This document discusses understanding cognitive systems. It begins by defining biological cognitive systems as those found in humans and animals, involving brains and evolution. Digital cognitive systems are defined as those built using computers, algorithms, and design. The document outlines steps to build, understand, and work with both biological and digital cognitive systems. It proposes a next generation cognitive curriculum focused on building intelligence. Finally, it reviews types of digital cognitive systems and existing AI courses.
AI & Work, with Transparency & the Crowd Matthew Lease
Invited talk at the 2019 AAAI Fall Symposium (https://aaai.org/Symposia/Fall/fss19.php) on Artificial Intelligence and Work (https://waim.network/fs19).
(1) The building blocks are getting better for the next generation of makers
(2) T-shaped talent is what IBM looks for, and people with lots of ideas! - Whole New Engineer Related
(3) The AI building blocks are getting better too
(4) The next generation can build an amazing world
(5) However, they need to wrestle with ethical decisions - and Whole New Engineer topic, for sure
(6) Q&A
Presents an overview of the learning analytics field touching on the status of the technology, the challenges it faces, the arrival of predictive analytics to education and the best approach towards a successful implementation.
A lecture in digital analytics at Aalto University. The lecture is a part of a module in Information Technology Program (ITP).
Summer 2015, Helsinki
--
Dr. Joni Salminen is a lecturer in digital marketing. Besides online marketing, his interests include startups and web platforms. Contact: joolsa@utu.fi
Staying Competitive in Data Analytics: Analyze Boulder 20140903Richard Hackathorn
Presentation to Analyze Boulder on Sept 3 2014 by the Data Detectives of Boulder (https://www.linkedin.com/groups?home=&gid=6525462). Sharing our experiences over the past 3 years with MOOCs, Kaggle, etc.
AI & Work, with Transparency & the Crowd Matthew Lease
Invited talk at the 2019 AAAI Fall Symposium (https://aaai.org/Symposia/Fall/fss19.php) on Artificial Intelligence and Work (https://waim.network/fs19).
(1) The building blocks are getting better for the next generation of makers
(2) T-shaped talent is what IBM looks for, and people with lots of ideas! - Whole New Engineer Related
(3) The AI building blocks are getting better too
(4) The next generation can build an amazing world
(5) However, they need to wrestle with ethical decisions - and Whole New Engineer topic, for sure
(6) Q&A
Presents an overview of the learning analytics field touching on the status of the technology, the challenges it faces, the arrival of predictive analytics to education and the best approach towards a successful implementation.
A lecture in digital analytics at Aalto University. The lecture is a part of a module in Information Technology Program (ITP).
Summer 2015, Helsinki
--
Dr. Joni Salminen is a lecturer in digital marketing. Besides online marketing, his interests include startups and web platforms. Contact: joolsa@utu.fi
Staying Competitive in Data Analytics: Analyze Boulder 20140903Richard Hackathorn
Presentation to Analyze Boulder on Sept 3 2014 by the Data Detectives of Boulder (https://www.linkedin.com/groups?home=&gid=6525462). Sharing our experiences over the past 3 years with MOOCs, Kaggle, etc.
Cross discipline collaboration benefits from group think, a consolidation of soft system methodology and user focused design that all starts with design thinking that sees clients, designers, developers and information architects working together to address user problems and needs. As with any great adventure, design thinking starts with exploration and discovery.This presentation examines the high level tenants of system thinking, expands the scope of user thinking to include tools and devices that users employ to find out designs and delve into the specifics of design thinking, its methods and outcomes.
Opening/Framing Comments: John Behrens, Vice President, Center for Digital Data, Analytics, & Adaptive Learning Pearson
Discussion of how the field of educational measurement is changing; how long held assumptions may no longer be taken for granted and that new terminology and language are coming into the.
Panel 1: Beyond the Construct: New Forms of Measurement
This panel presents new views of what assessment can be and new species of big data that push our understanding for what can be used in evidentiary arguments.
Marcia Linn, Lydia Liu from UC Berkeley and ETS discuss continuous assessment of science and new kinds of constructs that relate to collaboration and student reasoning.
