This document summarizes a study examining the effects of delivering human umbilical cord blood cells to an animal model of stroke. The key findings are:
1) Delivery of CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells within 48 hours of inducing a stroke in mice led to functional recovery, increased cortical thickness, angiogenesis near the injury site, and some neurogenesis.
2) The cord blood cells may have stimulated angiogenesis and lifted suppression of neurogenesis, contributing to recovery, though their direct incorporation was limited.
3) While the study provides promising evidence that cord blood cells may enhance post-stroke recovery, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved and determine the precise role of neurogenesis
A Neurovascular Niche for Neurogenesis after Strokejohnohab
Stroke causes cell death but also birth and migration of new neurons within sites of ischemic damage. The cellular environment that induces neuronal regeneration and migration after stroke has not been defined. We have used a model of long-distance migration of newly born neurons from the subventricular zone to cortex after stroke to define the cellular cues that induce neuronal regeneration after CNS injury. Mitotic, genetic, and viral labeling and chemokine/growth factor gain- and loss-of-function studies show that stroke induces neurogenesis from a GFAP-expressing progenitor cell in the subventricular zone and migration of newly born neurons into a unique
neurovascular niche in peri-infarct cortex. Within this neurovascular niche, newly born, immature neurons closely associate with the remodeling vasculature. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis are causally linked through vascular production of stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1) and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1). Furthermore, SDF1 and Ang1 promote post-stroke neuroblast migration and behavioral recovery. These experiments define a novel brain environment for neuronal regeneration after stroke and identify molecular mechanisms that are shared between angiogenesis and neurogenesis during functional recovery from brain injury.
Deep Brain Stimulation surgery experience at Apollo Hospital, New DelhiApollo Hospitals
Functional neurosurgery is concerned with the treatment of conditions where central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) function is abnormal although the structure or anatomy is normal. Eighty-seven Deep Brain Stimulation surgeries were done at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. This included 81 cases of Parkinson’s disease (STN stimulation), 4 cases of Essential Tremors (VIM thalamic nucleus stimulation) and three cases of Dystonia (Globus Pallidus stimulation). All the patients showed good response and one patient developed small thalamic hemorrhage which improved over a period of six weeks.
Pathophysiology of TBI is complex and consists of acute and delayed injury. In the acute phase, brain tissue destroyed upon impact includes neurons, glia, and endothelial cells, the latter of which makes up the blood-brain barrier. In the delayed phase, “toxins” released from damaged cells set off cascades in neighboring cells eventually leading to exacerbation of primary injury. As researches further explore pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating condition, numerous potential therapeutic strategies, especially those involving stem cells, are emerging to improve recovery and possibly reverse damage. In addition to elucidating the most recent advances in the understanding of TBI pathophysiology, this review explores two primary pathways currently under investigation and are thought to yield the most viable therapeutic approach for treatment of TBI: manipulation of endogenous neural cell response and administration of exogenous stem cell therapy.
A Neurovascular Niche for Neurogenesis after Strokejohnohab
Stroke causes cell death but also birth and migration of new neurons within sites of ischemic damage. The cellular environment that induces neuronal regeneration and migration after stroke has not been defined. We have used a model of long-distance migration of newly born neurons from the subventricular zone to cortex after stroke to define the cellular cues that induce neuronal regeneration after CNS injury. Mitotic, genetic, and viral labeling and chemokine/growth factor gain- and loss-of-function studies show that stroke induces neurogenesis from a GFAP-expressing progenitor cell in the subventricular zone and migration of newly born neurons into a unique
neurovascular niche in peri-infarct cortex. Within this neurovascular niche, newly born, immature neurons closely associate with the remodeling vasculature. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis are causally linked through vascular production of stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1) and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1). Furthermore, SDF1 and Ang1 promote post-stroke neuroblast migration and behavioral recovery. These experiments define a novel brain environment for neuronal regeneration after stroke and identify molecular mechanisms that are shared between angiogenesis and neurogenesis during functional recovery from brain injury.
