Unit 10.bilingual

Part
1部分 Revision notes
Revision Helper 溫習錦囊 (Bilingual version) 雙語版本

第溫習筆記
Chapter 1章 Air and burningand alkalis
20 Common acids
Chapter
第 28
常見的酸和鹼
28.1 Common acids 28.1 常見的酸
Q1 What substances commonly found in daily 日常生活中有甚麼物品含
life contain acids? Suggest some examples. 有酸？又有甚麼例子呢？
A1

 Many drinks and foods that contain acids  日常生活中許多飲品和食品都含有
taste sour. 酸，它們都帶有酸味。
 The figure below shows some examples of  下圖展示一些含有酸的飲品、食品和調
drinks, foods and seasonings that contain 味料的例子。
acids.
Citrus fruits like grapefruit, lemon
and orange – contain citric acid
Soft drinks – contain carbonic acid
and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
汽水  含有碳酸
西柚、橙和檸檬等柑橘類水果  含
有檸檬酸和抗壞血酸 (丙種維生素)
Vinegar – contains
ethanoic acid Spinach – contains
醋  含有乙酸 oxalic acid
Tea – contains 菠菜  含有草酸
tannic acid
茶  含有單寧酸

Yoghurt – contains
lactic acid
Grapes – contain tartaric acid Apples – contain malic acid
乳酪  含有乳酸
提子  含有酒石酸蘋果  含有蘋果酸

 Besides, some personal care products,  另外，許多個人護理產品、家居清潔用
household cleaners and some drugs also 品和某些藥物也含有酸。
contain acids.
hair conditioner toilet cleaner
body lotion
護髮素廁所清潔劑
潤膚露

Aspirin
body shampoo 沐浴露阿士匹靈

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 最新綜合科學 — 邁進 21 世紀 (第三版) 1
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2012 © 雅集出版社有限公司 2012


Q2 What acids are commonly found in the 實驗室中最常用的酸有哪
laboratory? What should we pay attention to 幾種？當我們使用這些酸
when handling these acids? 時應採取甚麼安全措施？
，
A2

 The most common acids used in the laboratory are  實驗室中最常用的酸包括氫氯酸、
hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid . 硫酸和硝酸。
 All these acids are corrosive. There are hazard  這些酸均具有腐蝕性，因此盛載這
warning labels on the reagent bottles containing 些酸的試劑瓶都貼上危險警告標
them. 籤。
 When using acids for experiments, we should never  我們不可以把做實驗時使用的酸放
taste them. We must wear safety goggles and avoid 進口中。在處理酸時，我們必須佩
any direct contact with acids when we handle them. 戴安全眼鏡並避免與酸直接接觸。
，

Acids commonly used in a school laboratory
學校實驗室中常用的酸

28.2 Common alkalis 28.2 常見的鹼

Q3 What substances commonly found in daily life 日常生活中有甚麼物品含
contain alkalis? Suggest some examples. 有鹼？又有甚麼例子呢？
A3

 Alkalis have a bitter taste and a slippery feel.  鹼帶有苦澀味，觸摸時會給人一種滑溜
They are commonly found in household 的感覺。許多家居清潔用品，如玻璃清
cleaners such as glass cleaners, oven 潔劑、爐具清潔劑和通渠劑都含有鹼。
cleaners and drain cleaners.
 Many daily products such as soaps, alkaline  另外，一些日常用品如肥皂、鹼性電池、
batteries, baking soda and toothpaste also 梳打粉和牙膏等也含有鹼。
contain alkalis.

Household cleaners and daily products
that contain alkalis
Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 最新綜合科學 — 邁進 21 世紀 (第三版)
一些含有鹼的家居清潔用品和日常用品 2


Q4 What alkalis are commonly found in the 驗室中最常用的鹼有哪幾種？
laboratory? What should we pay attention to 當我們使用這些鹼時，應採取
when handling these alkalis? 甚麼安全措施？
A4

 The most common alkalis in the laboratory  實驗室中最常用的鹼包括氫氧化鈉、
include sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide 氫氧化鈣 (即石灰水) 和氨溶液。
(lime water) and ammonia solution.
 Sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution are  氫氧化鈉和氨溶液都具有腐蝕性，我
corrosive. We must wear safety goggles and 們處理這些鹼時必須佩戴安全眼鏡，
avoid any direct contact with these alkalis when 並避免與它們直接接觸。
handling them.
 The vapour from ammonia solution is irritating.  氨溶液會釋出具刺激性的氨蒸氣，使
We should ensure good ventilation when 用時應避免吸入，並保持空氣流通。
handling ammonia solution.

