1. The document discusses rate analysis and costing for construction projects. It covers collecting standard data on labor and machinery hours, analyzing market and schedule rates, and preparing cost estimates using computer software.
2. Key steps in rate analysis are collecting data on labor and material rates, quantities from standard data books, calculating costs, and adding overhead and profit to determine the unit rate.
3. Important considerations for rate analysis include drawings, specifications, labor costs, material costs and transportation, tools and plants, overhead charges, and contractors' profit. The analysis is done to accurately estimate costs.
Properties of Fresh and Hardened ConcreteRishabh Lala
1. The document discusses the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, including workability, strength, permeability, and durability.
2. Workability of fresh concrete refers to the effort required to mix and place the concrete without segregation. It is measured by tests like slump.
3. Compressive strength is an important property of hardened concrete, as concrete is designed to resist compressive loads. Strength depends on factors like water-cement ratio and compaction.
4. Permeability and durability are also important properties, as permeability affects how easily substances like water or salts can pass through concrete. Low permeability leads to higher durability.
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to produce concrete with the required strength, durability and workability at the lowest cost. It describes the factors that must be considered such as minimum strength, workability, water-cement ratio and aggregate size and grading. The different types of mixes are described as nominal, standard or design mixes. The key steps of mix design are outlined, including selecting the target strength, water-cement ratio, water content, cement content and aggregate volumes. Durability, aggregate properties and mix calculations are also summarized.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
Concrete is made up of ingredients like Cement, Fine Aggregate (Sand), Coarse Aggregate, Water and admixtures. Concrete mix design is done to Optimize the requirements of Cement, Sand, Aggregate and Water in order to ensure that concrete parameters in both Plastic Stage (like workability) and in Hardened Stage (like Compressive Strength and durability) are achieved. The Concrete mix design is as per Indian Standards (IS 10262) and might vary from country to country. The nominal mix design ratios available for concrete less than M30 in strength are only thumb rules and are generally over designed. As the actual site conditions vary and the mix design should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
Rate analysis and costing - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Standard Data – Observed Data – Schedule of rates – Market rates – Standard Data for Man Hours and Machineries for common civil works – Rate Analysis for all Building works, canals, and Roads– Cost Estimates
Valuation - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Definitions – Various types of valuations – Valuation methods - Necessity – Capitalised value – Depreciation – Escalation – Valuation of land – Buildings – Calculation of Standard rent – Mortgage – Lease
Properties of Fresh and Hardened ConcreteRishabh Lala
1. The document discusses the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, including workability, strength, permeability, and durability.
2. Workability of fresh concrete refers to the effort required to mix and place the concrete without segregation. It is measured by tests like slump.
3. Compressive strength is an important property of hardened concrete, as concrete is designed to resist compressive loads. Strength depends on factors like water-cement ratio and compaction.
4. Permeability and durability are also important properties, as permeability affects how easily substances like water or salts can pass through concrete. Low permeability leads to higher durability.
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to produce concrete with the required strength, durability and workability at the lowest cost. It describes the factors that must be considered such as minimum strength, workability, water-cement ratio and aggregate size and grading. The different types of mixes are described as nominal, standard or design mixes. The key steps of mix design are outlined, including selecting the target strength, water-cement ratio, water content, cement content and aggregate volumes. Durability, aggregate properties and mix calculations are also summarized.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
Concrete is made up of ingredients like Cement, Fine Aggregate (Sand), Coarse Aggregate, Water and admixtures. Concrete mix design is done to Optimize the requirements of Cement, Sand, Aggregate and Water in order to ensure that concrete parameters in both Plastic Stage (like workability) and in Hardened Stage (like Compressive Strength and durability) are achieved. The Concrete mix design is as per Indian Standards (IS 10262) and might vary from country to country. The nominal mix design ratios available for concrete less than M30 in strength are only thumb rules and are generally over designed. As the actual site conditions vary and the mix design should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
Rate analysis and costing - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Standard Data – Observed Data – Schedule of rates – Market rates – Standard Data for Man Hours and Machineries for common civil works – Rate Analysis for all Building works, canals, and Roads– Cost Estimates
Valuation - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Definitions – Various types of valuations – Valuation methods - Necessity – Capitalised value – Depreciation – Escalation – Valuation of land – Buildings – Calculation of Standard rent – Mortgage – Lease
Contracts - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Contract – Types of contracts – Formation of contract – Contract conditions – Contract for labour, material, design, construction – Drafting of contract documents based on IBRD / MORTH Standard bidding documents – Construction contracts – Contract problems – Arbitration and legal requirements.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
This document discusses quality control in concrete construction. It explains that concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures. Quality control is important to ensure the concrete has strength, durability, and aesthetics. Quality control involves testing the materials used, the fresh concrete mix, and the hardened concrete. Tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile, and flexural strength tests. The document outlines the quality control process from the production of materials to placement and curing of the concrete.
