The presentation from National Institute of Mental Health shows how to use Pathway Studio data for analysis of fMRI from schizophrenia patients. It finds novel proteins that can be used as biomarkers or drug targets for schizophrenia.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of delivering human umbilical cord blood cells to an animal model of stroke. The key findings are:
1) Delivery of CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells within 48 hours of inducing a stroke in mice led to functional recovery, increased cortical thickness, angiogenesis near the injury site, and some neurogenesis.
2) The cord blood cells may have stimulated angiogenesis and lifted suppression of neurogenesis, contributing to recovery, though their direct incorporation was limited.
3) While the study provides promising evidence that cord blood cells may enhance post-stroke recovery, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved and determine the precise role of neurogenesis
This document summarizes the first case of brain perfusion SPECT with acetazolamide challenge in Bangladesh. A 30-year old female with left middle cerebral artery infarct underwent brain perfusion SPECT before revascularization surgery to evaluate cerebrovascular reserve. Baseline imaging showed reduced perfusion in the left hemisphere infarct area. Post-acetazolamide imaging showed diminished perfusion deficit, indicating moderate peri-infarct ischemia and reserve. The patient was managed medically with improvement seen after four months. This demonstrated the first use of cerebrovascular reserve evaluation and easy Z-score imaging in Bangladesh.
This document discusses the use of MRI to detect central motor pathway dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. It summarizes a study that found cortical MRI analysis could detect significant correlations between brain motor areas and clinical assessments of arm, leg or bulbar involvement in ALS patients. This provides evidence that anatomical connections between cortical and spinal motor neurons play a key role in ALS pathology. However, current MRI techniques still lack sensitivity to detect pathology in individual subjects. Improved multicenter collaborations and analysis techniques may help overcome MRI limitations as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
This document discusses a proposed theory using Turing machines to develop a new therapeutic strategy for treating some spinal cord and brain conditions using a depurative-toxicological-pharmacological approach. It reviews literature on neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS to understand common pathological mechanisms involving accumulation of toxic metabolic byproducts that the central nervous system lacks efficient means of removing. The theory aims to translate these insights into a practical hypothesis for reducing or delaying disease progression. The document also summarizes findings from studies showing cerebrospinal fluid from progressive multiple sclerosis patients causes mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons, identifying a potential biological mechanism and therapeutic target for progressive forms of the disease.
This study analyzed resting-state fMRI scans from over 1100 individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to investigate abnormalities in thalamocortical functional connectivity in ASD. The thalamus plays a key role in sensory processing and cortical activity. The researchers found that in individuals with ASD, connectivity was abnormally increased between the thalamus and prefrontal, motor, temporal, and parietal cortical regions. However, increased thalamocortical connectivity did not correlate with ASD symptom severity. The study helps clarify mixed previous findings on thalamocortical connectivity in ASD.
Brain monitoring using intraparenchymal cathterspgpapanikolaou
This document summarizes the experience of using intraparenchymal brain catheters for multimodal neuromonitoring in 54 patients with traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The catheters were inserted using a single burr hole in the skull to monitor intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygen, and microdialysis. The procedure was performed safely at the bedside in the ICU with a low complication rate and no clinically significant infections. Monitoring data from intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygen, and microdialysis biochemistry helped guide treatment to maintain a cerebral perfusion pressure over 60 mmHg and intracranial pressure below 20 mmHg. Multimodal neuromon
Deep Brain Stimulation surgery experience at Apollo Hospital, New DelhiApollo Hospitals
Functional neurosurgery is concerned with the treatment of conditions where central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) function is abnormal although the structure or anatomy is normal. Eighty-seven Deep Brain Stimulation surgeries were done at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. This included 81 cases of Parkinson’s disease (STN stimulation), 4 cases of Essential Tremors (VIM thalamic nucleus stimulation) and three cases of Dystonia (Globus Pallidus stimulation). All the patients showed good response and one patient developed small thalamic hemorrhage which improved over a period of six weeks.
Dendritic spine density a measure of cognitive reserveAdonis Sfera, MD
The document discusses measuring dendritic spine density as a potential measure of cognitive reserve. Most neuroprotective agents increase dendritic spine growth by different mechanisms, and their effectiveness can be assessed by their ability to increase spine density. Measuring spine density in cultured neurons from patients may provide insight into an individual's cognitive reserve. Recent studies have also found abnormal spine morphology or numbers in several neuropsychiatric disorders. New software like Imaris can automatically detect and measure spines across large datasets to study mechanisms regulating spine morphology. Patient-specific neurons obtained through induced pluripotent stem cells or transdifferentiation can have their spine density measured once they form networks, providing a method to study cognitive capacity.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of delivering human umbilical cord blood cells to an animal model of stroke. The key findings are:
1) Delivery of CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells within 48 hours of inducing a stroke in mice led to functional recovery, increased cortical thickness, angiogenesis near the injury site, and some neurogenesis.
2) The cord blood cells may have stimulated angiogenesis and lifted suppression of neurogenesis, contributing to recovery, though their direct incorporation was limited.