Alkalis commonly used in a school laboratory
學校實驗室中常用的鹼



28.3 Indicators for testing 28.3 測試酸和鹼的指示劑
acids and alkalis

Q5 What is natural indicator? Suggest some 甚麼是天然指示劑？又有甚
examples of natural indicators. 麼例子呢？
A5

 Some plants contain pigments which change  有些植物所含的色素，在酸性和鹼性
colour when mixed with acids or alkalis. These 環境下會呈現不同的顏色，因此它們
plant pigments can be used as natural 可用作天然指示劑，以分辨酸和鹼。
indicators to test for acids or alkalis.
 In the 17th century, an Irish scientist, Robert Boyle  在十七世紀，愛爾蘭科學家波義耳便
succeeded in preparing indicators from different 成功利用植物汁液製備天然指示劑。
types of plants.
 Red cabbage leaves, Hibiscus petals,  紅色捲心菜、大紅花花瓣、草莓、藍
strawberries, blueberries and red roses can be 莓和紅玫瑰也可用作天然指示劑，這
used as natural indicators. These plants contain 些植物的汁液在酸性和鹼性環境下會
pigments which change colour when mixed with 呈現不同的顏色。
acids or alkalis.

Strawberry Blueberry Red rose
草莓藍莓紅玫瑰



Q6 What indicators are commonly used in the 實驗室中常用的指示劑有
laboratory to test for acids and alkalis? 哪些？
A6

 Litmus and universal indicator are indicators  石蕊和通用指示劑是實驗室中常用
commonly used in the laboratory. 的指示劑。

1. Litmus 1. 石蕊
 Litmus is a mixture of pigments extracted from  石蕊是從地衣中提取出來的色素混合
lichen. 物。
 Blue litmus is used to test for acidic solutions. It  藍色石蕊可用來測試酸性溶液。酸性
changes to red in acidic solutions. 溶液可以使藍色石蕊變為紅色。
 Red litmus is used to test for alkaline solutions.  紅色石蕊可用來測試鹼性溶液。鹼性
It changes to blue in alkaline solutions. 溶液可以使紅色石蕊變為藍色。
 Litmus is available in both solution form (litmus  石蕊可以製成溶液 (石蕊溶液)，亦可
solution) and paper form (litmus paper). 以製成試紙 (石蕊試紙)。

blue litmus paper
red litmus paper
藍色石蕊試紙
紅色石蕊試紙



A6

2. Universal indicator 2. 通用指示劑
 Universal indicator is a mixture of several  通用指示劑是由多種指示劑混合而
indicators. 成。
 It shows a wide range of colours depending on  它會在不同酸度或鹼度 (即酸鹼
the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. 度) 的溶液中呈現不同的顏色。
 It is used to indicate the degree of acidity and  它可用來測試物質的酸度和鹼度。
alkalinity of a solution.
 It is available in both solution form (universal  它可以製成溶液 (通用指示劑溶
indicator solution) and paper form (pH paper) 液)，亦可以製成試紙 (pH 試紙)。

pH paper
pH 試紙

 There is a pH colour chart on the bottle storing  每一瓶通用指示劑溶液或每一盒
universal indicator solution or the box storing pH pH 試紙都附有 pH 顏色圖表，顯示
paper. It shows a series of colours. Each colour 一系列的顏色，圖表的每一種顏色
on the chart corresponds to a pH value. 對應於一個 pH 值。
 The pH value is a number showing how acidic or  pH 值是一個數字用來顯示溶液的
，
alkaline a solution is. In general, the pH value 酸鹼度，pH 值的範圍一般是由 0
ranges from 0 to 14. This range of pH values is 至 14，這個範圍稱為 pH 標度。
known as the pH scale.