This document provides an analysis of rates for various civil engineering works including excavation, sand filling, brick masonry, concrete works, and reinforced cement concrete works. It includes calculations of quantities of materials required and rates analysis for a unit quantity (typically 1 cubic meter or 10 cubic meters) with breakdown of material and labor costs. Factors affecting rates and data required for rate analysis are also discussed.
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to select ingredients and determine their proportions to produce concrete of a certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. The key steps involve determining the target mean strength based on site conditions, selecting a water-cement ratio based on strength and durability requirements, choosing the maximum aggregate size and desired workability, and then calculating the cement content, coarse aggregate weight, fine aggregate weight, and final mix proportions. Field conditions like surface moisture must also be accounted for in the final design.
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
1) The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction including their classification, physical properties, and testing methods.
2) Aggregates are classified based on size, source, and density. Common physical properties examined include shape, texture, strength, specific gravity, porosity, and moisture content.
3) Key tests described are for crushing strength, impact value, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, absorption, and moisture content. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for uses like concrete.
Construction Management full lecture note-By Melese Mengistu.pdfMeleseMengistu
A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the
following characteristics:
A defined goal or objective, Specific tasks to be performed, A
defined beginning& end, and Resources being consumed.
Construction industry is different from other industries by its size, built
on-site, and generally unique.
Projects begin with a stated goal established by the owner and
accomplished by the project team.
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory uses the spring-mass analogy to model the behavior of saturated soil under loading. Pore water pressure dissipates over time as the soil skeleton gains effective stress and the spring compresses.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loading in an oedometer apparatus. Dial gauge readings over time are used to determine consolidation properties like coefficient of consolidation (cv) and compression index (Cc).
3. Soil compressibility is evaluated from void ratio-effective stress plots. The preconsolidation pressure σ'pc indicates the soil's maximum past stress and influences its compression path. Normally consolidated soils follow the normal compression line
The document discusses concrete mix design according to the IS method. It covers objectives of mix design such as achieving desired strength, workability and durability economically. Basic considerations like cost, specifications, workability, strength and durability are explained. Factors influencing mix design choice like grade of concrete, type of cement, aggregate size and grading, water-cement ratio, workability and durability are outlined. Nominal and design mixes are compared. The IS method of mix design is then described which involves specifying a target average compressive strength based on the characteristic strength and standard deviation.
Estimation introduction - Estimation, Costing and Valuation (ECV)Shanmugasundaram N
This document provides an overview of a course on Estimation, Costing and Valuation Engineering. The course covers topics such as quantity estimation for buildings, rate analysis and cost estimation, specifications and tenders, contracts, and valuation. The objectives are for students to learn how to prepare estimates, call for tenders, and execute construction works. Key outcomes include estimating quantities, rate analysis, understanding contract types and specifications, and evaluating property valuation. The course is divided into 5 units covering these various topics and their applications to estimating costs for structures like buildings, roads, and culverts.
This document contains instructions for 10 laboratory experiments related to highway engineering materials testing. The experiments include tests on aggregate such as the Los Angeles abrasion test, specific gravity, and water absorption. Tests on bitumen include determining specific gravity, penetration value, softening point, and ductility. The introduction provides background on concrete materials including cement, water, and aggregates. It describes properties and roles of each material in concrete. Definitions and properties of soils and aggregates used in highways are also given.