John Byrnes from SRI International discusses text and other semi-structured data sources and different methods of analysis.
Kristin Dicerbo from Pearson discusses hidden assessments and the different student interactions and events that can be used in inferential processes.
Panel 2: The Test is Just the Beginning: Assessments Meet Systems Context
This panel looks at how assessments are not the end game, but often the first step in larger big-data practices at districts/state/national levels.
Gerald Tindal from the University of Oregon discusses State data systems and special education, including curriculum-based measurement across geographic settings.
Jack Buckley Commissioner of the National Center for Educational Statistics discussing national datasets where tests and other data connect.
Lindsay Page, Will Marinell from the Strategic Data Project at Harvard discussing state and district datasets used for evaluating teachers, colleges of education, and student progress.
Panel 3: Connecting the Dots: Research Agendas to Integrate Different Worlds
This panel will look at how research organizations are viewing the connections between the perspectives presented in Panels 1 and 2; what is known, what is still yet to be discovered in order to achieve the promised of big connected data in education.
Andrea Conklin Bueschel Program Director at the Spencer Foundation
Ed Dieterle Senior Program Officer at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Edith Gummer Program Manager at National Science Foundation
AI and Education 20240327 v16 for Northeastern.pptxISSIP
Prof. Mark L. Miller (https://www.linkedin.com/in/mlmiller751/), Northeastern University, class on AI and Education
Speaker: Jim Spohrer (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/)
===
Speaker: Dr. Jim Spohrer, retired Apple and IBM executive, currently Board of Directors for ISSIP.org (International Society of Service Innovation Professionals).
Title: AI and Education: A Historical Perspective and Possible Future Directions
Abstract: This talk will briefly survey my 50 years working in the area of AI & Education. At MIT (1974- 1978), MIT's summer EXPLO schools for AI and entrepreneurship classes. At Verbex (1978-1982), speech recognition, language models, early generative AI. At Yale (1982-1989), MARCEL, a generate- test-and-debug architecture and student model of programming bugs. At Apple (1989-1998), from content (SK8) to community (EOE) to context (WorldBoard). At IBM (1999 - 2021), service science and open source AI. At ISSIP (2021-present), generative AI and digital twins.
Bio:Jim’s Bio (142 words):
Jim Spohrer is a student of service science and open-source, trusted AI. He is a retired industry executive (Apple, IBM), who is a member of the Board of Directors of the non-profit International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (ISSIP). At IBM, he served as Director for Open Source AI/Data, Global University Programs, IBM Almaden Service Research, and CTO IBM Venture Capital Relations Group. At Apple, he achieved Distinguished Engineer Scientist Technologist (DEST) for authoring and learning platforms. After MIT (BS/Physics), he developed speech recognition systems at Verbex (Exxon), then Yale (PhD/Computer Science AI). With over ninety publications and nine patents, awards include AMA ServSIG Christopher Lovelock Career Contributions to the Service Discipline, Evert Gummesson Service Research, Vargo-Lusch Service-Dominant Logic, Daniel Berg Service Systems, and PICMET Fellow for advancing service science. In 2021, Jim was appointed a UIDP Senior Fellow (University-Industry Demonstration Partnership).
Readings:Apple's ATG Authoring Tools:
URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/279044.279173 Blog: WorldBoard
URL: https://service-science.info/archives/2060 Blog: Reflecting on Generative AI and Digital Twins
URL: https://service-science.info/archives/6521 Book: Service in the AI Era
Attached: Pages 46-54.Video: Speech Recognition (History)
URL: https://youtu.be/G9z4VAsw_kw
Thanks, -Jim
--Jim Spohrer, PhDBoard of Directors, ISSIP (International Society of Service Innovation Professionals) Board of Directors, ServCollab ("Serving Humanity Through Collaboration")Senior Fellow, UIDP ("Strengthening University-Industry Partnerships")Retired Industry Executive (Apple, IBM)
March 20, 2024
Host Ganesan Narayanasamy (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ganesannarayanasamy/)
Uploaded here:
===
Event 20230320
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ganesannarayanasamy_productnation-semiconductorproductnation-activity-7174119132114620418-jvpx
Themed Shaping a Sustainable $1 Trillion Era, semicondynamics.org 2024 will gather industry experts on March 20th at Milpitas, California , for insights into the latest trends and innovations Accelerating AI with Semiconductor RTL Front end services and workforce development. The event will feature keynotes from the Semiconductor ecosystem, academia and Industries.
