3. SENSOR NODE TECHNOLOGY
A WSN node consists of a group of dispersed
sensors(motes) that have the responsibility of
covering a geographical area(sensor field) in terms
of some measured parameter(measurand).
A sensor supports a point –to-point link in which
reader end is attached to a wireline network.
Sensor nodes have wireless communication
capabilities and some logic signal processing,
topology management and transmission handling.
3
5. BASIC FUNCTIONALITY OF A WN
Depends on the application, typical basic functionality
1. Determine the value of a parameter at a given location
EX:
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Sunlight
Humidity
Different types of sensors with
Different sampling rate
Range of allowed values
(Cont
d---)
5
6. BASIC FUNCTIONALITY OF A WN
2. Detect the occurrence of events of interest and estimate
the parameters of the events
Ex:
Traffic-oriented WSN
Detect a vehicle moving through an intersection and
estimate
Speed
Direction of the vehicle
6(Contd---)
7. BASIC FUNCTIONALITY OF A WN
3. Classify an object that has been detected
Ex:
Classify vehicle in a traffic as
Car
Minivan
Light truck
Bus
7(Contd--
-)
8. BASIC FUNCTIONALITY OF A WN
4. Track an object
Ex:
In a military WSN
Track an enemy tank as it moves through the
geographic area covered by the network
8
9. SENSOR CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
Sensors can be classified, among others, according to one of the following criteria
Power supply requirements
Passive and active
Nature of the output signal
Digital and analog
Measurement operational mode
Deflection and null modes
Input/output dynamic relationships
Zero, first, second order, etc.
Measurand
Mechanical, thermal, magnetic, radiant, chemical
Physical measurement variable
Resistance, inductance, capacitance, etc
9
11. TECHNOLOGY FOR SENSING AND CONTROL
• Electric and Magnetic field sensors
• Radio-wave frequency sensors
• Optical
• Electro optic
• Infrared sensors
• Radars
• Lasers
• Location and navigation sensors
• Seismic and Pressure-wave sensors
• Environmental parameter sensors (e.g., wind, humidity, heat)
• Biochemical
• National Security–oriented sensors.
11
12. SENSOR PARAMETERS (MEASURANDS)
Typical sensor parameters (measurands) include
1. Physical measurement
Ex:
light and ultraviolet intensity (photo resistor)
Humidity, temperature (thermistor)
sound and acoustics
shock wave, seismic, physical pressure
video and image
Location (GPS)
12
(Contd---)
13. SENSOR PARAMETERS (MEASURANDS)
2. Chemical and biological measurements
Ex:
Presence or Concentration of a substance or
agent at specified concentration levels
(More than 50 biological agents of interest)
13
(Contd--
-)
14. SENSOR PARAMETERS (MEASURANDS)
3. Event measurement
Ex:
Determination of the occurrence of Human-made or
natural events
Cyber-level events
Tracking of internal and external events
14
15. NODE FUNCTIONALITY
Digital signal processing (e.g., FFT/DCT(time or space)),
Compression
Forward error correction
Encryption
Control and actuation
Clustering and in-network computation
Communication
Routing and forwarding
Connectivity management
15
16. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Sensing and actuation unit (single element or
array)
Processing unit
Communication unit
Power unit
Application-dependent units
16
18. FOUR HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS
1. Power
Energy infrastructure to support operation from a few hours to months or years
2. Computational Logic and Storage
To handle
Onboard data processing and manipulation
Transient and short-term storage
Encryption
Forward error correction (FEC)
Digital modulation and digital transmission
Computational requirements ranging from an 8-bit microcontroller to a 64-bit
microprocessor
Storage requirements range from 0.01 to 100 gigabytes (GB).
(Contd….)