This document provides information on concrete mix design using different methods like the American Concrete Institute (ACI) method, Indian Standard (IS) method, and an example calculation using the IS method. It discusses variables in proportioning concrete mixes like water-cement ratio, cement-aggregate ratio, aggregate gradation, and consistency. For the ACI method, it outlines the steps to determine the quantities of ingredients including collecting material data, selecting water-cement ratio and workability, determining water content, and calculating cement, aggregate, and sand quantities. For the IS method, it describes the 7 steps including selecting water-cement ratio, estimating air content, selecting water and sand contents, and calculating cement and aggregate quantities. An
Strength and durability of concrete - Repair and rehabilitation of structures...Shanmugasundaram N
Quality assurance for concrete – Strength, Durability and Thermal properties, of concrete - Cracks, different types, causes – Effects due to climate, temperature, Sustained elevated temperature, Corrosion - Effects of cover thickness.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Analyis of Rate MODULE VI October 2022.pptxrekhat26
The document discusses the analysis of rates and quantities of materials for construction projects. It describes how to determine the rate per unit of various construction items by estimating: (1) the quantity and cost of required materials; (2) labor costs; (3) equipment and tool costs; (4) overhead charges; and (5) profit margin. The analysis is used to set local rates, evaluate contractor bids, plan projects, and set labor contracts. Specific examples are provided for estimating rates for damp proof course, brick soling, and cement plastering.
This document provides a rate analysis for 10 cubic meters of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slab with a mix ratio of 1:2:4.
The rate analysis calculates costs for materials, labor, equipment rental, water charges, and contractor profit. Material costs include cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and steel reinforcement. Labor costs account for masons for mixing, transporting, placing, binding, and shuttering.
The total cost is Rs. 84,996, to which water charges of 1.5% and 10% contractor profit are added. The final rate calculated per cubic meter of RCC slab is Rs. 9,477.
Contracts - Estimation, Costing and Valuation EngineeringShanmugasundaram N
Contract – Types of contracts – Formation of contract – Contract conditions – Contract for labour, material, design, construction – Drafting of contract documents based on IBRD / MORTH Standard bidding documents – Construction contracts – Contract problems – Arbitration and legal requirements.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
This document discusses quality control in concrete construction. It explains that concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures. Quality control is important to ensure the concrete has strength, durability, and aesthetics. Quality control involves testing the materials used, the fresh concrete mix, and the hardened concrete. Tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile, and flexural strength tests. The document outlines the quality control process from the production of materials to placement and curing of the concrete.
This document provides an analysis of rates for various civil engineering works including excavation, sand filling, brick masonry, concrete works, and reinforced cement concrete works. It includes calculations of quantities of materials required and rates analysis for a unit quantity (typically 1 cubic meter or 10 cubic meters) with breakdown of material and labor costs. Factors affecting rates and data required for rate analysis are also discussed.
This document discusses the process of concrete mix design. The goal of mix design is to select ingredients and determine their proportions to produce concrete of a certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. The key steps involve determining the target mean strength based on site conditions, selecting a water-cement ratio based on strength and durability requirements, choosing the maximum aggregate size and desired workability, and then calculating the cement content, coarse aggregate weight, fine aggregate weight, and final mix proportions. Field conditions like surface moisture must also be accounted for in the final design.
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
1) The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction including their classification, physical properties, and testing methods.
2) Aggregates are classified based on size, source, and density. Common physical properties examined include shape, texture, strength, specific gravity, porosity, and moisture content.
3) Key tests described are for crushing strength, impact value, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, absorption, and moisture content. Proper testing ensures aggregates meet requirements for uses like concrete.
Construction Management full lecture note-By Melese Mengistu.pdfMeleseMengistu
A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the
following characteristics:
A defined goal or objective, Specific tasks to be performed, A
defined beginning& end, and Resources being consumed.
Construction industry is different from other industries by its size, built
on-site, and generally unique.
Projects begin with a stated goal established by the owner and
accomplished by the project team.
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory uses the spring-mass analogy to model the behavior of saturated soil under loading. Pore water pressure dissipates over time as the soil skeleton gains effective stress and the spring compresses.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loading in an oedometer apparatus. Dial gauge readings over time are used to determine consolidation properties like coefficient of consolidation (cv) and compression index (Cc).
3. Soil compressibility is evaluated from void ratio-effective stress plots. The preconsolidation pressure σ'pc indicates the soil's maximum past stress and influences its compression path. Normally consolidated soils follow the normal compression line
The document discusses concrete mix design according to the IS method. It covers objectives of mix design such as achieving desired strength, workability and durability economically. Basic considerations like cost, specifications, workability, strength and durability are explained. Factors influencing mix design choice like grade of concrete, type of cement, aggregate size and grading, water-cement ratio, workability and durability are outlined. Nominal and design mixes are compared. The IS method of mix design is then described which involves specifying a target average compressive strength based on the characteristic strength and standard deviation.