March 20, 2024
Host Ganesan Narayanasamy (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ganesannarayanasamy/)
Uploaded here:
===
Event 20230320
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ganesannarayanasamy_productnation-semiconductorproductnation-activity-7174119132114620418-jvpx
Themed Shaping a Sustainable $1 Trillion Era, semicondynamics.org 2024 will gather industry experts on March 20th at Milpitas, California , for insights into the latest trends and innovations Accelerating AI with Semiconductor RTL Front end services and workforce development. The event will feature keynotes from the Semiconductor ecosystem, academia and Industries.
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
I am Jim Spohrer, a retired Apple and IBM Executive, and currently a UIDP Senior Fellow, on the Board of Directors of ISSIP and ServCollab.
I am retired, meaning my primary activities are family-oriented – families are the oldest and most important type of service systems
I volunteer to help non-profits, mentor students, professionals, and retiree (some in retirement communities where the average age is 85) on AI & service science
My hobbies are hiking, reading, programming, and building my AI digital twin and humanoid robots for maintaining farms and farming equipment.
My hobbies are also trying to understand as much as I can about the system called the universe and mult-verse, and robots to rapidly rebuild civilization including themselves from scratch.
2001 - Nonzero: The Logic of Human Desitiny (Wright) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny
2015 - Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology - https://www.amazon.com/Geek-Heresy-Rescuing-Social-Technology/dp/161039528X
2021 - Humankind: A Hopeful History (Bregman) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humankind:_A_Hopeful_History
Humankind - https://www.amazon.com/Humankind-Hopeful-History-Rutger-Bregman/dp/0316418536
Humankind Book Review - https://service-science.info/archives/5654
2022 - Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives (2022) by Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, Warg - https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039
2023 - Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity-Centered (2023) by Don Norman - https://www.amazon.com/Design-Better-World-Meaningful-Sustainable/dp/0262047950/
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
I am Jim Spohrer, a retired Apple and IBM Executive, and currently a UIDP Senior Fellow, on the Board of Directors of ISSIP and ServCollab.
I am retired, meaning my primary activities are family-oriented – families are the oldest and most important type of service systems
I volunteer to help non-profits, mentor students, professionals, and retiree (some in retirement communities where the average age is 85) on AI & service science
My hobbies are hiking, reading, programming, and building my AI digital twin and humanoid robots for maintaining farms and farming equipment.
My hobbies are also trying to understand as much as I can about the system called the universe and mult-verse, and robots to rapidly rebuild civilization including themselves from scratch.
2001 - Nonzero: The Logic of Human Desitiny (Wright) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny
2015 - Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology - https://www.amazon.com/Geek-Heresy-Rescuing-Social-Technology/dp/161039528X
2021 - Humankind: A Hopeful History (Bregman) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humankind:_A_Hopeful_History
Humankind - https://www.amazon.com/Humankind-Hopeful-History-Rutger-Bregman/dp/0316418536
Humankind Book Review - https://service-science.info/archives/5654
2022 - Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives (2022) by Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, Warg - https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039
2023 - Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity-Centered (2023) by Don Norman - https://www.amazon.com/Design-Better-World-Meaningful-Sustainable/dp/0262047950/
Brno-IESS 20240206 v10 service science ai.pptxISSIP
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
20240104 HICSS Panel on AI and Legal Ethical 20240103 v7.pptxISSIP
20240103 HICSS Panel
Ethical and legal implications raised by Generative AI and Augmented Reality in the workplace.
Souren Paul - https://www.linkedin.com/in/souren-paul-a3bbaa5/
Event: https://kmeducationhub.de/hawaii-international-conference-on-system-sciences-hicss/
Congratulations to the organizers of the “Symposium for Celebrating 40 Years of Bayesian Learning in Speech and Language Processing” and to Prof. Chin-Hui Lee of Georgia Tech the Honorary Chair of the Symposium.