3) While the study provides promising evidence that cord blood cells may enhance post-stroke recovery, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved and determine the precise role of neurogenesis
This document summarizes the first case of brain perfusion SPECT with acetazolamide challenge in Bangladesh. A 30-year old female with left middle cerebral artery infarct underwent brain perfusion SPECT before revascularization surgery to evaluate cerebrovascular reserve. Baseline imaging showed reduced perfusion in the left hemisphere infarct area. Post-acetazolamide imaging showed diminished perfusion deficit, indicating moderate peri-infarct ischemia and reserve. The patient was managed medically with improvement seen after four months. This demonstrated the first use of cerebrovascular reserve evaluation and easy Z-score imaging in Bangladesh.
This document discusses the use of MRI to detect central motor pathway dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. It summarizes a study that found cortical MRI analysis could detect significant correlations between brain motor areas and clinical assessments of arm, leg or bulbar involvement in ALS patients. This provides evidence that anatomical connections between cortical and spinal motor neurons play a key role in ALS pathology. However, current MRI techniques still lack sensitivity to detect pathology in individual subjects. Improved multicenter collaborations and analysis techniques may help overcome MRI limitations as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
This document discusses a proposed theory using Turing machines to develop a new therapeutic strategy for treating some spinal cord and brain conditions using a depurative-toxicological-pharmacological approach. It reviews literature on neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS to understand common pathological mechanisms involving accumulation of toxic metabolic byproducts that the central nervous system lacks efficient means of removing. The theory aims to translate these insights into a practical hypothesis for reducing or delaying disease progression. The document also summarizes findings from studies showing cerebrospinal fluid from progressive multiple sclerosis patients causes mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons, identifying a potential biological mechanism and therapeutic target for progressive forms of the disease.
This study analyzed resting-state fMRI scans from over 1100 individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to investigate abnormalities in thalamocortical functional connectivity in ASD. The thalamus plays a key role in sensory processing and cortical activity. The researchers found that in individuals with ASD, connectivity was abnormally increased between the thalamus and prefrontal, motor, temporal, and parietal cortical regions. However, increased thalamocortical connectivity did not correlate with ASD symptom severity. The study helps clarify mixed previous findings on thalamocortical connectivity in ASD.
Brain monitoring using intraparenchymal cathterspgpapanikolaou
This document summarizes the experience of using intraparenchymal brain catheters for multimodal neuromonitoring in 54 patients with traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The catheters were inserted using a single burr hole in the skull to monitor intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygen, and microdialysis. The procedure was performed safely at the bedside in the ICU with a low complication rate and no clinically significant infections. Monitoring data from intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygen, and microdialysis biochemistry helped guide treatment to maintain a cerebral perfusion pressure over 60 mmHg and intracranial pressure below 20 mmHg. Multimodal neuromon
Deep Brain Stimulation surgery experience at Apollo Hospital, New DelhiApollo Hospitals
Functional neurosurgery is concerned with the treatment of conditions where central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) function is abnormal although the structure or anatomy is normal. Eighty-seven Deep Brain Stimulation surgeries were done at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. This included 81 cases of Parkinson’s disease (STN stimulation), 4 cases of Essential Tremors (VIM thalamic nucleus stimulation) and three cases of Dystonia (Globus Pallidus stimulation). All the patients showed good response and one patient developed small thalamic hemorrhage which improved over a period of six weeks.
Dendritic spine density a measure of cognitive reserveAdonis Sfera, MD
The document discusses measuring dendritic spine density as a potential measure of cognitive reserve. Most neuroprotective agents increase dendritic spine growth by different mechanisms, and their effectiveness can be assessed by their ability to increase spine density. Measuring spine density in cultured neurons from patients may provide insight into an individual's cognitive reserve. Recent studies have also found abnormal spine morphology or numbers in several neuropsychiatric disorders. New software like Imaris can automatically detect and measure spines across large datasets to study mechanisms regulating spine morphology. Patient-specific neurons obtained through induced pluripotent stem cells or transdifferentiation can have their spine density measured once they form networks, providing a method to study cognitive capacity.
This document discusses the anatomy and organization of the nervous system. It covers the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS) including the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure of the nervous system, while neurophysiology is the study of its function. Neuropsychology examines the effects of brain injury or disease on cognition, behavior, and emotion. Common neuropsychological evaluation techniques include lumbar puncture, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) scans.
Crimson Publishers-Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in the Management of ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
This document discusses the potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the management of brain stroke. It first provides background on brain stroke, noting it is a leading cause of death worldwide. It then discusses how MSCs have properties that may help repair brain damage from stroke, such as stimulating neurogenesis, reducing inflammation, and forming new blood vessels. The document reviews studies that found MSC transplantation in animal models of stroke improved recovery. It concludes that while still early research, MSCs show promise as a treatment for stroke and further clinical studies are still needed to optimize their use.
