Friction is a force between two surfaces which acts on objects to slow them down, for example, a skateboard
is slowed down by friction between the wheels and the road.
4. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources? Explain and give an example
of each.
Renewable energy sources never run out, for example, wind energy; Non-renewable energy sources cannot be
replaced once they have been used up, for example, coal.
In a toaster, electrical energy transforms into thermal energy; In a light bulb, electrical energy transforms into light
energy; With a candle, thermal energy transforms into light energy.
6. Classify these sources of energy.
Renewable energy sources: wind, sunlight, wood; Non-renewable energy sources: natural gas, coal, petroleum.
7. What are fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels are petroleum, coal and natural gas.
8. Write the names of six types of energy.
Six types of energy: mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, nuclear and light energy.
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Explain how a hydroelectric power station produces electricity.
In a hydroelectric power station mechanical energy from falling water is transformed into electrical energy.
9. Underline two errors in the text. Now, write the correct text.
Errors in text: oxygen; decreases. Correct sentence: When we burn fuels they produce carbon dioxide. This goes
into the atmosphere and increases the temperature of the planet. This is called global warming.
ASSESSMENTs 7 test
1. b, 2. a, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. b, 7. c, 8. c, 9. b, 10. a
8 LIGHT
1. Tick the picture that best represents how we see objects.
B.
T; T; F; T.
3. Explain what happens to light as it passes through the water.
If you put a pencil in a glass of water, it looks bent. This is because light is refracted when it passes from the air
to the water.
4. Tick the correct column.
Wood: opaque; Drinking water: translucent: Green glass: transparent
5. Draw the shadow of the apple.
O. A.
6. What is the dispersion of light? Give an example.
Light is dispersed into all the colours when it passes through a transparent prism. When the Sun shines and it
rains at the same time, we see a rainbow. This is because the raindrops act like tiny prisms: they separate
the white light into the seven colours of the rainbow.
A prism disperses a ray of light into the seven colours of the rainbow.
The primary colours of light are red, green and blue.
8. What colour is an object which reflects blue light? Explain.
Blue, because an object always reflects its own colour.
9. This text is not correct. Write the correct version.
White objects reflect all light and do not absorb any light. Black objects absorb all light and do not reflect
any light.
10. What colours does a green object absorb? What colours does it reflect?
A green object absorbs red, blue, magenta, white, yellow and cyan, and reflects green.
ASSESSMENTs 8 test
1. a, 2. c, 3. b, 4. a, 5. a, 6. c, 7. b, 8. a, 9. a, 10. c
9 WHERE WE LIVE
1. Write the word for each definition.
Municipality; Comarca; Province.
2. What kind of comarca is in the picture?
A mountain comarca.
3. Write two examples of services in a comarca.
Hospitals; schools.
4. Where are the basic services of a comarca found?
They are usually found in the town with the best means of transport and communications.
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5. What types of jobs do many of the inhabitants of a comarca share?
Agriculture; Stockbreeding; Fishing; Industry; Tourism.
6. Explain how the territory of Spain is organised.
It is organised into seventeen Autonomous Communities. It also has two Autonomous Cities, Ceuta and Melilla.
7. What are the symbols of an Autonomous Community?
A coat of arms and a flag. Some Communities also have a hymn.
F; T; T; F.
Galicia: A Coruña, A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense, Pontevedra; Rioja: Logroño, Rioja; Extremadura: Merida, Caceres and
Badajoz; Cantabria: Santander, Cantabria
10. Write about your Autonomous Community or City.
O. A.
ASSESSMENTs 9 test
1. c, 2. a, 3. b, 4. b, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. a, 10. c
10 LANDSCAPES
1. Look at the map and circle the area of your Autonomous Community or ypur Autonomous City.
O. A.
2. Answer.
Inland landscapes consist of mountains and plains. Coastal landscapes are near the sea. O. A.