Thanks to Huck Yang (Amazon) for the invitation to record this short message.
Huck Yang
URL: https://www.linkedin.com/in/huckyang/
Event: https://bayesian40.github.io
Recording:
Slides:
URL: https://professionalschool.eitdigital.eu/generative-ai-essentials
Course on Generative Al
Description:
Generative AI is a world-changing power tool that is getting better by the day. So now is the time to get truly inspired, climb up the learning curve, and unleash more of your creative potential.
Learning Topics:
* Inspiration: What is Generative AI in the context of AI's history, present, and future
* Climbing Up: Ways to accelerate your learning trajectory
* Unleashing Creativity: Ways to stay future-ready in the AI era
What You'll Take Away:
By the end of this session, you'll understand the importance of upskilling with today's generative AI tools to get more work done, both faster and at higher quality, as well as some pitfalls to avoid, all within the broader context of the past, present, and future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Intelligence Augmentation (IA).
Learning Topics
Inspiration: What is Generative AI in the context of AI's history, present, and future.
Climbing Up: Ways to accelerate your learning trajectory.
Unleashing Creativity: Ways to stay future-ready in the AI era.
Deep dive into ChatGPT's features.
Techniques for basic and advanced prompting and real-world applications.
Spohrer Open Innovation Reflections 20230911 v2.pptxISSIP
September 11, 2023
Berkeley Innovation Forum
Open Innovation Journey
Henry Chesbrough, Solomon Darwin, Jim Spohrer
https://corporateinnovation.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/BIF-Fall2023-7.28.23.pdf
Pre-Event: Monday, September 11, 2023 at The CITRIS Innovation Hub
UC Berkeley, 330 Sutardja Dai Hall, MC 1764
7:45pm - 8:30pm
8:45pm
Fireside Chat: The Open Innovation Journey - Moderated by Henry Chesbrough
Henry Chesbrough
Faculty Director, Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation, UC Berkeley
Olga Diamandis
Former Disney, Smuckers, Mattel, P&G Executive
Jim Spohrer
Former Exec: IBM, Distinguished Scientist at Apple, Director of IBM AI
Nitin Narkhede
General Manager, Emerging Technologies and Innovation, Wipro
Bus pick-up to Hotel Shattuck Plaza
Henry Chesbrough is a professor at the Haas Business School, UC Berkeley, and faculty director of the Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation. An internationally acclaimed author, Dr. Chesbrough’s Open Innovation concept was first introduced in his award-winning book, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (2003). When he coined the term Open Innovation, he defined an approach that companies around the globe now use to innovate. Today, Chesbrough works directly with companies through Garwood’s programs to apply the principles of Open Innovation, and he continues to refine our understanding through his research and books.
Olga Diamandis is the senior manager at TE Connectivity. Previously, she served as principal technical architect at the Walt Disney Company. She also worked as principal scientst of innovation & knowledge management at The J.M. Smucker Company. Before that, she served as senior manager of Open Innovation at Mattel. She also has experience as a manager of global business development at Procter & Gamble, alongside a previous managerial role at Nestle.
Jim Spohrer previously served as IBM Director of Cognitive OpenTech - which includes open source AI/ML/DL - as well as director of IBM’s deep question-answering system Watson. Prior to that, he worked as a Distinguished Scientist in Learning Research at Apple Computer, Inc. where he developed SK8, Educational Object Economy - an open source learning object community - as well as WorldBoard which served as a vision for Planetary Augmented Reality system.
Nitin Narkhede is General Manager of Emerging Technologies and Innovation at Wipro Technologies. He is responsible for the development of new services and solutions based on emerging trends and technologies at Wipro. Nitin has been in the forefront of a number of technology and business model transitions during his 20 years of work at Wipro. Prior to his current assignment, he managed Wipro’s e-Business Solutions Practice in the Americas. Nitin has over 23 years of experience in the technology industry spanning IT strategy and planning, information systems and software product development, technology strategy and innovation management.
