PPCE unit 3 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION) TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT III - INTRODUCTION TO COST ESTIMATION
Importance of costing and estimation –methods of costing-elements of cost estimation –Types of estimates – Estimating procedure- Estimation labor cost, material cost- allocation of over head charges- Calculation of depreciation cost
Drivers for product innovation; Process innovation; Concurrent engineering; Business process re-engineering - BPR; Reverse engineering; Value chain model & process innovation
PPCE unit 3 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION) TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT III - INTRODUCTION TO COST ESTIMATION
Importance of costing and estimation –methods of costing-elements of cost estimation –Types of estimates – Estimating procedure- Estimation labor cost, material cost- allocation of over head charges- Calculation of depreciation cost
Drivers for product innovation; Process innovation; Concurrent engineering; Business process re-engineering - BPR; Reverse engineering; Value chain model & process innovation
What is job costing? What are its main characteristics?
Characteristics
Features
procedure involve in job order costing.
Applicability
What is BEP? List out the assumption of breakeven analysis
Assumption of BEP analysis
What is Profit Volume (P/V) Ratio
What is CVP analysis? How does it help the management?
What is process costing? What are its main characteristics? Name the industries where process costing can be applied.
Normal Loss
Abnormal Loss
Abnormal Gain
Job Costing & Process Costing
Accounting for losses in process costing
What do you mean by operating costing? Draw a specimen cost sheet for transport costing.
INDUSTRY AND CORRESPONDING COST UNIT
RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Production planning and control refers to two strategies that work cohesively throughout the manufacturing process. Production planning involves what to produce, when to produce it, how much to produce, and more. A long-term view of production planning is necessary to fully optimize the production flow.
Production control uses different control techniques to reach optimum performance from the production system to achieve throughput targets.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS
• • Minimize costs / maximize profits
• • Maximize customer service
• • Minimize inventory investment
• • Minimize changes in production rates
• • Minimize changes in work-force levels
• • Maximize the utilization of plant and
equipment
3.
4.
5. FUNCTIONS OF PRODUCTION
CONTROL
• Production function encompasses the activities of
procurement, allocation and utilization of resources.
• The main objective of production function is to
produce the goods and services demanded by the
customers in the most efficient and economical way.
• Therefore efficient management of the production
function is of utmost importance in order to achieve
this objective.
6. TYPES OF PRODUCTION
• Continuous production
• Job or unit production
• Intermittent production
7. Continuous production
• It refers to the production of standardized products
with a standard set of process and operation
sequence in anticipation of demand.
• It is also known as mass flow production or
assembly line production.
• This system ensures less work in process inventory
and high product quality but involves large
investment in machinery and equipment.
8. Job or unit production
• It involves production as per customer‘s
specification each batch or order consists of a
small lot of identical products and is different
from other batches.
• The system requires comparatively smaller
investment in machines and equipment.
• It is flexible and can be adapted to changes in
product design and order size without much
inconvenience.
9. Intermittent production
• Under this system the goods are produced
partly for inventory and partly for customer's
orders.
• E.g. components are made for inventory but
they are combined differently for different
customers. .
• Automobile plants, printing presses, electrical
goods plant
10.
11. PRODUCT DESIGN
• Product design is a strategic decision as the image and profit
earning capacity of a small firm depends largely on product
design.
• Once the product to be produced is decided by the
entrepreneur the next step is to prepare its design
• Product design consists of form and function. The form
designing includes decisions regarding its shape, size, color
and appearance of the product.
• The functional design involves the working conditions of the
product.
12. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
(a) Standardization
(b) Reliability
(c) Maintainability
(d) Servicing
(e) Reproducibility
(f) Sustainability
(g) Product simplification
(h) Quality Commensuration with cost
(i) Product value
(j) Consumer quality
(k) Needs and tastes of consumers.
13. MARKETING ASPECT
• Sales and Marketing is a key function whose participation is often hard to
enlist.
• Sales and Marketing are critical functions in this process, since they
provide the starting point of the planning and scheduling process -- the
forecasts and customer order demands
• They are also vital from the viewpoint of providing the proper customer
perspective whenever changes need to be made to plans and schedules
based on mismatches of resources to customer demands.
• Only with a proper level of participation in Planning and Scheduling, can
Sales and Marketing optimally leverage its performance and create a
trusting and consensus-based working relationship with Manufacturing,
Purchasing, Planning, Engineering and all other functions in the company.
15. DURABILITY AND DEPENDABILITY
Dependability for a system gathers the following attributes or non-functional
requirements:
Availability: readiness for correct service
Reliability: continuity of correct service
Maintainability: to undergo modifications and repairs
Durability aspects concerns about the way the production is going to serve
the purpose with out any hurdles for a prolonged period of time scale
17. Profit consideration
• taking the time to calculate the profit margin for a
product line or even for a company as a whole is
essential to determining if a company is growing,
maintaining its current market share, or is losing
customers and is in danger of not making a profit.
• Many companies choose to look at profit margin
ratios on a regular basis, just to make sure that sales
are headed in the right direction, and that expenses
are being contained in order to maximize the returns
from those sales.
18. Standardization
• Sizes for screws, nuts bolts and other threaded fasteners were
first standardized based on work of by Joseph Whitworth..
• Pipe sizes
• Shoe size standardization
• The screw base size and thread dimensions of electric lamp
bulbs was standardized by Thomas Edison.
• Electrical voltage and frequency
• Electrical wiring and device standards
19. Simplification and specialization
• The production system should be as simple as
possible to make it easy for understanding as
well as easy for execution
• Specialization of production infers the special
production system for specific products or
services.
20. Break even analysis
The break-even chart is a
graphical representation of
costs at various levels of
activity shown on the same
chart as the variation of
income (or sales, revenue)
with the same variation in
activity. The point at which
neither profit nor loss is
made is known as the "break-
even point"