3. Describe the relief of your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.
O. A.
4. What is the name of the highest peak in your Autonomous Community or City? Where is it?
O. A.
5. What is the name of the most important river in your Autonomous Community or City?
O. A.
6. Is this sentence correct? Explain why or why not.
O. A.
7. What things do we need to know to find out the climate of a place?
We need to know typical weather patterns over a long period of time.
8. Describe the temperature and precipitation in your Autonomous Community or City.
O. A.
9. What fauna is characteristic of your Autonomous Community or City?
O. A.
10. Write the name of four plant species found in your Autonomous Community or City.
O. A.
ASSESSMENTs 10 test
1. a, 2. c, 3. c, 4. c, 5. b, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. b, 10. c
11 POPULATION AND TRADITIONS
1. Write definitions for these words.
municipal register: this is a list of the people who live in a municipality; census: this is a list of the inhabitants of
a municipality, a province or a country.
2. Explain the difference between immigrant and emigrant.
An Immigrant comes to live in a new place, whereas an emigrant leaves his/her place of birth and goes to live
somewhere else.
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3. When does the population of a place increase?
When the number of births and immigrants is greater than the number of deaths and emigrants.
4. Read the sentence and underline the mistake.
Natural; Migratory growth is the difference between the immigrants that arrive and the emigrants that leave a place.
5. Look at the picture. Is the population increasing or decreasing? Explain.
Increasing (3 – 2 = 1) There is one birth and two immigrants who come to live in the town. There is one death
and one emigrant who leaves town.
6. What is natural growth?
Natural growth is the difference between the number of babies who are born in a place in one year and the
number of people who die.
7. Describe the population in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City.
O. A.
8. What are traditions? Give some examples.
Traditions are the customs of people in a particular place and include songs, dances, costumes, typical food,
legends, as well as the way of speaking. Some examples are: traditional dances of chotis in Madrid and
sevillanas in Andalusia. Tradition: the recreation of the battles between the Carthaginians and the Romans in
Cartagena, every September.
9. Write the names of these traditions.
A: Traditional building; B: Traditional dish; C: Traditional dance.
10. Complete the chart with an example for each tradition.
O. A.
ASSESSMENTs 11 test
1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. b, 5. a, 6. c, 7. c, 8. c, 9. c, 10. b
12 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
1. Name these jobs. Write the sectors they belong to.
farmer – primary; shoemaker – secondary; waiter – tertiary
2. Write two examples of jobs in this economic sector.
factory worker; T-shirt designer.
3. What economic activities are there in the primary sector in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City?
O. A.
4. Look at the picture and write: the name of the job, the sector it belongs to, and what the workers do.
Job: bricklayer; Sector: secondary; They build houses.
5. What kind of industries are there in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City?
O. A.
6. Explain.
O. A.
7. Complete.
Financial; Education; Health.
8. Is tourism important in your Autonomous Community or City? What are the most important tourist areas?
O. A.
9. Name three means of transport in your Autonomous Community or City.
O. A.
O. A.
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ASSESSMENTs 12 test
1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. a, 5. c, 6. c, 7. a, 8. c, 9. c, 10. c
13 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
1. What is the difference between general elections and elections in an Autonomous Community?
During general elections, citizens vote for the candidates of a political party. Those who win seats in the Lower
House of Parliament elect the President of the Government of Spain; During Autonomous Community elections,
citizens vote for the members of their Autonomous Community parliament.
2. Is it a right or an obligation? Write the answer for each.
Obligation; Right; Right; Obligation.
T; T; F; F.
4. Match.
Statutes – An Autonomous Community; Constitution – The State
5. Write the name of the institution of the Autonomous Community or City in charge of these functions.
The Statutes of Autonomy; Local council.
6. Read and explain what this sentence means.
All citizens 18 years old and over can choose and elect the candidates they prefer. Voting is confidential.
7. Write three groups which peacefully defend citizens’ interests.
Political parties; Neighbourhood associations; Trade unions
8. What does the right to equality mean?
The right to equality means that we have the obligation not to discriminate against anybody because of their sex,
race, religion or beliefs.