Estimation introduction - Estimation, Costing and Valuation (ECV)Shanmugasundaram N
This document provides an overview of a course on Estimation, Costing and Valuation Engineering. The course covers topics such as quantity estimation for buildings, rate analysis and cost estimation, specifications and tenders, contracts, and valuation. The objectives are for students to learn how to prepare estimates, call for tenders, and execute construction works. Key outcomes include estimating quantities, rate analysis, understanding contract types and specifications, and evaluating property valuation. The course is divided into 5 units covering these various topics and their applications to estimating costs for structures like buildings, roads, and culverts.
This document contains instructions for 10 laboratory experiments related to highway engineering materials testing. The experiments include tests on aggregate such as the Los Angeles abrasion test, specific gravity, and water absorption. Tests on bitumen include determining specific gravity, penetration value, softening point, and ductility. The introduction provides background on concrete materials including cement, water, and aggregates. It describes properties and roles of each material in concrete. Definitions and properties of soils and aggregates used in highways are also given.
This document provides information on concrete mix design using different methods like the American Concrete Institute (ACI) method, Indian Standard (IS) method, and an example calculation using the IS method. It discusses variables in proportioning concrete mixes like water-cement ratio, cement-aggregate ratio, aggregate gradation, and consistency. For the ACI method, it outlines the steps to determine the quantities of ingredients including collecting material data, selecting water-cement ratio and workability, determining water content, and calculating cement, aggregate, and sand quantities. For the IS method, it describes the 7 steps including selecting water-cement ratio, estimating air content, selecting water and sand contents, and calculating cement and aggregate quantities. An
Strength and durability of concrete - Repair and rehabilitation of structures...Shanmugasundaram N
Quality assurance for concrete – Strength, Durability and Thermal properties, of concrete - Cracks, different types, causes – Effects due to climate, temperature, Sustained elevated temperature, Corrosion - Effects of cover thickness.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Analyis of Rate MODULE VI October 2022.pptxrekhat26
The document discusses the analysis of rates and quantities of materials for construction projects. It describes how to determine the rate per unit of various construction items by estimating: (1) the quantity and cost of required materials; (2) labor costs; (3) equipment and tool costs; (4) overhead charges; and (5) profit margin. The analysis is used to set local rates, evaluate contractor bids, plan projects, and set labor contracts. Specific examples are provided for estimating rates for damp proof course, brick soling, and cement plastering.
This document provides a rate analysis for 10 cubic meters of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slab with a mix ratio of 1:2:4.
The rate analysis calculates costs for materials, labor, equipment rental, water charges, and contractor profit. Material costs include cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and steel reinforcement. Labor costs account for masons for mixing, transporting, placing, binding, and shuttering.
The total cost is Rs. 84,996, to which water charges of 1.5% and 10% contractor profit are added. The final rate calculated per cubic meter of RCC slab is Rs. 9,477.
The document provides information about the course CE8701 Estimation, Costing and Valuation Engineering. It discusses the objectives of the course which is to provide knowledge in estimation, tender practices, contract procedures and valuation. It outlines the 5 units that will be covered: quantity estimation, rate analysis and costing, specifications, reports and tenders, contracts, and valuation. It also provides examples of how to prepare rough cost estimates using the plinth area and unit base methods and how to take out quantities for preparing a detailed estimate using the centre line and long wall and short wall methods.
The document discusses project cost estimation for civil engineering projects. It explains that project cost estimation involves valuing all costs for planning, implementation, and monitoring stages. These costs include preliminary investigation, design, construction, land, and monitoring. Cost estimation is important to understand project budgets, determine actual unit costs, aid in bidding, and account for cost changes. The document outlines different types of cost estimation like preliminary and detailed estimates. It also describes how to calculate costs for materials, labor, equipment, and indirect costs to determine the total estimated project price.
The document provides an introduction to the concepts of estimation and quantity surveying in construction projects. It discusses the key steps and considerations in preparing different types of cost estimates, including preliminary, detailed, quantity, revised, and annual repair estimates. Various methods for preparing approximate estimates are described, such as the service unit method, plinth area method, floor area method, carpet area method, percentage method, and cubical content method. Requirements for preparing accurate estimates like drawings, specifications, and rate analysis are also outlined.