Q7 What are the pH values of acidic, neutral 酸性溶液、中性溶液和鹼性溶
and alkaline solutions? Suggest some 液的 pH 值分別是多少？每種
A7 examples for each kind of solutions. 溶液又有甚麼例子呢？

 An acidic solution has a pH value less than 7. The  酸性溶液的 pH 值低於 7，pH 值
lower the pH value, the more acidic the solution is. 愈低表示酸度愈高。
 An alkaline solution has a pH value greater than 7.  鹼性溶液的 pH 值高於 7，pH 值
The higher the pH value, the more alkaline the 愈高表示鹼度愈高。
solution is.
 A neutral solution has a pH value of exactly 7.  既不屬酸性又不屬鹼性的溶液屬
中性，它們的 pH 值是 7。
 The figure below shows the pH scale and the pH  下圖展示 pH 標度及一些常見物
values of some common substances. 質的 pH 值。

distilled water glass cleaner drain cleaner
蒸餾水玻璃清潔劑通渠劑
hydrochloric
acid orange juice
氫氯酸橙汁

pH value
pH 值

neutral
中性

Cola black coffee detergent lime water
可樂黑咖啡洗潔精石灰水

high acidity low acidity low alkalinity high alkalinity
酸度高酸度低鹼度低鹼度高



Q8 Universal indicator can only give a rough 通用指示劑只能粗略測試出
measurement of the pH value of a solution. 溶液的 pH 值，我們可利用甚
What can we use to obtain a more accurate 麼儀器來更準確地量度溶液
A8 pH value of a solution? 的 pH 值？

 We can use a pH meter to measure the pH  我們可利用 pH 計來更準確地量度溶液
value of a solution more accurately. 的 pH 值。
 The reading measured by the pH meter can be  pH 計所量度的讀數可準確至小數點後
accurate to two decimal places. 兩個位。

probe pH value displayed
探測器 pH 值

pH meter
pH 計



Chapter
第 29 章 Acids and corrosion
酸和腐蝕
29.1 Corrosive nature of acids 29.1 酸的腐蝕性質
Q13 Do acids react with metals? 酸能否與金屬產生反應？

A13

 Yes, acids react with some metals such as  酸會與某些金屬 (例如鎂、鋁、鐵和
magnesium, aluminium, iron and zinc. These 鋅) 產生反應，它們均會被酸腐蝕。
metals are corroded by acids.
 During the reactions, hydrogen is produced.  金屬與酸所產生的反應會釋出氫，還
Heat is also given out. 會放出熱能。
 We can test for hydrogen using the burning  我們可利用燃燒中的木條來測試
splint test. When a burning splint is put near the 氫。當我們把燃燒中的木條放在盛有
mouth of the test tube containing hydrogen, a 氫的試管管口時，會聽到「卜」一聲。
‘pop’ sound is heard.

burning splint 燃燒中的木條

hydrogen 氫

Q10 Do acids react with building materials? 酸能否與建築材料產生反應？

A10

 Yes, acids react with calcium carbonate in some  酸會與建築材料 (例如大理石和
building materials such as marble and limestone. 石灰石) 中的碳酸鈣產生反應。這
These building materials are corroded by acids. 些建築材料會受到酸腐蝕。
 During the reaction, carbon dioxide is formed.  酸與碳酸鈣所產生的反應會釋出
二氧化碳。



29.2 Acid rain 29.2 酸雨

Q11 What are the causes and effects of 酸雨是怎樣形成的？酸雨對環境
acid rain? 造成甚麼影響？

A11

 Burning fossils fuels produces sulphur dioxide and  燃燒化石燃料會釋出大量的二氧
nitrogen oxides. 化硫和氮氧化物。
 Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water  二氧化硫和氮氧化物會與大氣中
and oxygen in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid 的水和氧產生反應，分別形成硫
and nitric acid respectively. 酸和硝酸。
 These acids dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain.  硫酸和硝酸溶解在雨水中，並形
成酸雨。
 The effects of acid rain on the environment include  酸雨對環境的影響包括腐蝕金屬
corroding metal products and building materials, 製品和建築材料、毒害水生生物
killing organisms living in water and damaging plants. 及破壞林木。
 The diagram below summarises the formation of acid  下圖概括了酸雨的形成過程及酸
rain and its effects on the environment. 雨對環境所造成的影響。

1 2 acidic gases carried 3 acidic gases dissolve in
acidic gases (e.g. sulphur by the wind rainwater to form acid rain
dioxide and nitrogen oxides) 酸性氣體隨風飄送酸性氣體溶解在雨水中，形
released into the atmosphere
成酸雨
酸性氣體 (如二氧化硫和氮氧
化物) 釋放到大氣中

4
acid rain corrodes metal products and
building materials, kills organisms
living in water and damages plants
酸雨腐蝕金屬製品和建築材料、毒害水
生生物及破壞林木



Q12 What preventive measures can be 甚麼措施可減少酸雨的形成？
done to help control acid rain?

