Wcdma Training

Contents

• Basic Architecture of 3G ( W-CDMA ) system
• How do CDMA systems work?
• Channel structures of W-CDMA system
• A simplified flow of radio access

UMTS and 3G wireless

• Staged roll-out with "vintages" releases:
– Release 3 ("1999") GPRS data services
• Multimedia messaging service (MMS) = SMS successor ~ MIME email
• RAN via evolved CDMA
– Release 4: March 2001
– Release 5: March-June 2002
– Release 6: June 2003 all-IP network
• Main new features (affecting packet services):
– All-IP transport in the Radio Access and Core Networks
– Enhancements of services and service management
– High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
• Introduces additional downlink channels:
• High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
• Shared Control Channels for HS-DSCH

UMTS Data Rates

macrocell 2 km 144 kb/s

microcell 1 km 384 kb/s

picocell 60 m 2 Mb/s

• Follow-on to GSM, but WCDMA physical layer
• New spectrum around 2 GHz
• Radio transmission modes:
– frequency division duplex (FDD): 2 x 60 MHz
– time division duplex (TDD): 15 + 20 MHz
• Chip rate 3.84 Mcps  channel bandwidth 4.4 – 5 MHz

UMTS QoS Class

conversational voice, video conferencing low delay, strict
ordering

streaming video streaming modest delay,
strict ordering

interactive web browsing, games modest delay

background email download no delay
guarantees

UMTS Architecture

UTRAN Packet switched Core Network
UE IP
server
Applic. Application

TCP GGSN TCP
Radio Access Bearers
IP IP IP IP
RNC SGSN

Radio Bearers
PDCP PDCP Iu UP Iu UP
GTP-U GTP-U
RLC GTP-U GTP-U GPRS
Logical channels RLC
IP backbone
MAC MAC UDP UDP UDP/ UDP/
Transport channels TCP IP routing
TCP
Node B PHY
PHY IP IP IP IP IP IP
FP FP
AAL2/ AAL2/ AAL5/ AAL5/
PHY ATM ATM ATM ATM
Physical channels

Uu Iub Iu Gn Gn/Gp Gi

UMTS Architecture Simplified
CN

Iu Iu

RNC Iur RNC

Iub Iub Iub Iub

NB NB NB NB

Uu Uu Uu Uu

UMTS Gateway Architecture

Legacy Mobile
Signaling Networks
Multimedia
IP Networks
Roaming Signaling Mm
Gateway (R-SGW)
Mh Ms
HSS CSCF Gi
Cx Mg
Mr
Gi MRF
Media Gateway Transport Switching
Gi Control Function Gateway (T-SGW)
(MGCF)
SGSN GGSN
Mc (= H.248)
Media Gateway
Media Gateway Gi PSTN/Legacy/External
(MGW)
(MGW)

Alves

IM Sub System

Call State Control Function (CSCF)
Home
Application
Subscription Subscriber
Server Server
Location Function
Interrogating-CSCF Sh
• Accesspoint to domain SLF HSS AS
• Hides topology and configuration
Diameter Diameter ISC
UE Dx Cx Cx SIP

Gm Mw Mw
UA P-CSCF I-CSCF S-CSCF
(User Agent)
SIP SIP SIP

Visited Home
Domain Domain Serving-CSCF
Proxy-CSCF • Session control services
• Registration, AS usage, charging, etc

Jalava

Spread Spectrum
• “Spread” the radio signal over a wide frequency range by
modulating it with a code word unique to the radio
• Receiver’s correlator distinguishes signals by examining the
spectrum with a time synchronised duplicate of the spreading
code
• Power limited system
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS)
– Carrier is modulated by a digital code in which code bit rate is much
larger than information bit rate.
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
– Carrier frequency is shifted in discrete increments in a pattern
generated by a code sequence.