Deep Brain Stimulation surgery experience at Apollo Hospital, New DelhiApollo Hospitals
Functional neurosurgery is concerned with the treatment of conditions where central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) function is abnormal although the structure or anatomy is normal. Eighty-seven Deep Brain Stimulation surgeries were done at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. This included 81 cases of Parkinson’s disease (STN stimulation), 4 cases of Essential Tremors (VIM thalamic nucleus stimulation) and three cases of Dystonia (Globus Pallidus stimulation). All the patients showed good response and one patient developed small thalamic hemorrhage which improved over a period of six weeks.
Pathophysiology of TBI is complex and consists of acute and delayed injury. In the acute phase, brain tissue destroyed upon impact includes neurons, glia, and endothelial cells, the latter of which makes up the blood-brain barrier. In the delayed phase, “toxins” released from damaged cells set off cascades in neighboring cells eventually leading to exacerbation of primary injury. As researches further explore pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating condition, numerous potential therapeutic strategies, especially those involving stem cells, are emerging to improve recovery and possibly reverse damage. In addition to elucidating the most recent advances in the understanding of TBI pathophysiology, this review explores two primary pathways currently under investigation and are thought to yield the most viable therapeutic approach for treatment of TBI: manipulation of endogenous neural cell response and administration of exogenous stem cell therapy.
Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data from human brai...Anton Yuryev
The presentation from National Institute of Mental Health shows how to use Pathway Studio data for analysis of fMRI from schizophrenia patients. It finds novel proteins that can be used as biomarkers or drug targets for schizophrenia.
Stem cells Used to Develop Mini Human Brain & Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Inju...Ankita-rastogi
Stem cell derived from human umbilical cord or bone marrow improves mobility with spinal cord injuries providing the first physical evidence that the therapeutic use of these cells can help restore motor skills lost from acute spinal cord tissue damage. For more information visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
Pten Deletion in Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Enhances Constitutive Neu...johnohab
Here we show that conditional deletion of Pten in a subpopulation of adult neural stem cells in the subependymal zone (SEZ) leads to persistently enhanced neural stem cell self-renewal without sign of exhaustion. These Pten null SEZ-born neural stem cells and progenies can follow the endogenous migration, differentiation, and integration pathways and contribute to constitutive neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. As a result, Pten deleted animals have increased olfactory bulb mass and enhanced olfactory function. Pten null cells in the olfactory bulb can establish normal connections with peripheral olfactory epithelium and help olfactory bulb recovery from acute damage. Following a focal stroke, Pten null progenitors give rise to greater numbers of neuroblasts that migrate to peri-infarct cortex. However, in contrast to the olfactory bulb, no significant long-term survival and integration can be observed, indicating that additional factors are necessary for long-term survival of newly born neurons after stroke. These data suggest that manipulating PTEN-controlled signaling pathways may be a useful step in facilitating endogenous neural stem/progenitor expansion for the treatment of disorders or lesions in regions associated with constitutive neurogenesis.
This market leading Ophthamology title provides the ultimate foundations in ophthalmology for trainees and keeps experienced practitioners abreast on current practice and evolving techniques for diagnosing and treating ophthalmic disorders. It provides a pictorial, templated and bulleted approach presenting the key information needed to understand important eye disorders encountered in daily practice, giving the busy clinician a handle on a diagnostic problem in quick time by using either the book or a web version.
This is also an excellent resource for for preparing for the exams.
To purchase this title, please visit www.asia.elsevierhealth.com
Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data from human brai...Anton Yuryev
The presentation from National Institute of Mental Health shows how to use Pathway Studio data for analysis of fMRI from schizophrenia patients. It finds novel proteins that can be used as biomarkers or drug targets for schizophrenia.
Stem cells Used to Develop Mini Human Brain & Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Inju...Ankita-rastogi
Stem cell derived from human umbilical cord or bone marrow improves mobility with spinal cord injuries providing the first physical evidence that the therapeutic use of these cells can help restore motor skills lost from acute spinal cord tissue damage. For more information visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
Pten Deletion in Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Enhances Constitutive Neu...johnohab
Here we show that conditional deletion of Pten in a subpopulation of adult neural stem cells in the subependymal zone (SEZ) leads to persistently enhanced neural stem cell self-renewal without sign of exhaustion. These Pten null SEZ-born neural stem cells and progenies can follow the endogenous migration, differentiation, and integration pathways and contribute to constitutive neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. As a result, Pten deleted animals have increased olfactory bulb mass and enhanced olfactory function. Pten null cells in the olfactory bulb can establish normal connections with peripheral olfactory epithelium and help olfactory bulb recovery from acute damage. Following a focal stroke, Pten null progenitors give rise to greater numbers of neuroblasts that migrate to peri-infarct cortex. However, in contrast to the olfactory bulb, no significant long-term survival and integration can be observed, indicating that additional factors are necessary for long-term survival of newly born neurons after stroke. These data suggest that manipulating PTEN-controlled signaling pathways may be a useful step in facilitating endogenous neural stem/progenitor expansion for the treatment of disorders or lesions in regions associated with constitutive neurogenesis.