A12

 The most effective way to control acid rain is to  要有效減少酸雨的形成，我們必須先
reduce the emission of air pollutants such as 減少空氣污染物 (如二氧化硫和氮
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. 氧化物) 的排放量。
 The government has taken a wide range of  香港特區政府近年已採取了多項措
measures to reduce the emission of these air 施，以減少來自汽車和發電廠的空氣
pollutants from vehicles and power stations. 污染物排放量。
 To be responsible citizens, we should use  我們作為社會的一份子，也應使用公
public transport and save electricity in order to 共交通工具和節約能源，以協助減少
help reduce the emission of air pollutants. 空氣污染物排放量。



Chapter
第 30 章 Uses of acids, alkalis and
neutralisation
酸、鹼及中和作用的應用
30.1 Uses of acids and alkalis 30.1 酸和鹼的應用

Q13 Why can acids be used as food 為甚麼酸可作為食品防腐劑？
preservatives?

A13

 Fresh food may spoil due to the action of  新鮮食物變壞主要是由微生物
micro-organisms. 引起的。
 Most micro-organisms cannot grow and reproduce in  酸性介質可以減慢微生物的生
an acidic medium. 長和繁殖。
 Foods can be preserved by soaking them in acids.  我們可以把食物浸在酸中來保
Therefore, acids can be used as food preservatives. 存，故此酸可作為食品防腐劑。
 For example, vinegar (contains ethanoic acid) can be  例如，白醋含有乙酸，可用來保
used to preserve cucumbers and scallions. We say 存青瓜和蕎頭。
that these foods are pickled with vinegar.

cucumber 青瓜 scallion 蕎頭

Foods preserved in vinegar
保存在白醋中的食物



Q14 What is browning? Why can acids 水果出現變褐的現象是甚麼意思？
be used to prevent browning? 為甚麼可用酸來防止水果變褐？
A14

 Browning occurs in many fruits such as apples,  許多水果，例如蘋果、香蕉和梨都會
bananas and pears. When these fruits are cut 出現變褐的現象。這些水果切開並暴
open and exposed to air, they turn brown. 露於空氣中後會變褐。
 Enzymes inside the fruits can speed up the  水果內的酶會加速變褐的過程。然
browning process. However, they can only 而，酶只有在特定的 pH 值範圍內才
function properly within a certain range of pH 能發揮它的功能。
value.
 Therefore, the browning of fruits can be slowed  因此，我們把水果置於酶不能正常發
down by putting them in environments with pH 揮功能的 pH 環境中，便可減慢水果
that the enzymes cannot function properly. 變褐的過程。

Q15 Why can both acids and alkalis be used 為甚麼酸和鹼可用作家居清
as household cleansing agents? Suggest 潔劑？有甚麼家居清潔劑含
some examples of acidic and alkaline
household cleansing agents. 有酸或鹼？
A15

 Household cleansing agents contain acids  含有酸的家居清潔劑可跟頑固的污漬
which can react with stains to form substances 反應，並產生可溶於水的物質。
that are soluble in water
 The following are two household cleansing  下圖展示兩種含有酸的家居清潔劑。
agents containing acids.

Toilet cleaner 廁所清潔劑 Rust remover 除銹劑

Toilet cleaner can be used to remove A rust remover can be used to remove rust
limescale (contains mainly calcium (oxides of iron) on an iron object.
carbonate) in a toilet bowl. 除銹劑可清除鐵製品上的鐵銹 (鐵的氧化物)。
廁所清潔劑可清除廁盆上的污垢 (主要含
有碳酸鈣)。



A15

 On the other hand, household cleansing  另一方面，含有鹼的家居清潔劑可與
agents contain alkalis which can react with 油脂反應，所產生的物質可輕易用水
greases to form substances that can be easily 沖走。
washed away by water.
 The following are three household cleansing  下圖展示三種含有鹼的家居清潔劑。
agents containing alkalis.