The document discusses key aspects of quantity surveying and cost estimation for construction projects. It covers the need for and types of estimates, including rough and detailed estimates. It also describes methods for taking out quantities and preparing bills of quantities. Factors to consider in estimation and common units of measurement are outlined.
Here are the steps to estimate the manufacturing cost per 100 kg of product:
1. Raw material cost = $0.25/kg x 100 kg = $25
2. Utilities cost
- Steam = 50 kg/kg x $0.05/kg = $2.5
- Electric power = 0.9 kWh/kg x $0.1/kWh = $0.09
- Water = 0.083 m3/kg x $1/m3 = $0.083
- Total utilities = $2.5 + $0.09 + $0.083 = $2.633
3. Labor cost
- No. of employees per shift = 12
- W
This document discusses cost estimation for manufacturing processes. It defines cost estimation as predicting production costs before actual manufacturing. The key steps in cost estimation are: 1) Analyzing the product and creating a bill of materials, 2) Estimating material, labor, tooling and purchased part costs, 3) Calculating direct costs, overhead costs and profit to determine a selling price. Common cost estimation methods include factor analysis, material cost ratios, and detailed analysis of each manufacturing operation and cost element. Accurate cost estimation allows companies to set prices, evaluate product feasibility, and make production planning decisions.
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
2. UNIT II RATE ANALYSIS AND COSTING 9
• Standard Data – Observed Data – Schedule of rates – Market rates –
Standard Data for Man Hours and Machineries for common civil
works – Rate Analysis for all Building works, canals, and Roads– Cost
Estimates (additional practice in class room using Computer
softwares) - (Analysis of rates for the item of work asked, the data
regarding labour, rates of material and rates of labour to be given in
the Examination Question Paper)
3. DATA
• The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is
called as Data. In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and
labour are obtained from current standard scheduled of rates and
while the quantities of materials and labour required for one unit of
item are taken from Standard Data Book
4. DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
1. DRAWINGS
• If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the
preparation of estimation become very difficult. So, It is very essential
before preparing an estimate.
5. 2. SPECIFICATIONS
a) General Specifications:
This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in
general terms to be used in various parts of work. It helps to form a
general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications:
These gives the detailed description of the various items of work
laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their
proportions, the method of preparation workmanship and execution of
work.
6. 3. RATES:
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work
are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters,
Mazdoor, etc.,
7. COMPLETE ESTIMATE:
Most of people think that the estimate of a structure includes cost of
land, cost of materials and labour, But many other direct and indirect
costs included and is shown below.
The complete Estimate includes
i) Cost of Land
a) Actual cost of land
b) Cost of surveying
c) Cost of Verification of deeds & execution of deeds
d) Brokerage if any
ii) PS & contingencies at 5%
iii) Legal expenses between owner and contractor
8. iv) Cost of Structure
a) Cost of materials
b) Cost of labour
c) Consulting Engineer fee
i) cost for preparation of plan, estimate and design
ii) Cost of supervision
d) Permit fees for construction water, electricity from concerned
authorities
9. LUMPSUM
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in caseof
petty items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lumpsum
items or simply L.S.Items.
The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.
1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.
2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,
3. Architectural features.
4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.
• In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the
above L.S.Items
• Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual
cost should not exceed the L.S. amounts provided in the main estimate.
10. WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:
• During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled
supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on
temporary basis. The salaries of these persons are drawn from the
L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged establishment. that is,
establishment which is charged directly to work. an L.S. amount of 1½
to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the work charged
establishment.
11. FIXING OF RATE PER UNIT OF AN ITEM
The rate per unit of an item includes the following:
• Quantity of materials & cost
• Cost of labour
• Cost of equipment (T&P)
• Overhead charges
12. 1. Quantity of materials & cost
The requirement of materials is taken strictly in accordance with standard
data book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first cost, freight, insurance
and transportation charges.
2. Cost of labour:
• The exact number of labourers required for unit of work and the
multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.
3. Cost of equipment (T&P):
• Some works need special type of equipment, tools and plant. In such
case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated cost is provided.
4. Overhead charges:
To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of equipment salaries of
staff postage, lighting an amount of 4% of estimate cost is allocated.