This market leading Ophthamology title provides the ultimate foundations in ophthalmology for trainees and keeps experienced practitioners abreast on current practice and evolving techniques for diagnosing and treating ophthalmic disorders. It provides a pictorial, templated and bulleted approach presenting the key information needed to understand important eye disorders encountered in daily practice, giving the busy clinician a handle on a diagnostic problem in quick time by using either the book or a web version.
This is also an excellent resource for for preparing for the exams.
To purchase this title, please visit www.asia.elsevierhealth.com
The field of neuroscience is undergoing significant change. The two main cell families that make up the brain, neurons and glial cells, each concealed a hybrid brain cell that fell somewhere in the middle.
The Brain as a Whole: Executive Neurons and Sustaining Homeostatic GliaInsideScientific
Carl Petersen and Alexei Verkhratsky share their research on homeostatic neuroglia and imaging of neuronal network function. This webinar is brought to you by APS’ new journal, Function, and part of their Physiology in Focus learning series.
During this exclusive live webinar, Carl Petersen and Alexei Verkhratsky discuss astrocyte-mediated homeostatic control of the central nervous system, and how optical and 2-photon microscopy can be used for functional neuroimaging.
Imaging Neuronal Function
Carl Petersen, PhD
Highly dynamic and spatially distributed neuronal circuits in the brain control mammalian behavior. Through technological advances, optical measurements of neuronal function can now be carried out in behaving mice at multiple scales. Wide-field imaging allows the dynamic interactions between different brain areas to be studied as sensory information is processed and transformed into behavioral output. Within a brain region, two-photon microscopy can be used to image the neuronal network activity with cellular resolution allowing different types of projection neurons to be distinguished. Together optical methods provide versatile tools for causal mechanistic understanding of neuronal network function in mice.
Astrocytes: indispensable neuronal supporters in sickness and in health
Alexei Verkhratsky, MD, PhD, DSc
The nervous system is composed of two arms: the executive neurons and the homeostatic neuroglia. The neurons require energy, support, and protection, all of which is provided by the neuroglia. Astrocytes, the principal homeostatic cells of the brain and spinal cord, are tightly integrated into the neural networks and act within the context of the neural tissue. As astrocytes control the homeostasis of the central nervous system at all levels of organization, from the molecular to the whole organ level, we can begin to define and understand brain vulnerabilities to aging and diseases.
Regeneration of Brain with new understanding gives us good ground to be optimistic in matters of research and also day to day clinics. This presentation at the most introduces you to the potential stride of the field.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Umbilical Cord Blood Cells and Brain Stroke Injury - Cryoviva India
1. Commentaries
312 The Journal of Clinical Investigation http://www.jci.org Volume 114 Number 3 August 2004
Umbilical cord blood cells and brain stroke injury:
bringing in fresh blood to address an old problem
Daniel A. Peterson
Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Degeneration of brain tissue following stroke leads to functional impairment
with limited brain self-repair. New evidence suggests that delivery of circulat-
ing CD34+ human umbilical cord blood cells can produce functional recovery
in an animal stroke model with concurrent angiogenesis and neurogenesis
leading to some restoration of cortical tissue (see the related article beginning
on page 330). While some alternative interpretations of this data are offered
herein, the study provides encouraging evidence of functional recovery from
stroke in an animal model using stem cell therapy.
Focal brain ischemia results from block-
age of the blood supply to the region sup-
plied by the affected vessel with subsequent
degeneration of that tissue. The severity of
this degeneration is a function of the extent
and location of the injury. There is little
spontaneous repair of the injured region,
and most post-stroke improvement appears
to reflect the recruitment of intact circuitry
to perform the function of the degenerated
region. Because of the public health impor-
tance of developing an effective treatment
leading to recovery from stroke, various ani-
mal models have been developed to simulate
the mechanism of injury and to evaluate
intervention strategies.