Drain cleaner 通渠劑 Oven cleaner 爐具清潔劑

Drains cleaners that contain sodium Grease left on the oven surface can be
hydroxide are commonly used to clear the removed by using an oven cleaner.
grease from a drain. 殘留在爐具上的油脂可使用爐具清潔劑來
含有氫氧化鈉的通渠劑常用來清理堵塞的消除。
渠道。

Glass cleaner 玻璃清潔劑

Greasy films on the windows can be
removed by using a glass cleaner.
玻璃窗上的油脂可使用玻璃清潔劑來清除。



30.2 Uses of neutralisation 30.2 中和作用的應用

Q16
What is neutralisation? 甚麼是中和作用？

A16

 Acids and alkalis react with each other when  當酸和鹼混合時，它們會產生反應。這種
they are mixed together. This reaction is called 酸和鹼之間的化學反應稱為中和作用。
neutralisation.
 During neutralisation, the pH value of the  當酸和鹼混合時，溶液的 pH 值會出現變
solution changes. 化。
 The point where the acid completely  利用指示劑的顏色變化可測定酸和鹼剛好
neutralises the alkali as shown by the colour 完全中和時的狀態，此狀態可稱為終點。
change of the indicator can be regarded as the
end-point.



Q17 What products are formed in neutralisation 中和作用會產生甚麼物質？
reaction?
A17

 When an acid neutralises an alkali (or vice  酸和鹼發生中和作用時，會生成鹽和水，
versa), salt and water are formed, and heat is 並釋出熱能。
given out.
 Neutralisation can be represented by the  中和作用可用以下文字方程式表示：
following word equation.
acid + alkali  salt + water 酸 + 鹼  鹽 + 水

 For example, hydrochloric acid reacts with  例如，氫氯酸與氫氧化鈉發生反應，產生
sodium hydroxide to produce sodium chloride 氯化鈉和水，該反應的文字方程式可以寫
and water. The word equation of this reaction 成：
can be written as:
hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  氫氯酸 + 氫氧化鈉  氯化鈉 + 水
sodium chloride + water

 We can also use chemical symbols to  以上的化學物質可以用化學符號來表
represent the above substances. The chemical 示。氫氯酸、氫氧化鈉、氯化鈉和水的化
symbols for hydrochloric acid, sodium 學符號分別是 HCl、NaOH、NaCl 和
hydroxide, sodium chloride and water are HCl, H2O。因此，這反應也可用以下方程式表
NaOH, NaCl and H2O respectively. Therefore, 示：
the reaction can be represented by the
following equation:
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Sodium chloride is the table salt we add to our food for taste.
氯化鈉是我們日常食用的餐桌鹽。



Q18
What are the uses of neutralisation in daily life? 中和作用在日常生活中有
甚麼應用？
A18

The following are some examples of common applications 以下是中和作用常見的應用。
of neutralisation.

1. Neutralisation of stomach acid 1. 中和胃酸
Antacids can be used to relieve stomach upset. Many 制酸劑可舒緩胃部不適許多制
。
antacids contain an alkali which can neutralise excess acid 酸劑都含有鹼可以用來中和過
，
in our stomach. 多胃酸。

Antacid tablets of different brands
從藥房購買的不同制酸劑。

2. Treatment of industrial waste containing acids and alkalis 2. 處理酸性和鹼性工業廢料
To reduce pollution, industrial waste should be treated 工業廢料在排放之前必須經過
before it is discharged. Alkalis (e.g. calcium hydroxide) can 處理，以減少造成污染。廢料
be used to neutralise acidic waste while acids (e.g. 中的酸可用適量的鹼 (例如氫
sulphuric acid) can be used to neutralise alkaline waste. 氧化鈣) 來中和；而廢料中的
鹼則可用適量的酸 ( 例如硫
酸) 來中和。

The Chemical Waste Treatment Centre at Tsing Yi
is responsible for the collection, processing and
final treatment of the chemical waste.
位於青衣的化學廢物處理中心專門負責收集和處理
化學廢料。



A18

3. Treatment of wasp, bee, mosquito and ant stings 3. 治療蟲螫
The stings of bees, ants and mosquitoes contain an 肥皂可中和蜜蜂、螞蟻及蚊子螫過
acid. We can wash the affected area with an alkaline 的傷口上的酸性物質。
substance, such as soap to neutralise the acid.
mosquito 蚊子

