The document discusses the process of estimating for construction projects. It explains that estimates are needed to determine the approximate quantities of materials and labor costs required. There are different types of estimates including approximate estimates which provide an initial cost, and detailed estimates which provide a cost closer to the actual amount. Various methods are described for calculating estimates along with the units of measurement used. Record keeping forms like measurement sheets and abstract sheets are used to document the estimated costs.

2. Estimate is required to know the
QUANTITY OF MATERIAL and COST
OF WORK.

3. It is defined as the process of working
out the APPROXIMATE QUANTITY
of a work.
It is prepared by-
1. Working out Quantities.
2. Calculating the cost at suitable rates.

4. It is defined as the process of
determining the ACTUAL COST of the
work before starting the work.
Costing is done by use of-
1. Measurement sheets
2. Abstract Sheets.

5. To know Approximate Cost.
To know quantities of Materials &labors.
For getting Technical Sanction.
For inviting Tenders.
To get Time of Completion.

6. To know Actual Cost.
To do Financial Planning.
Alterations in plans can be done if
costing goes beyond the capacity.

7. 1. Approximate Estimate: It gives us an
Approximate amount needed for the project.
2. Detailed Estimate: It gives us a Detailed
amount which is very near to the actual
amount needed for the project.

8. a) Service Unit Method
b) Plinth Area Method
c) Cubical Content Method
d) Typical Bay Method
e) Approximate Quantity Method

9. a) Revised Estimate
b) Supplementary Estimate
c) Revised & Supplementary Estimate
d) Repair & Maintenance Estimate
e) Renovation Estimate

10. It is a type of detailed estimate which is
prepared if in the project work there is
change in design and planning.
Also when actual cost of construction
increases by 5 to 10%.
Even if there are material changes from
original proposal, still Revised estimate is made.

11. It is a type of detailed estimate which is prepared
when there is additional work in the project.
E.g. If in a bedroom, attach toilet is not provided in
original estimate & later it is decided to construct
the toilet block, Supplementary Estimate is
necessary.

12. It is a type of detailed estimate which
is prepared if it is
combine Revised
necessary to
Estimate &
Supplementary Estimate.

13. It is a type of detailed estimate which is
prepared whenever it is necessary to repair
and maintain any structure in its working
condition.
Buildings- White washing, Color washing, Minor
Repairs etc.
Roads- Patch Work, Repairs of Bridges,
culverts etc.

14. It is a type of detailed estimate which
is prepared to do the Renovation of
Buildings, Bungalow, Flats etc. after
some years of use.

15. It is defined as the formal acceptance
of a proposal by competent authority.
It is prepared by Engineering
Department.

16. Proposal Contains- Approximate
Estimate and Preliminary Plans.
Competent Authorities- PWD Minister,
Chief Engineer, Superintending
Engineer etc.

17. It is defined as the sanction of
Detailed Estimate, Design calculations,
Quantities of work, Rates and Costs of
work by Competent Authority.
After Tech. Sanction, construction
work is started.

18. Authority Power
Chief Engineer (CE) Full Powers
Superintending Engineer (SE) Upto 1 Crore
Executive Engineer (EE) Upto 30 Lakhs
Assistant Executive Engineer
(AEE)
Upto 10 thousands

19. A report is prepared in which total cost
required for execution of project is
mentioned.
According to 5-years plan, finance is
sanctioned after administrative approval
of the project is Budget Provision.

20. 1. To prepare checklist of items as per
drawings.
2. Prepare Centre-line plan of the structure.
3. Calculate quantities of items of work.
4. Express all quantities in correct units of
measurements.
5. Prepare Estimate as per Drawings &
Specifications.
6. Prepare Measurement Sheet & Abstract
Sheet.

21. Items of work Unit/ Mode
1. Earthwork Cu.m
2. PCC for foundation Cu.m
3. RCC Cu.m
4. Brickwork Cu.m
5. Stone Masonry Cu.m
6. Concrete Cu.m
7. Door & Window Shutters Sq.m
8. Door & Window Frames Cu.m
9. DPC Sq.m
10. Plastering & Pointing Sq.m

22. Items of work
Unit/ Mode of
Measurement
11. Flooring Sq.m
12. Skirting RMT
13. Centering & Shuttering Sq.m
14. Dado Sq.m
15. Painting/Coloring Sq.m
16. Barbed Wire Fencing RMT
17. Tiled Roofing, G.I. Sheets Sq.m
18. Railing RMT
19. Pipe RMT
20. Wash Basin Numbers