The observation that new neurons are
generated in specific regions of the adult
brain has raised the possibility that this
process of neurogenesis may be harnessed
to repopulate degenerated regions (1).
Neurogenesis in the adult brain occurs in
the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the fore-
brain subventricular zone (SVZ), it has been
reported that new neurons can be generated
either transiently or at a low rate in the cere-
bral cortex, substantia nigra, and hypothala-
mus (2–4), although the existence of cortical
neurogenesis remains controversial (5). As
a result, the adult brain can be divided into
regions designated as neurogenic (dentate
gyrus and forebrain SVZ) or nonneurogenic
(the rest of the brain). However, recent evi-
dence indicates that the forebrain SVZ of
humans does not give rise to new neurons,
suggesting that in the human brain, only
the dentate gyrus may support substantial
amounts of neurogenesis (6). Such restric-
tion in the human brain may have impli-
cations for the therapeutic use of neural
stem cells. Nevertheless, in animal models,
neural stem cells can be extracted from vari-
ous brain regions and expanded in vitro (7).
Recent studies suggest that cells expressing
thechondroitinsulphateproteoglycanNG2,
thought to serve as a marker for neural pro-
genitors committed to an oligodendrocyte
lineage,mayexhibitmultipotentialityinvitro
(8, 9). As NG2-positive cells are widespread
throughout the mature brain, they may rep-
resent a local reserve of stem cells that may
be recruited for repair of focal injury.
Within neurogenic regions, the rate of
neurogenesisappearstobemodulatedbylocal
environmental changes (10). Neurogenesis
can also be promoted by the delivery to
neurogenic regions of various growth factors,
including brain-derived neurotrophic fac-
tor, FGF-2, IGF, and erythropoietin (11–13).
Following experimental injury, there is an
upregulation of neurogenesis, and delivery of
growth factors in injury models can augment
thisneurogenicresponseaswellascontribute
to neuroprotection, which suggests that this
may be a suitable strategy to pursue for devel-
opment of therapeutic intervention (14,
15). Specific enhancement of neurogenesis
has been reported as a result of ischemic
injury with migration of neuroblasts to
the site of degeneration, although only a
small fraction of these new neurons survive
(reviewed in ref. 16).
It is not yet understood what environmen-
tal differences between neurogenic and non-
neurogenic brain regions support the gener-
ation of new neurons, but this process may
be regulated by the availability of factors to
enhance neurogenesis, the presence of fac-
tors that suppress neurogenesis, or a com-
bination of the two. The situation is made
more complex by the progression of cells
from proliferation through lineage com-
mitment and functional differentiation, all
of which are sequential components in the
process of neurogenesis. Furthermore, cell
progression through each of these compo-
nents of neurogenesis is likely to be regulat-
ed by different factors at each step. Thus, the
development of successful therapeutic strat-
egies to use neural stem cells for brain repair
will require that appropriate regulatory fac-
tors be presented in the proper spatial and
temporal sequence. This is a daunting pros-
pect, and progress will come as individual
pieces of this puzzle are assembled.
Cord blood cells promote
stroke recovery
The report by Taguchi et al. in the current
issue of the JCI (17) offers one piece of this
puzzle by showing that intravenous deliv-
ery of the CD34+ subpopulation of human
umbilical cord blood cells can enhance
angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and morpho-
logical and functional recovery in an animal
model of stroke (Figure 1). Behavioral recov-
ery from stroke and injury following delivery
ofhumanumbilicalcordbloodcellshasbeen
observed, but in the absence of significant
numbers of grafted cells entering the brain,
itwasnotpreviouslyclearhowthiseffectwas
mediated (18–20). Here Taguchi et al. show
thattheperipheralcellsmaythemselvesshow
limited incorporation but serve to stimulate
angiogenesis and perhaps lift suppression of
neurogenesis (possibly by the same mecha-
nism of repressor inhibition that leads to
angiogenesis). Following induction of a mid-
dle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke,
mice receiving CD34+ cord blood cells within
48 hours of the insult demonstrated signifi-
cant improvement on relevant behavioral
tests and a modest, but significant, increase
in cortical thickness. Following substantial
angiogenesisinregionssurroundingtheinju-
Nonstandard abbreviations used: polysialylated
neuronal cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM);
subventricular zone (SVZ).