18
19. FOUR HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS
3. Sensor transducer(s)
The interface between the environment and the WN is the sensor
4. Communication
WNs must have the ability to communicate
C1WSN
Mesh-based systems with multihop radio connectivity among or between
WNs
Dynamic routing in both the wireless and wire line portions
C2WSN
Point-to-point or multipoint-to-point with single-hop radio connectivity to
WNs
Static routing over the wireless network with only one route
(Contd
….) 19
20. FOUR HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS
Distances range from a few meters to a few kilometers
lower-layer communication protocols tend to be of the
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.16
Throughput ranges from 10 to 256 kbps in most applications
Video-based application may require more bandwidth
20
21. SOFTWARE SUBSYSTEMS
Sensors typically have five basic software subsystems:
Operating system
Sensor drivers
Communication processors
Communication drivers
Data processing mini-apps
21
23. OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) MICROCODE
Also called Middleware
Board-common microcode
Used by all high-level node-resident software modules to support various functions
Purpose is to shield the software from the machine-level functionality of the
microprocessor
Desirable to have open-source operating systems designed for WSNs
Advantage
Rapid implementation
Minimizing code size
Example: TinyOS
23
24. SENSOR DRIVERS
(Sensors may possibly be of the modular/plug-in type)
Manage basic functions of the sensor transceivers
Appropriate configuration and settings must be
uploaded into the sensor
24
25. COMMUNICATION PROCESSORS
Manages the communication functions
Routing
Packet buffering and forwarding
Topology maintenance
Medium access control (e.g., contention mechanisms, direct-
sequence spread-spectrum (chipping code): (resist interference,
recovery from damaged )
Encryption
Forward Error Correction 25
26. COMMUNICATION DRIVERS
Software modules manage and deals with Encoding
and the physical layer
Software modules manage
Radio channel transmission link
Clocking and synchronization
Signal encoding
Bit recovery
Bit counting
Signal levels
Modulation.
26
27. DATA PROCESSING MINI-APPS
Basic applications that are supported at the node
level for in-network processing
Numerical
Data-processing
Signal value storage and manipulations
27
32. WN OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
Sensor nodes have to deal with the following
resource constraints
Power consumption
Communication
Computation
Uncertainty in measured parameters
32
33. Power consumption
WNs have a limited supply of operating energy
Energy conservation is a key system design
consideration
33
34. COMMUNICATION
The wireless network has limited bandwidth
Networks may be forced to utilize a noisy channel
Communication channel may be relegated to an
unprotected frequency band
The implications are
Limited reliability
Poor quality of service (e.g., high latency, high variance, high frame loss)
Security exposure (e.g., denial of service, jamming, interference, high bit-
error rates). 34
35. COMPUTATION
WNs have limited computing power and memory
resources
Restrictions on types of data-processing algorithms
Limits the scope and volume of intermediate results that can be stored
Research aims to
Develop a distributed data management layer
Scales with the growth of sensor interconnectivity
Computational power on the sensors
35
36. COMPUTATION
Goal
To deploy mechanisms directly on the
sensor nodes (autonomous)
Without centralizing data or computation.
36
37. UNCERTAINTY IN MEASURED PARAMETERS
Signals that have been detected or collected may be
with uncertainty
Commingled with noise
Interference from the environment
Node malfunction could collect and/or forward inaccurate data.
Node placement may impair operation and bias individual
readings.
37
38. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS(WSN AND WN)
Factors to consider during design of WN and WSN
Deployed in a dense manner - communication complexity
Rapid deployment - Environment is expected to be highly
dynamic
WNs may be prone to failure- Sensing systems that are
long-lived and environmentally resilient
Communication circuitry and antennas use most of the
energy. 38
39. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS(WSN AND WN)
The topology may change very frequently
Communication links may be expensive
Bandwidth may be limited
Power availability at the sensor may be limited and/or
expensive
No global addresses because of
Large number of sensors
Overhead needed to support such global addresses
39
40. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS(WSN AND WN)
WNs require special routing and data dissemination mechanisms
WNs often require in-network processing
Data aggregation,
Data fusion
Data analysis.
Interest in
Database management,
Querying mechanisms
Data storage and warehousing.