13. SCHEDULE OF RATES
Definition:
• In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors
affecting the rate of that item are studied carefully and then finally a
rate is decided for that item. This process of determining the rates of
an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
14. The rate of particular item of work depends on the following
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion
and constructional Operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and
conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
15. PROCEDURE OF RATE ANALYSIS
• Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.
• The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the
transport local taxes and other charges.
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
• To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
• To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing
the particulars item.
• To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract
bond, but are to be done as per the directions of the department.
• To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and
labour or due to change in technique.
16. REQUIREMENT OF LABOUR AND MATERIALS
• Cost of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates
• The labour can be classified in to
1) Skilled 1st class
2) Skilled IInd Class
3) un skilled
• The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of
rates 30% of the skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as Ist
class, remaining 70% as IInd class. The rates of materials for
Government works are fixed by the superintendent Engineer for his
circle every year and approved by the Board of Chief Engineers. These
rates are incorporated in the standard schedule of rates.
17. Lead statement:
The distance between the source of availability of material and
construction site is known as "Lead " and is expected in Km. The cost of
conveyance of material depends on lead. This statement will give the
total cost of materials per unit item. It includes first cost, conveyance
loading, unloading stacking, charges etc. The rate shown in the lead
statement are for metalled road and include loading and staking
charges. The environment lead on the metalled roads are arrived by
multiplying by a factor
• a) for metal tracks - lead x 1.0
• b) For cartze tracks - Lead x 1.1
• c) For Sandy tracks - lead x 1.4
20. Contractor Profit & Overhead Charges
In the Standard Data, 14% is added towards Contractor’s Profit &
Overhead Charges
Overheads include
• Site accommodation, setting up plant, access road, water supply,
electricity and general site arrangements
• Office furniture, equipment and communications
• Corporate office of contractor
• Site Supervision
• Documentation and “as built” drawings
• Mobilization/ de-mobilization of resources
21. Cont…
• Labour camps with minimum amenities and transportation to work
sites
• Light vehicles for site supervision including administrative and
managerial requirements
• Laboratory equipment and quality control including field and
laboratory testing
• Minor T&P and survey instruments
• Watch and Ward
• Traffic Management during construction
• Expenditure on safeguarding environment
• Work Insurance/ Compensation
22. Preparation of Cost Estimate:
It Should include the following as Enclosure to the Estimate.
(i) Checklist or Slip
(ii) Inspection Report
(iii) Report, accompanying Estimate
(iv) General Abstract
(v) Abstract Estimate
(vi) Detailed Estimate
(vii) Civil Data or Rate Analysis
(viii) Lead Statement
(ix) Quarry Map
(x) Approved Drawings, should contain
(a)LS & (b)CS
(xi) Index Map on Toposheet
23. ANALYSIS OF RATES
• Analysis of rates – is usually worked out for the unit of payment of the
particular item of work under two heads
i) Materials and
ii) Labour
• Cost added together give the cost of items of work.
• a) For tools and plants and miscellaneous items provision should be
made.
• b) 1 ½ % of total cost should be provided for water charges
• c) 10% of total cost should be added for Contractors Profit
24. • Task or Out Turn – The capacity of doing work by an artisan or skilled
labour in the form of quantity of work per day is known as task-work
or out-turn of the labour.
• The out-turn of work artisan varies to some extent according to the
nature, size, height, situation, location etc.
To Remember:
• 1 ft. = 30.48 cm
• 1 cu.m = 35.3 cu.ft
• 100 cu.ft = 2.83 cu.m
• 1000 cu.ft = 28.30 cu.m
• 1 sq.m = 10.7 sq.ft - approx. 10 sq.ft
• 10 sq.m = 100 sq.ft (approx)
25. Steps to be followed for the Rate Analysis :
a) First work out the quantities of materials required for particular item
of work, then cost of materials.
b) Allocate number of labours required and cost of labour
c) Workout the cost of tools and plants and other miscellaneous
items(Under Lump sum head)
d) Then add 1 ½ % for water charges and 10 % profit
e) Work out the rate per unit
26. For Rate Analysis following sub-head cost area taken account:
a. Cost of materials: Original cost plus taxes.
b. Cost of labour: Number of labours x wages of labour per day.
c. Cost of equipment or T & P: Tools required for particular work.
d. Cost of water charges: 1 to 2% of cost of materials and labour.
e. Cost of overhead and profit: 10% of cost of material and labour.