The sting of a wasp is alkaline. We can apply an acidic 醋可中和黃蜂螫過的傷口上的鹼性
substance, such as vinegar, on the affected area to 物質。
neutralise the alkali.

wasp 黃蜂

4. Regulation of pH values of soil 4. 調節土壤的 pH 值
Many plants do not grow well in soil which is too 大多數植物都不適宜於過酸或過鹼
acidic or too alkaline. If the soil is too acidic, farmers 的土壤中生長。假如土壤的酸性過
will add slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to the soil 高，農夫需要定期加入帶有鹼性的
before growing crops. On the other hand, if the soil is 熟石灰 (氫氧化鈣) 以中和土壤中
too alkaline, farmers may add sulphur to the soil. 的酸。另一方面，假如土壤的鹼性
過高，農夫會在土壤中加入硫。

The farmer is adding slaked lime to neutralise acidic soil.
農夫在土壤加入熟石灰以中和土壤中的酸。



30.3 Handling acids and alkalis 30.3 處理酸和鹼的方法

Q19 What are the potential hazards of acids and 使用酸和鹼時有甚麼潛在
alkalis? What safety precautions should we 危險？當我們使用這些溶
take when handling them? 液時應採取甚麼安全措？
A19 Wash the affected area with slow running
water for at least 10 minutes to avoid further
The following shows damage to it. hazards of acids
some potential 下圖顯示使用酸和鹼時的潛在危險及我
，
and alkalis, and the corresponding safety precautions 們使用這些溶液時應採取的安全措施。
we should take when handling them.
Potential hazard 2:
The vapour of concentrated acids or
concentrated alkalis is corrosive.
Potential hazard 1:
Concentrated acids or concentrated alkalis 潛在危險 2：
can cause blindness if they get into the eyes. 濃酸或濃鹼的蒸氣具腐蝕性。
潛在危險 1： Safety precaution 2:
如果濃酸或濃鹼濺進眼睛，可能會引致失明。 Carry out the experiment in a fume
cupboard.
Safety precaution 1:
Wear safety goggles. 安全措施 2：
在煙櫥內進行實驗
安全措施 1：
佩戴安全眼鏡。

Potential hazard 3:
P

Concentrated acids or concentrated
alkalis can burn skin and flesh.

潛在危險 3：
濃酸或濃鹼會腐蝕皮膚和肌肉。

Safety precaution 3:
Wear protective gloves.

安全措施 3：
戴上保護性膠手套。



Q20
How should we treat accidents and 一旦在實驗室使用酸或鹼時發
emergencies involving acids and alkalis? 生意外，我們應如何處理？

A20

When an accident involving acids or alkalis occurs, 一旦在實驗室使用酸或鹼時發生意外必須
，
we must keep calm. We should report it to our 保持冷靜，立即向老師報告，並依照下列的
teacher and take the following measures. 方法處理：

1. Wash the affected area with slow running water 2. If the eye is hurt, keep the affected eye
for at least 10 minutes to avoid further damage open with one hand and rinse it with the
to it. eyewash bottle.
1. 用清水慢慢沖洗沾有化學品的部位最少 10 2. 若眼睛受傷，應用手把受傷的眼睛撐
分鐘，以防止受傷組織遭到進一步破壞。開，用洗眼瓶徹底沖洗。

3. Gently remove any contaminated clothing. 4. If the accident is serious, keep washing
Care must be taken to avoid further contact the affected area until the ambulance
with the acids or alkalis. crew arrives. A sample of the acids or
3. 小心地把沾有酸或鹼的衣物除下，並應避免 alkalis should be taken to the hospital for
再次與酸或鹼接觸。 reference.
4. 若傷勢嚴重，則應不停沖洗受傷部位，
直至救護車到達。應把傷者連同引致灼
傷的酸或鹼樣本一併送往醫院。



Q21
What are the proper procedures in diluting 稀釋濃酸和濃鹼的正確步驟
concentrated acids and alkalis? 是怎樣的？
A21

The following shows the proper procedures in 下圖顯示稀釋濃酸和濃鹼的正確步驟。
diluting concentrated acids and alkalis.