High-speed connectivity to processing centers for
Decision
Responsive action
Arrays of ultralow-power wireless nodes may be incorporated in
reconfigurable networks
40
41. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS(WSN AND WN)
Design Constraints or Requirements for WSNs and
WNs
Collaborative data processing
Constrained energy use
Large topology support
Querying capabilities
Self-organization
41
42. WN TRENDS
To achieve
Wide-scale deployment
To decrease the size, cost, and power consumption
Intelligence of the WNs must increase
Sensor systems must incorporate advances in technologies
Nanofabrication
Bio systems
Distributed networks
Ubiquitous computing
Broadband wireless communications
Information and decision systems
Contd
… 42
43. WN TRENDS
Evolving requirements for new WSNs and WNs include :
1 . The ability to respond to
Toxic chemicals
Explosives
Biological agents
2. Enhanced
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Speed
Robustness
Fewer false alarms
Cont
d..43
44. WN TRENDS
3. Ability to function autonomously in
Unusual
Extreme
Complex environments
Addressed by the design and synthesis of
functionalized receptors and materials
resulting in next-generation devices
Cont
d..44
45. WN TRENDS
Miniaturization, Manufacturability and Cost are also critical
issues
Integration of
sensors, processors, energy sources and communications
network interface on a chip
Information extraction involve
Detection of events or objects of interest
Estimation of key parameters
Human-in-the-loop or closed-loop adaptive feedback (Human
interaction/ prediction)
45
46. GOALS
To Develop
Low-cost (i.e., <50 cents) transceivers for ubiquitous wireless data acquisition
With
Minimal energy dissipation (<5 nJ/ bit)
for an
Energy-limited source and minimize power (<100 mW for a power-limited source,
enabling energy scavenging)
Using strategies like
Self configuring networks
fluid trade-off between communication and computation
System-on-a-chip (SOC) approach
Aggressive low-energy architectures and circuits
46
47. WN TRENDS
Standardization is important.
The application interface for WSNs should be an
Abstraction offered to any sensor network application
Supported by any sensor network platform
Research and engineering activity seeks to advance fundamental knowledge in
new sensor technologies:
Toxic chemicals
Explosives
Biological agents
Sensor networking systems in a distributed environment
Integration of sensors into commercial systems
Interpretation and use of sensor data in decision-making processes
47
48. RESEARCH EFFORTS SPONSORED BY U.S.
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Designs, materials, and concepts for new sensors and
sensing systems
Arrayed sensor networks and networking
Interpretation decision and action base on sensor data
48
49. New sensors and sensing systems
Design of solid and liquid surfaces with molecular recognition,
Long lifetime, and re generability of the sensing site
Biomimetic sensors : hybrids consisting of proteins, enzyme fragments
and components,
Sensors for toxic agents (biological, chemical, radiation)
Sensors for operation in harsh environments
Chip-based systems incorporating multiple sensors
Computation, actuation and wireless interfaces
Sensor power sources
New modeling and simulation tools
New techniques for on-sensor self-calibration and self-test
Enhanced specificity to maximize accuracy and minimize false alarms
New methods for sensor
Fabrication
Manufacture
Encapsulation.
49
50. Arrayed sensor networks and
networking
Enabling networking technologies for distributed wireless and
wired sensor networks
Scalable and robust architectures
Design
Automated tasking
Querying techniques
Adaptive management and control of sensor nodes
Security and authentication for resource-constrained sensor
networks
Mobile sensor networks
Scalable reconfigurability and self-organization 50
51. DECISION AND ACTION BASE ON SENSOR
DATA
Decision theory for intelligent use of sensed information
Detection and identification of false alarms
Feedback theory
Statistical algorithms,
Mathematical hybrid system tools for monitoring distributed networks of
large arrays of sensors and actuators
Handheld diagnostic kits
Pattern recognition and state estimation
Biomedical health monitoring, diagnostic, and therapeutic systems
Image-guided surgery
Health monitoring systems for civil structures
Crisis management sensor systems
Surveillance technology
Robotics
Mobile sensors
Tracking and monitoring of mobile units
51