Conflict of interest: The author engages in private
consultation activity through NeuroRenew Inc.
Citation for this article: J. Clin. Invest. 114:312–314
(2004). doi:10.1172/JCI200422540.
2. commentaries
The Journal of Clinical Investigation http://www.jci.org Volume 114 Number 3 August 2004 313
ry, animals that received the cord blood cells
showedanumberofmigratingneuroblastsin
themarginofthecorticalinjury,primarilyon
the aspect closest to the forebrain SVZ. Over
time, the cortex at the site of injury increased
in thickness relative to measurements made
shortly after degeneration had occurred.
Unfortunately, systematic sampling with
stereological measures was not employed;
thus the extent of morphological response is
unclear as only a few samples were measured
for linear changes in cortical thickness and
density of cells. The authors concluded that
the CD34+ cells in the cord blood stimulated
angiogenesiswithspecificneovascularization
around the cortical degeneration. In turn,
neurogenesis was stimulated by these events
with subsequent migration of neuroblasts
into the newly restored cortex where these
cells matured and were responsible for func-
tional recovery.
Stem cell therapy with cord blood:
how might it work?
These are exciting findings with direct thera-
peutic possibilities, but there are alternative
interpretations for some aspects of the study
by Taguchi et al. (17). The authors attribute
the behavioral recovery of the mice to the
functioning of newly generated neurons.
However, the improvement in cortical thick-
ness was quite modest. By 90 days, animals
receiving CD34+ cells had a 25% thicker cor-
tex than non-CD34+–treated animals or had
15% less loss of cortical thickness, depend-
ing on the context in which the results are
viewed. It is difficult to see how such a lim-
ited morphological increase could account
for functional restoration, particularly in the
absence of data revealing the morphological
and functional connectivity of new cells. It
is also possible that the neovascularization
the authors observed may have benefited
uncompromised tissue, leading to enhanced
behavioral performance. Further studies, in
which neurogenesis is specifically blocked,
willbeneededtoprovideinsightintotherole
of neurogenesis and to validate the authors’
conclusion that behavioral improvement
was due to functional neurogenesis.
Taguchi et al. (17) also assume that the
new neurons have migrated from the fore-
brain SVZ because of their expression of the
migratory markers polysialylated neuronal
cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) and
doublecortin. While these are both mark-
ers of migrating neuroblasts, their expres-
sion does not provide information about
the extent of their migration. For example,
expression of PSA-NCAM and doublecor-
tin are also found in the new neurons in
the dentate gyrus where the total migratory
movement is only a few cell diameters. These
cells may be migrating, but they need not
have come all the way from the forebrain
SVZ. It may be that these cells were recruited
from local progenitor cells, such as the NG2-
positive cell population described earlier.
For example, in the immediate post-stroke
interval, substantial cell proliferation was
observed near the site of injury and 25% of
these cells were identified as adopting an
endothelial cell fate. However, the ultimate
identity of the remaining BrdU-positive cells
was not pursued, and it is possible that these
may have eventually expressed neuronal lin-
eage markers in response to signals associat-
ed with CD34+ cells and neovascularization.