Host:
Bart Raynaud - https://www.linkedin.com/in/bart-raynaud-160a0318/
Title: AI: Past, Present, and Future
Abstract: In 1956, the term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined for a workshop at Dartmouth. Since then there has been waxing and waning enthusiasm and investment, so called "AI Winters" after hype, did not live up to reality. In late 2022, with the release of ChatGPT, and over 100 million users in just 60 days, there is a new wave of hype, investment, excitement, and increased fears of AI use by 'bad actors' for misinformation and other harms to society. What are the future trajectories as this technology is tamed and becomes routine? Are we about to enter a 'golden age' of service in business and society, as technology comes to the service sector, as it came to agriculture and manufacturing in the past?
Bio: Jim Spohrer is a retired industry executive (Apple, IBM). In the 1970's, after graduating MIT with a degree in physics, he worked at an AI startup doing speech recognition with mathematical models. In the 1980's, after completing his PhD in Computer Science/AI & Cognitive Science at Yale, he moved to California to join Apple and work on AI for Education. In the late 1990's, he joined IBM as CTO of the Venture Capital Relations group during the internet investment boom, and later started IBM Research's service research area, led IBM Global University Programs, and led IBM's open source AI efforts. Jim's most recent co-authored book, "Service in the AI Era" was published in late 2022.
Talk at SRI for Post Industrial Forum
June 28, 2023 5pm-8pm
https://post-industrial.institute/forum/
Frode Odegard invitation
https://www.linkedin.com/in/odegard/
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Today’s Talk: Understanding Cognitive Systems
• What is a cognitive system (entity)…
• Biological?
• Digital?
• How to…
• Build them?
• Understand them?
• Work with them?
• Steps toward a next generation
cognitive curriculum…
• Types of digital cognitive systems?
• Types of courses?
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 2
Jim Spohrer
(Maine, MIT, Verbex, Yale, Apple, IBM, …)
3. What is a biological cognitive system (BCS entity)?
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 3
4. What is a digital cognitive system (DCS entity)?
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 4
5. Build them (BCS)?
10 million minutes of experience
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 5
6. Build them (BCS)?
2 million minutes of experience
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 6
7. Build them (DCS)?
Computers, data, building blocks & service offerings
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 7
8. Build them (BCS + DCS)?
Socio-technical system design
hardware < software < data < experience < transformation
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 8
10. Work with them? Circa 2016…
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 10
11. Steps Toward a Next Generation
Cognitive Curriculum
• 2016
• “How to build a cognitive system for Q&A task.”
• 9 months to 40% question answering accuracy
• 1-2 years for 90% accuracy, which questions to reject
• 2026
• “How to use cognitive assistants to be a better professional X.”
• Tools to build a student level Q&A from textbook in 1 week
• 2036
• “How to use your cognitive mediator to build a startup.”
• Tools to build faculty level Q&A for textbook in one day
• Cognitive mediator knows a person better (in some ways)
than they know themselves (identity & responsibility)
• 2046 & 2056
• “How to manage your workforce of digital workers.”
• 2046: 10 digital workers each; 2056: 100 digital workers each
11/28/2016 11
12. Next Generation Cognitive Curriculum:
Intelligence Building Blocks
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 12
• Intelligence
Augmentation (IA)
• Science
• Design
• Business
• Society
• Interdisciplinary
• Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
• Learning
• Perception
• Reasoning
• Interaction
• Knowledge
13. What types of digital cognitive systems (DCS)?
• Cognitive Build: Outthink Challenge (250K people)
• Imagine a digital cognitive system to help you do
something important in your personal or professional
lives
• Team to design it and advocate for it, and then everyone
votes
• Winners: reduce waste and human suffering, screen for
health issues and safety threats, learn life skills and make
better choices, find what you are looking for, move
around more effectively, provide emotional support,
provide IT support, learn about important public policy
goals and make better choices
• Types: Tool, Assistant, Collaborator, Coach, Mediator
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 13
22. Cognitive Science, a young field
• Society
• cognitivesciencesociety.org
• People
• Founders: Roger Schank, Donald Norman,
Allan Collins
• Others: David Rumelhart, Herbert Simon,
Allen Newell
• Today: Patrick Langley, Wayne Gray,
Kenneth Forbus, Ashok Goel, Paul Maglio,
etc.