9. Answer.
The citizens; The Autonomous Community Parliament.
political party; election manifesto; candidates; electoral campaign.
ASSESSMENTs 13 test
1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. c, 5. b, 6. b, 7. b, 8. a, 9. c, 10. b
14 LIFE THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO
1. Number the transport from the oldest to the most modern.
B: 1; A: 2; C: 3.
2. Tick the true answers. Then, correct the false ones.
T; T; F; F.
Noblemen lived in castles; Romans built aqueducts to carry water to their cities.
3. What buildings did the Romans have for entertainment?
Theatres for performing plays; Amphitheatres for watching gladiator fights; Circuses for watching chariot races;
Bath houses, called thermae, for bathing and relaxing.
buildings: castles, huts; transport: on foot, on horseback or in horse-drawn carts; historical remains:
Romanesque and Gothic churches.
5. Describe these buildings.
Domus were private houses for rich people. They were large homes with an atrium, or patio, in the centre to let in
light, and a pool to collect rainwater; Insulae were apartment buildings for the poorer people. They had three or
four storeys, and were crowded and uncomfortable.
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6. Describe the different characteristics of Romanesque and Gothic churches.
Romanesque churches had very thick stone walls and round arches. They were built with only a few small
windows, so they were dark inside; Gothic churches had thinner stone walls, vaulted stone roofs and pointed
arches. They were larger and taller than Romanesque churches, and brighter inside because they had many large
windows.
7. Where did most peasants live in Medieval times?
Peasants lived in villages near castles. They lived in simple huts made of wood, straw and mud, with one single
room.
8. Look at the picture and answer.
A castle; On a hill, to keep it safe from attack; The walls and the towers.
9. Circle the object used many thousands of years ago. Explain your choice.
B: The first human beings made clay pots for storing, transporting and cooking food.
10. Match the buildings to their uses.
A place for chariot races: circus; A place for gladiator fights: amphitheatre; A place to worship the gods: temple.
ASSESSMENTs 14 test
1. c, 2. b, 3. b, 4. c, 5. a, 6. a, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. b
15 LIFE HUNDREDS OF YEARS AGO
1. Write about these inventions.
The printing press is one of the most important inventions of all time. It could make many copies, much faster.
Cheaper books helped more people receive an education; The steamship modernised travel and everyday life.
It was faster and did not depend on wind power to move; The high-speed train moves twice as fast as traditional
trains and is safer and more comfortable.
2. Read and write: 500 years ago, 200 years ago, or nowadays.
Workers lived in poor city neighbourhoods with no sewage system: 200 years ago; Rich people lived in palaces:
500 years ago; People live in tall buildings or in family homes: nowadays.
buildings: palaces, two-storey houses, simple houses; transport: on foot, on horseback, horse-drawn carriages.
historical monuments: palaces.
4. What did the magnetic compass, the astrolabe and the caravel modernise? Explain.
Navigation at sea.
5. Explain why cities grew rapidly 200 years ago.
Because peasants abandoned villages to go and work in factories, in the cities.
6. What new means of transport were invented 200 years ago?
Steam trains and steamships.
7. Write three inventions from the Industrial Revolution.
Electricity; Telephone; Radio.
8. Look at the house. Then, read the text and circle the correct words.
hundred; cities; two; workshops; bottom; top.
F; T; T; F.
The steam engine modernised transport 200 years ago; Satellite television and the Internet were invented less
than 100 years ago.
10. Number the inventions in order from the most ancient to the most modern.
1: C; 2: A; 3: D; 4: B.
ASSESSMENTs 15 test
1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. c, 5. c, 6. b, 7. c, 8. c, 9. b, 10. c
189714 _ 0109-0163.indd 163 19/07/11 9:36

FICHAS INTELIGENCIA 4º

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FICHAS INTELIGENCIA 4º