Unit 3 Vocab
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This document defines and provides examples of key biological terms related to cell membranes and transport. It defines terms like amphipathic, aquaporins, concentration gradient, contractile vacuole, cotransport, diffusion, electrochemical gradient, hypertonic, hypotonic, integral protein, isotonic, ligands, membrane potential, osmoregulation, osmosis, passive transport, peripheral protein, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, plasmolysis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transport protein. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like aquaporins regulating water flow, concentration gradients directing cell development, cotransport of molecules, diffusion of food coloring in water, and plasmolysis in plant cells.
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transport across cell membranes
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1. Membrane proteins can be integral, lipid-anchored, or peripheral. Integral proteins span the phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. Lipid-anchored proteins are bound to membrane lipids. Peripheral proteins interact indirectly or directly with membrane lipids or other proteins.
2. Aquaporins are integral proteins that transport water and small molecules across membranes. They form tetramers with six membrane-spanning helices. Porins form beta-barrel structures that allow specific molecules to pass through the outer membranes of bacteria and organelles.
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The document discusses mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane. It explains that transport is necessary for cells to exchange materials and carry out life functions. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through freely via diffusion or with the assistance of transport proteins via facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient using pumps and carriers. The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that facilitate different types of transport.
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This slide presentations contains about the transport system of the cell.
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The document discusses the structure and functions of plasma membranes. It begins by describing the plasma membrane as a selectively permeable barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings. The membrane is made up of a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins. Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Membrane proteins are embedded within the bilayer. The membrane is fluid and allows for lateral movement of components. Membranes regulate the passage of substances through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion using transport proteins, and active transport using ATP-powered pumps. Membranes also contain integral and peripheral proteins that carry out important cell functions like transport, signaling, recognition and attachment.
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Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient or other resistance, using cellular energy. Unlike passive transport which moves molecules down a concentration gradient, active transport moves molecules up a gradient using ATP or an electrochemical gradient. It accumulates molecules the cell needs, such as ions, glucose, and amino acids. There are two types: primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses an electrochemical gradient. Examples include glucose and mineral ion uptake in humans and plants.
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Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis. Include the role that the
solute concentration plays in the direction of water movement. Now think about how this process
may differ between plant and animal cells. For instance, how might cell walls disrupt the role of
solute concentration and cause one to refute a hypothesis for the direction of water movement
based on water concentration alone?
Solution
Let me first briefly descibe you how does osmosis happen. Consider there are two compartments
contaning a particular solute in a solvent seperated by a semi permeable membrane. If there
exists a solute difference between the two compartments, then solvent moves from the region of
lower conceration (with respect to solute) to higher concentration (with respect to solute) until it
reaches equilibrium. That means semi permeable membrane is permeable to solvent. Now comes
the situation of in vivo (i.e., within the body). The cells, whether from animals or plants are
usually hypertonic in nature that means cells have higher ionic concentration compared to its
external environment (water is the solvent). Then how do these cells maintain such a higher ionic
concentration by refuting the process of osmosis/diffusion. First let us consider the plant cell.
Plant cell has two coverages, namely plasma membrane and cell wall. Cell wall in plant cell is
made up of cellulose and cellulose is a polysacharide provides the rigidity to the cells. Actually,
it is the plasma membrane which does not allow the movement of water molecules to cross based
on gradient of solutes. Let me talk about the cell wall at the end of this answer. What makes that
plasma membrane to refute the law of osmosis ? It is its structural organization. Plasma
membrane is made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins mainly. Phospholipids are
oriented in bilayer form facing its hydrophilic (water loving) head at both the ends interacing
with cytoplasma and extracellular environment and its hydrophobic (water hating) tails are
oriented deep within the membrane interacing each other. Plasma membrane of either plant or
animal are highly impermeable to the solutes and water. Permeability of plasma membrane
highly depends on the nature of solutes. If solute is smaller in size and hydrophobic in nature it
diffuses through the membrane quiet easily but it is difficult for the hydrophilic and largge size
solutes. Charge of the solutes also plays the major role. It is not only based on the concentration
gradient but also based on charge gradient. Hence it is known as electrochemical gradient. It is
actually a beautiful mechanism of cells to produce energy required for the cell based on
electrochemical gradient (within mitochondria) And for water, it is difficult to pass through.
There is a term called \"Activation energy\". Energy need to be supplied in order to facilitate the
movement of solutes.Lower the activation energy, lesser the energy required and vica versa.
Comi.
The plasma membrane and material transport
The plasma membrane maintains the internal environment of cells through selective permeability. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and attached proteins. Molecules move across the membrane via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. These processes allow for the exchange of materials while maintaining different internal and external compositions.
Bio Ch 7 Pwpt
The document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function from a biology textbook chapter. It discusses how the plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins that forms a selectively permeable barrier. Membrane proteins and transport proteins allow certain substances to pass through the membrane via passive transport processes like diffusion and osmosis, maintaining water balance in cells.
form4(BIOLOGY) chap3 pt1
This document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in cells. It covers the structure of the plasma membrane and the different mechanisms of transport, including passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport which requires energy. Key differences between passive and active transport are that passive transport follows the concentration gradient and does not require energy, while active transport moves substances against the gradient and needs cellular energy.
Subtopic 3 1[1] FORM 5
This document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in cells. It covers the structure of the plasma membrane and the different mechanisms of transport, including passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport is also discussed, which requires cellular energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. Key differences between passive and active transport are compared.
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
The plasma membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds cells and controls what moves in and out. It is made of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer. The membrane regulates passage through selective permeability and transport mechanisms like diffusion. It contains proteins for communication and maintains cell shape. When in different solutions, water movement changes cell volume and shape depending on solution concentration.
Membranes
The document summarizes key concepts about cell membranes:
1. Cell membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded. Cholesterol adds structure and prevents extremes of fluidity.
2. Membrane proteins perform important functions like transport, signaling, and attachment to the cytoskeleton.
3. Passive transport like diffusion and facilitated diffusion moves molecules down concentration gradients without energy. Active transport uses protein pumps and ATP to move molecules against gradients.
Cell membrane and transport
The document summarizes key concepts about the cell membrane. It describes how the cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads arranged in a bilayer. Proteins are embedded within this bilayer, which allows some substances to pass through more easily than others. The fluid mosaic model from the 1970s proposed that the membrane is a fluid structure with proteins diffusing freely within the phospholipid bilayer. Various modes of membrane transport are discussed, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across the membrane from high to low concentration.
27 ch06cellmembranediffusion2008
The document discusses the structure and function of the cell membrane. It begins by explaining that the membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads. This arrangement forms a barrier that allows some substances to pass through more easily than others. Integral proteins embedded in the bilayer create channels that make the membrane selectively permeable. The membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion utilizing protein channels, and active transport using protein pumps that move molecules against their concentration gradient.
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Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
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