23. Items of work
Unit/ Mode of
Measurement
21. Site Clearance Lump sum
22. Electric Wiring Points
23. Steel Reinforcement Kg/ Tonne
24. Sand Filling Cu.m
25. 10 cm thick Brickwall Sq.m
26. Nut bolts Kg
27. Laying of sewer pipe RMT
28. False Ceiling Sq.m
29. Cutting of big trees with disposal Numbers
30. Valves Numbers

24. 1. Site Clearance
2. Earthwork in excavation
3. PCC Bed in Foundation
4. RCC in Footing
5. Plinth Beam
6. Column
7. Floor Beams
8. Slab
9. Staircase
10. Plinth Filling
11. BBM for superstructure
12. Flooring
13. Internal Plaster
14. External Plaster
15. Internal Painting
16. External Painting

25. 1. Site Clearance
2. Earthwork in excavation
3. PCC Bed in Foundation
4. UCR Masonry in Foundation
5. DPC in CM (1:3)
6. Brick Masonry in CM (1:6)
7. Plinth Filling
8. Flooring
9. Internal Plaster
10. External Plaster
11. Internal Painting
12. External Painting

26. Printed Booklet having rates of different
works.
List of different items of work.
Serves as a guide in deciding rates of
various items of work.
If rates of contractor differs much from
DSR rates, his tender may be rejected.

27. Lengths shall be measured to the
nearest 0.01m.
Areas shall be measured to the nearest
0.01m2.
Volumes shall be measured to the
nearest 0.01m3.

28. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
1. Cement:
a) OPC
b) Fresh Stock
c) If stored for more than 60 days,
test before using

29. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
2. Coarse Aggregate:
a) Of hard broken stones (about 40mm)
b) Free from dust, organic materials
c) Well graded
d) Lesser voids

30. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
3. Fine Aggregate:
a) Of coarse sand (about 4.75 mm)
b) Free from dust, organic materials
c) Hard, sharp, angular
d) In dry condition

31. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
4. Water:
a) Clean & Potable
b) Free from acidic and alkaline matters
c) Free from other impurities

32. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
5. Proportion:
a) Must be measured using a Box
b) Volume of Box must be equal to volume of 1
bag of cement
c) Take 1 bag cement; 4 boxes Fine Aggregate
and 8 boxes of Coarse Aggregate

33. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
6. a. Machine Mixing:
a) First put Coarse agg. fine agg cement in hopper.
b) Let this dry mixture be mixed for at least 4 turns of
hopper
c) Then add water slowly
d) Mix this mixture for at least 2 minutes
e) Get a uniform colored and consistent mixture

34. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
6. b. Hand Mixing:
a) First dry mix Coarse agg., fine agg., and cement on
a smooth platform.
b) Slowly add water and mix again.
c) Mix shall be turned 3 times in dry condition and 3
times in wet condition.
d) It gives you a consistent and workable mixture.

35. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
7. Laying and Compacting:
a) Before laying concrete in trench, sprinkle some water
b) Concrete is laid slowly in layers not more than 20 cm
and compacted before putting another layer
c) Before 2nd layer is laid, make top surface of 1st layer
rough
d) All this process should be free from dust, leaves, earth
etc.

36. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
8. Curing:
a) Concrete must be kept wet for at
least 7 days
b) Curing using Gunny Bags or sprinkling
water at regular intervals

37. (A) PCC 1:4:8 for Foundation Concrete:
9. Measurements:
a) Measurement shall be taken in cu.m
for finished concrete
b) Measurements (Length, Breadth and
Depth) shall be accurate up to 0.01m.

38. Lengths shall be measured to the
nearest 0.01m
Areas shall be measured to the nearest
0.01m2
Volumes shall be measured to the
nearest 0.01m3

39. No deduction is made for following:
Opening each up to 1000sq cm 0.1 square meter
Ends of beams, post, rafters, etc. up to 500 sq.cm
or 0.05 sq.m in section.
Bed plate, wall plate, bearing of balcony (chajja)
and the like up to 10 cm depth. bearing of floor and
roof slabs are not deducted from masonry.

40. Deductions for Rectangular Opening:
Full deduction is made for rectangular
openings in masonry walls
Deductions = L x H x thickness of wall

41. Item
No.
Description
of Item
No. Length Breadth
Height
or
Depth
Quantity Remarks

42. Item
No.
Description
of Item
Quantity Unit Rate Unit of Rate Amount