It would be interesting to know what
effect the stimulation provided by circulat-
ing CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells would
have on neurogenesis in the forebrain SVZ
and dentate gyrus regions of naive and
stroke-lesioned animals. Such information
Figure 1
Morphological response of stroke-injured brain to delivery of umbilical cord blood cells. (A) Occlusive stroke results in the degeneration of brain
tissue supplied by the occluded vessel, which produces a lesion cavity.The lesion cavity compromises the cerebral cortex and lies some distance
from a neurogenic region, the SVZ.The major fiber tracts forming the corpus callosum lie between the lesion cavity and the SVZ, a putative source
of newly generated neurons observed in response to stem cell therapy. (B) Delivery of umbilical cord blood cells enriched with the CD34+ cell frac-
tion to the tail vein results in circulation of these primitive stem cells throughout the body’s vascular system. (C) The circulating CD34+ cord blood
cells in vessels adjacent to regions of neurodegeneration provide a possible supply of a number of cytokines and growth factors, including FGF-2
and IGF, that are proposed to cross into brain parenchyma directly or to stimulate local environmental production of growth factors. (D) Factors
released by the circulating CD34+ cells also serve to recruit angioblasts, leading to angiogenesis. (E) Following CD34+ cord blood cell delivery,
new cells are born and express neuronal lineage markers in a process called neurogenesis. In addition to being present in tissue remaining after
the lesion, these new neurons contribute to restored tissue in the margin of the lesion cavity, which results in a small lesion cavity. It remains to be
determined whether the newly generated neurons migrated from the neurogenic SVZ or were recruited from quiescent neural progenitor or stem
cells residing in the parenchyma closer to the lesion cavity. Figure adapted with permission from Current Opinion in Neurobiology (16).
3. commentaries
314 The Journal of Clinical Investigation http://www.jci.org Volume 114 Number 3 August 2004
would be useful for discriminating between
the influence of CD34+ cells and that of
neovascularizationontheoverallneurogenic
capacity of the dentate gyrus and forebrain
SVZ.Itmayalsoprovideinsightintothepos-
sibility of recruiting neural stem cells from
these regions for brain repair. This informa-
tion would be particularly relevant in regard
to the experimental group that also received
erythropoietin, as this treatment has been
shown to enhance both angiogenesis and
neurogenesis (13). The current study sug-
gests that one mechanism accounting for
the functional recovery resulting from
cord blood cell delivery works through the
enhancement of angiogenesis around the
site of degeneration. This finding provides a
note of optimism for developing therapeutic
strategies for stroke. Taguchi et al. provide
an important piece of the puzzle, but there
remains much to be determined about the
mechanisms involved and the specific role of
neurogenesis in brain recovery from stroke
before a comprehensive picture will emerge
on how to treat this old problem (17).
Acknowledgments
The author’s research is supported in part
by NIH grants AG20047 and AG22555.
Address correspondence to: Daniel A.
Peterson, Department of Neuroscience,
The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind
Franklin University of Medicine and Sci-
ence, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chi-
cago, Illinois 60064, USA. Phone: (847)
578-3411; Fax: (847) 578-8545; E-mail:
daniel.peterson@rosalindfranklin.edu.
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Unlocking the secrets of the pancreatic β cell:
man and mouse provide the key
Andrew T. Hattersley
Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Nonstandard abbreviations used: hydatidiform
mole–associated and –imprinted transcript (HYMAI);
P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC); transient
neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM); type 2 diabetes
(T2D); Z finger protein that regulates apoptosis and
cell cycle arrest (ZAC).
Conflict of interest: The author has declared that no
conflict of interest exists.
Citation for this article: J. Clin. Invest. 114:314–316
(2004). doi:10.1172/JCI200422506.
Failure of the pancreas to secrete sufficient insulin results in type 2 diabetes,
butthepathogenesisofpancreatic βcelldysfunctionisstillpoorlyunderstood.
New insights into β cell failure come from defining the genes involved in rare
genetic subtypes of diabetes and creating appropriate animal models. A new
mouse model of transient neonatal diabetes mellitus emphasizes that both the
numberofβcellsandtheirfunctionarecriticalforinsulinsecretionandmaybe
regulated by imprinted genes (see the related article beginning on page 339).
The regulated secretion of insulin by the
pancreatic β cell maintains blood sugar
concentrations within a narrow physi-
ological range. In over 150 million people
worldwide, however, pancreatic β cells fail
to secrete adequate insulin, usually in the
presence of increased insulin resistance,
which results in type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Understanding the pathways that result
in β cell dysfunction at a physiological
and molecular level is critical for improved
understanding and treatment of T2D.
Learning from rare genetic subtypes
of diabetes
How can we study the pancreatic β cell in
humans when these cells are not readily
accessible? Accidents of nature in which a
single gene defect results in severe β cell dys-
function, causing diabetes, offer the chance
of gaining new insights into this disease if
the responsible gene can be defined. The
best example of such research has been the
use of positional cloning to demonstrate
that heterozygous mutations of the genes
encoding the hepatic transcription factors