• Systems Conference
• cogsys.org
• (JCS wishes this was part of HICSS)
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 22
23. Advances in Cognitive Systems - cogsys.org
11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 23
This presentation provides an initial conceptual framework for “Understanding Cognitive Systems” – this presentation can be downloaded from slideshare.net/spohrer
Spohrer, J (2016) Understanding Cognitive Systems. A CSIG weekly speaker series presentation, also for Marty Apple. URL: http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/understanding_20161127_v8
I’m Jim Spohrer, I work at IBM and I am the presenter, and in today’s short talk, I will briefly cover what is a cognitive system (entity) – both biological and digital. Then I will briefly discuss how to build, understand, and work with digital cognitive systems – and how this is steps towards a next generation cognitive curriculum, including types of digital cognitive systems.
Biological cognitive system entities… and human intelligence…
The best explanation of what a biological cognitive system entity is can be found in Terrence Deacon’s book- the Symbolic Species – the co-evolution of language and the brain. All easily recognizable biological cognitive systems from ants to wolves to crows to dolphins to monkeys to people have brains that have co-evolved with symbol systems - chemical, visual, auditory – that individuals of the species you as a type of language for communicating and coordinating reasoning and interactions and the accumulation of knowledge for successful multi-generational living in an environment. Less sophisticated languages and brains deal primarily with the physical world, but more sophisticated languages and brains are needed to deal with the social and in the case of people, the cultural and institutional world, of large numbers of others of their species living in close proximity with each other.
Responds to environment (decision making – model of physical world, tasks), learning (memory – model of self), language (communications – model of other), institutions (collaboration, competition – model of institutional world, trust)
Is the entity the individual, the collective, or the species? Or all of these levels of organization?
Technological cognitive system entities, or what we will call digital cognitive system entities – are most easily explained from science fiction examples like Star Trek’s Mr. Data – an individual smart machine or AI (Artificial Intelligence). Artificial Intelligence (AI = MI) versus Intelligence Augmentations (IA = HI + MI) = Human Intelligence + Machine Intelligence
Versus a Tony Stark and Jarvis in Iron Man – which is an example of an Augmented Intelligence that combines biological human intelligence with technological machine intelligence into a system. In Augmented Intelligence – human computer interactions are often aided by augmented reality symbol systems that allow a blending of the physical and virtual or cyber worlds, so that people in the physical world can directly interact with bits of information in the machine intelligence or AI world. So it is likely that over time augmented intelligence and augmented reality interfaces will co-evolve as complementary technologies and system components.
Important property of Augmented Intelligence, must increase HI by use and not diminish it. Same as a parent and a child – the child must become more capable over time, and more dependent
People take 10 million minutes of experience to go from conception to adult in today’s society with rights and responsibilities.
Dogs, and some other biological cognitive systems, make the journey in about 500,000 minutes of experience (half a million minutes of experience).
Building an expert BCS takes 10,000 hours of deliberate practice, or around 2 million minutes of experience.
Building an expert DCS is still very heard work, and the rule-based approach of expert systems can be brittle and the bottom-up data-driven deep learning approaches can take an incredible amount of data.
In the 60 year history of the new field called Artificial Intelligence (AI) the building blocks have been getting better, and now “cognition as a service” is being offered by industry and non-profit players.
As the lower level building blocks get better and easier to use, value migrates to higher and higher levels….
Ultimately, building an expert BCS (person) or DCS (assistant) is not simply about the hardware/software/data/experience levels but about the design and transformation of socio-technical systems.
Where is the variety? Hardware and even software standardizing into modules and algorithms…. Data will standardize next into categories and types…. Experience is where the uniqueness is, and variety and variability, and identity.
Moving from science fiction to what exists today in 2016 – in the marketplace, we can see that more and more companies are developing intelligent assistants and augmented intelligence systems with technological components – in the cloud, on smartphones, in robots, and in cars, or as embedded in existing communication apps or other devices that people use when interacting with others or the world.