• Total cost = a + b + c + d+ e
• Rate per unit item of work = Total Cost / Total quantity
27. Generally quantity taken for the rate analysis as follows
a. For mass works: 10 cu m(Example: Cement concrete work, RCC, Brick
Masonry work, etc.)
b. For surface works: 100 sq.m(Example: Pointing, Plastering, Flooring,
etc)
c. For Running meter works: 100 rmt (Example: Pipe line works, etc)
d. For Piece work: Per Number(1)
(Example: Fixing of plumbing items such as wash basin, WC, Taps etc)
28. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
• The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and
size and for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle
of units of measurements normally consists the following:
• Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in
numbers.
• Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand
rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running metres (RM)
• Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in
square meters (m2)
• Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work,
cement concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic metres.
29. RULES FOR MEASUREMENT
The rules for measurement of each item are invaribly described in IS-1200.
However some of the general rules are listed below.
• Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of
each item shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools
and plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required
shape, size and specification.
• In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or
thickness.
• All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
• Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
• Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
• Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum
30. RULES FOR MEASUREMENT
• Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be
measured separately under separate items.
• The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,
workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed. 6. In
case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories
shall be measured separately and the heights shall be described:
• from foundation to plinth level
• from plinth level to First floor level
• from Fist floor to Second floor level and so on.
31. Points to remember
• Weight and Volume of one bag of cement = 50 kg and 0.034 cu m
• Weight of steel = 7850 kg/m3
• For RC columns 1.5 to 2.0%(60 to 120 kg/m3)
• For RC beams 1.0 to 1.5%(80 to 120 kg/m3)
• For RC slabs 0.5 to 1.0%(40 to 80 kg/m3)
• For RC footings 0.5% (40 kg/m3)
32. Dry Volume requirement for Various Items of work
S.No. Items of Work
Total Dry Volume
reqd
1. Cement mortar for 10m3 volume 3 m3
2. Lime mortar for 10m3 volume 3.5 m3
3. Bricks required for 1m3 volume 500 nos
4. 12mm thick plastering in walls for 100 sq.m area 2 m3
5. 20mm thick plastering in walls for 100 sq.m area 3 m3
6. 12mm thick plastering in ceiling for 100 sq.m area 1.8 m3
7. 6mm thick plastering in ceiling for 100 sq.m area 1 m3
8. 2.5cm thick cement concrete flooring for 100 sq.m area 4.125 m3
9. 4cm thick cement concrete flooring for 100 sq.m area 6.6 m3
10. 20mm thick cement concrete flooring for 100 sq.m area 3.3 m3
11. Plain cement concrete for 10m3 volume 15.2 m3
12. Cement pointing for 100 sq.m area. 0.6 m3
33. Cost of Labour as per SOR 2020-21
S.No. Particulars Rate
1. Head Mason Rs. 650/Day
2. Mason Rs. 550/Day
3. Mazdoor - Men Rs. 400 - 500/Day
4. Mazdoor - Women Rs. 300 - 400/Day
5. Blacksmith Rs. 650/Day
6. Painter, Carpenter Rs. 600 - 700/Day
7. Bhisti Rs. 650/Day
8. Plumber Rs. 650/Day
36. Pblm 1. Calculate the quantity of material required for brickwork of volume 10m3
and take mix ratio of mortar as 1:6.
Solution:
• Size of brick = 20cm x 10 cm x 10cm
• Brick without mortar = 19 x 9 x 9 cm
• Number of brick required for 1cu.m of brick masonry = 1 / 0.2 x 0.1 x 0.1 = 500
nos
• Brick masonry for 10 cu.m = 10 x 500 = 5000 nos
• Actual volume = 5000 x .19 x .09 x .09 = 7.70 cu.m
• Thus quantity of wet mortar = 10 – 7.70 = 2.30 cu.m
• Add 10% wastage 2.30 + 0.23 = 2.53 cu m for 10 cu.m
• For 1 cu m quantity of wet mortar of Brickwork = 0.25 cu.m
• Dry mortar required for 1 m3 of Brickwork = 0.25 x 1.2 = 0.3 cu.m
• Dry mortar required for 10 m3 of Brickwork = 3 cu.m
37. • Sum of mix proportion: 1 + 6 = 7
Material Requirement:
• Cement = 3 / 7 = 0.43 cu m ~ 0.45 cu m
= 0.45/0.034 = 13 bags
• Sand = 0.43 x 6 = 2.58 cu m ~ 2.7 cu m
38.