CORRECT 正確 INCORRECT 不正確
no protective gloves
protective gloves 沒有戴上保護性膠手套
保護性膠手套

water
水


water


水

concentrated acid/alkali
concentrated acid/alkali 濃酸或濃鹼
濃酸或濃鹼

 Carry out the process inside a fume cupboard.  Add water to concentrated acid or alkali.
 應在煙櫥內進行。  把水加入濃酸或濃鹼中。

 Wear protective gloves and safety goggles.  Carry out the procedures with bare hands.
 應戴上保護性膠手套及安全眼鏡。  沒有戴上保護性膠手套。

 Add concentrated acid or alkali slowly to a
large amount of water.
 把濃酸或濃鹼慢慢加入大量水中。

 Stir the solution continuously and slowly when
you are adding concentrated acid or alkali.
 把濃酸或濃鹼加入水時，要小心地不斷攪拌
溶液。

 Do not breathe in fumes from the cupboard.
 避免吸入煙櫥內的煙霧。


Part Revision Helper 溫習錦囊 (Bilingual version) 雙語版本

第 2
A.
部分 Revision exercise 單元練習
True or false questions 是非題
Write ‘T’ for a true statement or ‘F’ for a false statement in each box provided.
細閱以下句子，正確的在方格內填上「T」，不正確的則填上「F」。
1. Lemons contain citric acid. □
2. Alkalis have a slippery feel. □
3. Alkaline solutions turn blue litmus paper red. □
4. Litmus can be used to indicate the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. □
5. The pH value of glass cleaner is less than 7. □
6. Some metals react with acids to produce hydrogen. □
7. The pH value of acid rain is lower than 5.6. □
8. When an acid is added to an alkali, the pH value of the resulting solution increases. □

B. Multiple-choice questions 多項選擇題
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions.
選出正確的答案，然後在空格內填上代表該答案的英文字母。
1. Which of the following statements about acids are correct?
(I) All acids are not safe to consume.
(II) Some drugs contain acid.
(III) Vinegar contains ethanoic acid.
A. (I) and (II) only
B. (I) and (III) only
C. (II) and (III) only
D. (I), (II) and (III) □

2. Which of the following substances are corrosive?
(I) Nitric acid
(II) Calcium hydroxide
(III) Ammonia solution

3. Which of the following substances has a pH value greater than 7?
A. Tap water
B. Apple juice
C. Drain cleaner
D. Hair conditioner □


4. Which of the following substances does not react with an acid?
A. Limestone
B. Copper
C. Eggshell
D. Zinc □

5. Which of the following gases will be given out when an acid reacts with magnesium?
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Hydrogen
D. Carbon dioxide □

6. Which of the following are the effects of acid rain on the environment?
(I) It damages statues made of marble.
(II) It kills organisms living in water.
(III) It damages plants.

7. Which of the following gases may cause acid rain?
(I) Nitrogen oxides
(II) Nitrogen
(III) Sulphur dioxide

8. Which of the following substances will be formed when an acid neutralises an alkali?
(I) Water
(II) Salt
(III) Carbon dioxide



C. Short questions 短問題
1. The following table shows the pH values of five substances.

Substance A B C D E
pH value ~9 ~5 ~12 ~2 ~7

(a) Which substance(s) is/are acidic, neutral and alkaline?
_____________________________________________________________________

(b) Which substance is the most acidic?
_____________________________________________________________________

(c) Which substance is the most alkaline?
_____________________________________________________________________

(d) How does the pH value of the mixed solution change when substance A is added to
substance D?
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Alice carries out an experiment to study the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and
aluminium. The following diagrams show the steps.

aluminium
inverted rubber
stopper

aluminium
dilute hydrochloric
acid

(a) What do you observe after aluminium is added to the test tube?
_____________________________________________________________________

(b) She then puts a burning splint near the mouth of the test tube to test for the gas.
What do you hear?

burning splint

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) What gas is formed when aluminium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?
_____________________________________________________________________



Part Answers 答案
A. True or false questions 是非題
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. F

B. Multiple-choice questions 多項選擇題
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A

C. Short questions 短問題
1. (a) Substances B and D are acidic. Substance E is neutral. Substances A and C are
alkaline.
(b) Substance D is the most acidic.
(c) Substance C is the most alkaline.
(d) The pH value of the solution increases.

2. (a) Some colourless gas bubbles are given out.
(b) A ‘pop’ sound
(c) Hydrogen


Unit 10.bilingual

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Unit 10.bilingual