Multiple Access
GUARD BANDS
FDMA

USER # 5

USER # 4

USER # 3
FREQUENCY

USER # 2
FREQUENCY
USER # 1

TIME
TIME

TDMA
GUARD BANDS CDMA
USER # 1

USER # 2

4
USER #
5
USER #
3
USER #

Pseudocodes
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY Pseudocode N
Pseudocode N+1
Pseudocode N+2

TIME Time

Concept of channels in W-CDMA

• Single Carrier of 5 MHz
• Separate Carrier for Uplink & Downlink
• Chip rate of 3.84 Mcps
• Channelisation codes & Scrambling codes Identify various
channels

Protocol Architecture for UMTS

C Plane U Plane
Radio
APPLICATION DATA STREAM
PART
Network
Transport Network Layer
Control Plane

Transport Network Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network
layer

Protocol in Iub Interface

C Plane U Plane

Node B Various Frame
Application Part
Transport Network Protocols
NBAP C Plane
ALCAP
Q2630.1
Q2150.2

SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI

SSCOP SSCOP
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

Protocol in Iur Interface

C Plane U Plane
Radio Network
Subsystem
Application Part
Transport Network Iur Data Streams

RNSAP C Plane
ALCAP
User Plane Q2630.1 User Plane
Q2150.1
SCCP
MTP3-B ITUN MTP3-B ITUN
SSCF-NNI SCTP SSCF-NNI SCTP
SSCOP UDP/IP SSCOP UDP/IP
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

Protocol in Iu Interface CS

C Plane U Plane
Radio Access
Network
Application Part
Transport Network Iu Protocol Layer

RANAP C Plane
ALCAP
User Plane Q2630.1 User Plane
Q2150.1
SCCP
MTP3-B MTP3-B
SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

SSCOP SSCOP
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

Protocol in Iu Interface PS

C Plane U Plane
Radio Access
Network
Application Part
Transport Network Iu Protocol Layer

RANAP C Plane

SCCP GTP-U
MTP3-B ITUN UPD
SSCF-NNI SCTP
SSCOP UDP/IP IP

AAL5 AAL5

ATM Layer
Physical Layer

UMTS Control Plane Protocol for CS Service

MM/CM/
MM/CM/
SMS
SMS
RELAY
RANAP
RRC
RRC RANAP

RLC SCCP SCCP
RLC
MTP3-B / MTP3-B /
SSCOP
SSCOP
MAC MAC
AAL5 AAL5

L1 L1 ATM ATM

Uu UTRAN Iu
MS 3G-MSC/VLR

UMTS User Plane Protocol for CS Services

Trans-coding
CS
function
application
like coded
voice RELAY

25.415 25.415
RLC RLC

MAC MAC
AAL2 AAL2

L1 L1 ATM ATM

Uu UTRAN Iu
MS 3G-MSC/VLR

UMTS Control Plane Protocol for PS

GMM/SM
GMM/SM
/SMS
/SMS
RELAY
RANAP
RRC
RRC RANAP

RLC SCCP SCCP
RLC
SIGNALLING
SIGNALLING
BEARER BEARER
MAC MAC
AAL5 AAL5

L1 L1 ATM ATM

Uu Iu
MS UTRAN 3G-SGSN

UMTS User Plane Protocol for PS

APPLICATION

IP,PPP,X.25, IP,PPP,X.25
OSP RELAY RELAY ,OSP

PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
PDCP

RLC RLC UDP/ UDP/ UDP/ UDP/IP
IP IP IP

MAC MAC AAL5 AAL5 L2 L2

L1 L1 ATM ATM L1 LI
Uu Iu Gn
MS UTRAN 3G-SGSN GGSN

RADIO Subsystem Access Points

GC-SAP Nt-SAP DC-SAP

RLC/RRC

MAC Layer

SHCCH PCCH BCCH DCCH CCCH DTCH CTCH

PHYSICAL LAYER

Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

Typical Channel Structure of CDMA

Hierarchy of Radio Resource

• Logical Transport Channels
• Transport Channels
• Physical Channels

UTRA ( FDD ) or W-CDMA

• Basic Physical Resource code/frequency/phase
• There are two types of codes
– Channelisation
– Scrambling
• In IS-95 their equivalent are
– Walsh codes
– PN sequences
• The Physical channel is defined by a combination of
these basic physical resources
• There are hierarchical channel resources from radio
resource perspective