Here is what I tell students....
... to try to provoke their thinking about the cognitive era:
(0) 2015 - about 9 months to build a formative Q&A system - 40% accuracy;
- another 1-2 years and a team of 10-20, can get it to 90% accuracy, by reducing the scope ("sorry that question is out of scope")
- today's systems can only answer questions, if the answers are already existing in the text explicitly
- debater is an example of where we would like to get to though in 5 years: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g59PJxbGhY
- more about the ambitions at http://cognitive-science.info
(1) 2025: Watson will be able to rapidly ingest just about any textbooks and produce a Q&A system
- the Q&A system will rival C-grade (average) student performance on questions
(2) 2035 - above, but rivals C-level (average) faculty performance on questions
(3) 2035 - an exascale of compute power costs about $1000
- an exascale is the equivalent compute of one person's brain power (at 20W power)
(4) 2035 - nearly everyone has a cognitive mediator that knows them in many ways better than they know themselves
- memory of all health information, memory of everyone you have ever interacted with, executive assistant, personal coach, process and memory aid, etc.
(5) 2055 - nearly everyone has 100 cognitive assistants that "work for them"
- better management of your cognitive assistant workforce is a course taught at university
In 2015, we are at the beginning of the beginning or the cognitive era...
In 2025, we will be middle of beginning... easy to generate average student level performance on questions in textbook....
In 2035, we will be end of beginning (one brain power equivalent)... easy to generate average faculty level performance on questions in textbook....
http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/spohrer-ubi-learn-20151103-v2
By 2055, roughly 2x 20 year generations out, the cognitive era will be in full force.
Cellphones will likely become body suits - with burst-mode super-strength and super-safety features:
Suits - body suit cell phones
Cognitive Mediators will read everything for us, and relate the information to us - and what we know and our goals.
Think combined personal coach, executive assistant, personal research team....
The key is knowing which problem to work on next - see this long video for the answer - energy, water, food, wellness - and note especially the wellness suit at the end:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YY7f1t9y9a0&index=10&list=WL
Do not be put off by the beginning of the video - it is a bit over hyped and trivial, to say the leasat... but the projects are really good if you have the patience to watch.
In early 2016, IBM did an experiment to see what types of digital cognitive systems is employees where most interested in building.
The experiment was called the “Cognitive Build” and over 250K employees took part in some way.
I analyzed the top 400 projects, and with the help of ideas about Types of cognitive systems - co-created with the help of Don Norman and Paul Maglio – was able to identify five major types of cognitive systems that differ in the complexity of the models they possess.
Tools are the simplest since the do one thing well
Assistants are slightly more complex since they can help with a range of tasks.
A collaborator is more complex, in that the best collaborators really know they user well.
A coach must know the user even more deeply, not just today’s capabilities, but aspirations for the future.
And finally a trusted mediator can take actions on behalf of the user – to help people interact better to co-create more value in complex interactions that require reasoning about institutional arrangements and laws, social and cultural conventions.
These five types of digital cognitive systems and the types of models and capabilities they require are summarized in this table.
Relate to learning, perception, reasoning, interaction, and knowledge – five parts of an AI course.
The weakest link is what needs to be improved – according to system scientists. Accessing help, service, experts is the weakest link in most systems.
By 2035 the phone may have the power of one human brain – by 2055 the phone may have the power of all human brains.
Before trying to answer the question about which types of sciences are more important – the ones that try to explain the external world or the ones that try to explain the internal world – consider this, slide that shows the different telephones that I have used in my life. I grew up in rural Maine, where we had a party line telephone because we were somewhat remote on our farm in Newburgh, Maine.
However, over the years phones got much better…. So in 2035 or 2055, who are you going to call when you need help?
One of my heroes and mentors – Doug Engelbart (1925-2013)
Doug and I had several conversations about the relationship between augmentation theory and service science. I wish we could have had many more.
Before connecting augmentation theory to service science, I have to travel through some technical areas that are closer to my first two degrees physics at MIT and artificial intelligence at Yale university – but I promise you, I will connect this to service science and smarter service system research agenda….