39.
40. Pblm 2. Calculate the quantity of material required for plain cement
concrete of volume 10m3 and take mix ratio of mortar as 1:2:4.
Solution:
• To determine the quantity of materials for 10 cum concrete, the dry
volume 15.2 is divided by total proportion of the materials which gives
the quantity of cement in cu m. For 1:2:4
• Summation = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7
• Cement = 15.2 / 7 = 2.17 cu.m
• Sand = 2.17 x 2 = 4.34 cu.m
• Coarse aggregate = 2.17 x 4 = 8.69 cu.m
• Volume of 1bag of cement = 0.034 cu.m
• No, of cement bags required = 2.17/0.034 = 65.7 bags ~= 66bags
41. Pblm 3. Calculate the Quantity of material for the following items. –
for 1 m3
a) C.C. (1:2:4) for 20m3 of work
Solution:
• Summation = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7
• Quantity of cement = 1.52/7 x 20 = 4.34m3 = 4.34/0.034 = 127 bags
• Quantity of Sand = 2 x 4.34 = 8.63m3
• Quantity of aggregate = 4 x 4.34 = 17.36m3
42. b) C.C. (1:3:6) for 15m3 of work
Solution:
• Summation = 1 + 3 + 6 = 10
• Quantity of cement required = 1.52/10 x 15 = 2.28m3 = 2.28/0.034 =
67 bags
• Quantity of Sand required = 3 x 2.28 = 6.84m3
• Quantity of course aggregate = 6 x 2.28 = 13.68m3
43.
44. Pblm 4. Calculate the quantity of material required for 12 mm thick plaster with
cement mortar (1:6). Also prepare a cost estimate for materials and labour using
schedule of rates.
Solution:
a) Estimation of Materials
Assume plastering area = 100 sq.m
Hence volume of mortar for 12 mm plaster = 100 m × 0.012 m = 1.2 cum
Add 30 % more to the above volume for filling of joints, for making un uniform surface
well and for wastages
Thus total set volume of mortar including wastages and joint filling etc.
= 1.2 + (1.2 × 30100) = 1.56 cu.m.
As, 1.25 cu.m of dry volume of mortar materials produces 1.0 cu.m set mortar;
Volume of dry materials required for 1.56 cu m of set mortar is
= 1.25 × 1.56 cu.m = 1.95 cu m,
≈ 2 cu.m
Hence, volume of cement = 2 / 7 = 0.28 cu m.
Number of bags required = 0.28 / 0.0347 ≈ 8 bags.
Volume of sand required = 0.28 × 6 = 1.68 cu m.
45.
46. Pblm 5. Calculate the quantity of material required for Cement
Concrete (1:2:4) for RC work excluding reinforcement and
formwork. Also prepare a cost estimate for materials and labour
using schedule of rates.
Solution:
a) Estimation of Materials
Assume volume of R.C.C. = 10 cu m (Set volume)
1.52 cu.m dry volume of concrete making materials produces 1.0
cu.m set concrete
Therefore volume of dry materials required for 10 cu.m of set concrete is
15.2 cu m.
Sum of proportion of cement, sand and course aggregate = 1+2+4 = 7
Hence, volume of cement = 15.2/7 = 2.17 cu.m. ≈ 2.2 cu.m
Number of bags required = 2.2 / 0.0347 ≈ 64 bags.
Volume of sand required = 2.2 × 2 = 4.4 cu m.
Volume of course aggregate required = 2.2 × 4 = 8.8 cu m.
47.
48. Pblm 6. Calculate the quantity of material required for Rule
pointing in cement mortar (1:3) on brickwork on wall. Also
prepare a cost estimate for materials and labour using
schedule of rates.
Solution:
a) Estimation of Materials
An empirical quantity of 0.6 cu.m (dry) mortar is required for 100 sq.
m of Rule and Tuck pointing. In case of Flush pointing 75% of above
quantity is required.
Hence, volume of cement = 0.6 / 4 = 0.1575 cu m.
Number of bags required = 0.15 / 0.034 ≈ 4.8 bags.
Volume of sand required = 0.15 × 3 = 0.48 cu m.