Types of Uplink Physical Channels

• Dedicated physical channels ( DPCH )
• Common physical channels
– Random Access Channel ( PRACH )
– Common Packet Channel ( PCPCH )
• Each physical channel has a associated
separate control channel

Uplink Physical Channels

DPDCH DATA bits

DPCCH Pilot bits TFCI bits FBI bits TPC bits
Cch,256,0

Slot 4 Slot 8 Slot 12
Slot 0
Slot 1 Slot 9
Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 5 Slot 13
Slot 6 Slot 1 0

Frame of 10ms

Uplink Physical RACH Message Part

Data Part DATA bits
C ch,SF,m

Control Part Pilot bits TFCI bits
C ch,256,m

Slot 0
Slot 1 Slot 9
Slot 6 Slot 1 0

Frame of 10ms

Types of Downlink Physical Channels

• Dedicated physical channels ( DPCH )
• Common physical channels
– Acquisition indication Channel ( AICH )
– Paging indication Channel ( PICH )
– Common pilot Channel ( CPICH )
– Primary common control channel ( P- CCPCH)
– Secondary common control channel ( S-CCPCH )
– Physical downlink shared channel ( PDSCH )

Downlink Physical Data Channel

DDPCH TPC TFCI
Data 1 bits Data 2 bits Pilot bits
bits bits

Slot 0
Slot 1 Slot 9
Slot 6 Slot 1 0

Frame of 10ms

Downlink Physical Shared Channel

PDSCH Data bits

Slot 0
Slot 1 Slot 9
Slot 6 Slot 1 0

Frame of 10ms

Downlink P-CCPCH

acp Primary synchronisation channel

acs i,7 Secondary synchronisation channel
256 CHIPS Broadcast channel

2560 CHIPS BCH = 27kbps

Channelisation code
Cch,256,1

Slot 0
Slot 1 Slot 9
Slot 6 Slot 1 0

Frame of 10ms

Downlink CPICH

Pre-defined symbol sequence

Common Pilot Channel

2560 CHIPS CPICH = 30kbps

Channelisation code
Cch,256,0

Slot 0
Slot 1 Slot 9
Slot 6 Slot 1 0

Frame of 10ms

Downlink AICH

4096 chips 1024 chips

AI Empty

5120 CHIPS

AS AS AS
AS AS AS AS AS
Slot Slot Slot
Slot 0 Slot 2 Slot 4 Slot 6 Slot 8
AS AS 10 AS 12 AS 14
AS AS AS
Slot 3 Slot 5 Slot Slot
11 13

Two Frame 20ms

Downlink AP-AICH


API Empty

5120 CHIPS

AS AS AS
AS AS AS AS AS
Slot Slot Slot
AS AS AS
11 13

Two Frame 20ms

Downlink CD/CA-ICH


CDI/CAI Empty

5120 CHIPS

AS AS AS
AS AS AS AS AS
Slot Slot Slot
AS AS AS
11 13

Two Frame 20ms

Downlink CSICH


Tx Off SI

5120 CHIPS

AS AS AS
AS AS AS AS AS
Slot Slot Slot
AS AS AS
11 13

Two Frame 20ms

Downlink PICH

• There are certain number of Paging Indicator per frame
• The number of bits per Paging indicator depend upon the
number of Paging Indicators
• A UE is always associated to a Paging indicator

12 Bits
288 Bits used for Paging
Unused

300 Bits

Slot 0
Slot 1 Slot 9
Slot 6 Slot 1 0

Frame of 10ms

Transport Channel Types

• Transport Channels
– RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL ( RACH )
– BROADCAST CHANNEL ( BCH )
– PAGING CHANNEL ( PCH )
– FORWARD ACCESS CHANNEL ( FACH )
– COMMON PACKET CHANNEL ( CPCH )
– DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL ( DSCH )
– DEDICATED CHANNEL ( DCH )

Mapping Between Transport & Physical Channels

TRANSPORT CHANNELS
BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH CPCH

P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PRACH PDSCH DPDCH PCPCH

PHYSICAL CHANNELS

Note : CPICH , SCH , DPCCH , AICH ,PICH don’t have
any transport channel associated with them .

RACH Protocol Model
DTCH DCCH CCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

MAC-d MAC-d

MAC-c/sh MAC-c/sh RACH RACH
FP FP
RachFP RachFP

TNL TNL TNL TNL
PHY PHY

UE Uu NodeB Iub CRNC Iur SRNC

FACH Protocol Model
DTCH DCCH MTCH MCCH MTCH MCCH DCCH DTCH
MSCH
CCCH MSCH CCCH

MAC-d
MAC-d

MAC-c/sh MAC-c/sh/m FACH FACH
FP FP
FachFP FachFP

PHY PHY TNL TNL TNL TNL


DCH Protocol Model
DTCH DCCH DCCH DTCH

MAC-d MAC-d

PHY-upper PHY PHY
DchFP DchFP DchFP DchFP



DSCH Protocol Model
DTCH DCCH DCCH DTCH

MAC-d
MAC-d

MAC-c/sh MAC-c/sh
DschFP DschFP
DschFP DschFP



HSDSCH Protocol Model

DTCH DCCH DCCH DTCH

MAC-d MAC-d

CRNC HS-DSCH
Flow Control
MAC-hs MAC- HS- HS- HS- HS-
hs DSCHFP DSCHFP DSCHFP DSCHFP



Logical Channel Types

• Control Logical Channels
– Broadcast Control Channel ( BCCH )
– Paging Control Channel ( PCCH )
– Dedicated Control Channel ( DCCH )
– Common Control Channel ( CCCH )
– Shared Channel Control Channel ( SHCCH )
• Traffic Logical Channels
– Dedicated Traffic Channel ( DTCH )
– Common Traffic Channel ( CTCH )

Mapping Between Logical & Transport Channels

LOGICAL CHANNELS
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH CTCH

BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH CPCH

TRANSPORT CHANNELS

UTRAN MAC Architecture
BCCH CTCH MCCH MTCH
MAC Control MAC Control PCCH CCCH SHCCH MAC ControlMAC ControlDCCH DTCH DTCH
TDD only
MSCH MAC Control

MAC-es

MAC-d
Configuration Configuration
without MAC c/sh - with MAC c/sh

MAC-e MAC-hs Configuration MAC-c/sh/m
with MAC -c/sh

E-DCH HS- DSCH HS- DSCH
Iub PCH FACH FACH RACH USCH USCH DSCH DSCH Iur or local DCH DCH
TDD only TDD only
TDD only TDD only
Associated Downlink Associated Uplink Associated Downlink Associated Uplink
Signalling Signalling Signalling Signalling

Cell Search/Identification

• The Primary synchronization code is the same for
every cell in the system
• The Secondary synchronization code is a
sequence of 15 codes from a set of 16 codes
• Each cell is allocated one and only one primary
scrambling code
• Scrambling codes are divided into 64 code groups
; each code group having 8 primary scrambling
codes . Each primary scrambling code has
associated 15 secondary scrambling codes

W-CDMA Cell Setup

NODE-B RNC

RESOURCE STATUS INDICATION

CELL SETUP REQUEST

CELL SETUP RESPONSE

COMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP

COMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP RESPONSE

SYSTEM INFORMATION

Mobile States

CONNECTED STATES

CELL_URA
CELL_PCH

CELL_DCH

CELL_FACH

IDLE STATE
IDLE STATE IDLE STATE

RRC Connection Setup In Dedicated Mode

UE Node B Serving
Serving RNS RNC

1. CCCH : RRC Connection Request
RRC
RRC

Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters

2. Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP NBAP

Start RX
description
3. Radio Link Setup Response
NBAP NBAP

4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

5. NodeB-SRNC Data Transport Bearer Sync

Start TX
description
6. CCCH : RRC Connection Setup
RRC RRC

7. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC RRC

Hand Off in CDMA

• Hard Handoff
• Softer Handoff
• Soft Handoff

Soft Handover

Antenna

s T P A

T P A Linear
s Comb.
s T P A

• Mobile moves towards edge of cell
• BS detects low power
• MS spreading code sent to candidate BS
• Signals from both BS combined by Rake Reciever
• All fingers correlate with rays from new site
• Old BS drops mobile spreading code

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