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
This market leading Ophthamology title provides the ultimate foundations in ophthalmology for trainees and keeps experienced practitioners abreast on current practice and evolving techniques for diagnosing and treating ophthalmic disorders. It provides a pictorial, templated and bulleted approach presenting the key information needed to understand important eye disorders encountered in daily practice, giving the busy clinician a handle on a diagnostic problem in quick time by using either the book or a web version.
This is also an excellent resource for for preparing for the exams.
To purchase this title, please visit www.asia.elsevierhealth.com
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms in children with SCDEmily Wyse
Five out of 179 children with sickle cell disease who underwent brain imaging were found to have unruptured intracranial aneurysms, for a prevalence of 2.8%. A total of 18 aneurysms were detected in these 5 patients, with most patients having multiple aneurysms and bilateral involvement. The majority of aneurysms were located in the cavernous and clinoid segments of the carotid circulation. This study suggests that children with sickle cell disease may be at increased risk of developing multiple intracranial aneurysms.
The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system, which lacks the ability to regenerate, and the peripheral nervous system, whose neurons can regenerate in adult vertebrates. The central nervous system is inhibited from regenerating by factors in its environment, lack of growth factors, and low cyclic AMP levels. Researchers aim to develop a genetically manipulable model using C. elegans, which has an identifiable nervous system, to identify molecules that regulate axon regeneration and potentially enable future central nervous system regeneration to help those with spinal cord injuries or neuron damage.
This document discusses various materials and therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration. It covers guidance therapies using nerve conduits made from natural and synthetic biomaterials. Biomolecular therapies involve delivering growth factors to promote regeneration. Cellular therapies utilize Schwann cells, stem cells, and genetically modified cells. Advanced techniques include nerve conduits fabricated using 3D printing, injection molding and aligned polymer fibers. Future areas of focus are multi-chamber conduits and stem cell therapies to further enhance regeneration.
Dopaminergic cell replacement therapy in Parkinson disease by Siddhartha DasSiddhartha Das
This document discusses regenerative strategies for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's is characterized by tremors, rigidity, and impaired movement. Current treatments replace dopamine but lose effectiveness over time. Cell replacement therapies using fetal tissue transplants had mixed results due to tissue availability and ethics concerns. Alternative cell sources for dopaminergic neurons include neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells which can be generated without ethical issues. Regenerative strategies include direct transdifferentiation of cells into neurons and stimulating endogenous neuroregeneration to replace lost dopaminergic neurons. While stem cells show promise, ethical and immune rejection issues remain for clinical application.
This document discusses focal cortical dysplasia, a type of neuronal migration disorder caused by abnormal proliferation and migration of neurons during brain development. It begins by providing background on normal cortical development. It then defines focal cortical dysplasia and describes its characteristics and appearance on imaging studies. The document notes that focal cortical dysplasia is a common cause of epilepsy, especially in pediatric patients. Surgical treatment can successfully treat epilepsy in many patients with focal cortical dysplasia if the abnormal cortex is fully resected.
The document summarizes recent research on the use of stem cells as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. It discusses how neural stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, and embryonic stem cells could be used to replace damaged or dead nerve cells in the brain. However, many challenges remain for stem cells to become an effective Alzheimer's treatment, such as ensuring the cells survive, integrate properly, and target the specific brain regions affected by the disease. While promising, more research is still needed to address these issues before stem cell therapy can be applied successfully for Alzheimer's patients.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALZHEIMER USING fMRI DATA AND BRAIN NETWORKcscpconf
Since the mid of 1990s, functional connectivity study using fMRI (fcMRI) has drawn increasing
attention of neuroscientists and computer scientists, since it opens a new window to explore
functional network of human brain with relatively high resolution. BOLD technique provides
almost accurate state of brain. Past researches prove that neuro diseases damage the brain
network interaction, protein- protein interaction and gene-gene interaction. A number of
neurological research paper also analyse the relationship among damaged part. By
computational method especially machine learning technique we can show such classifications.
In this paper we used OASIS fMRI dataset affected with Alzheimer’s disease and normal
patient’s dataset. After proper processing the fMRI data we use the processed data to form
classifier models using SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K- nearest neighbour) & Naïve
Bayes. We also compare the accuracy of our proposed method with existing methods. In future,
we will other combinations of methods for better accuracy.
How to measure and improve brain-based outcomes that matter in health careSharpBrains
Pioneers advancing health research, prevention and treatment will help us understand emerging best practices where targeted assessments, monitoring and interventions can transfer into significant healthcare and quality of life outcomes.
-- Chair: Alvaro Fernandez, CEO & Co-Founder of SharpBrains
-- Dr. Madeleine S Goodkind, staff psychologist at New Mexico VA Health Care System
-- Dr. Randy McIntosh, Vice-president of Research and Director of Baycrest’s Rotman Research Institute
-- Chris Berka, CEO and Co-Founder of Advanced Brain Monitoring (ABM)
Presentation @ The 2015 SharpBrains Virtual Summit http://sharpbrains.com/summit-2015/agenda
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder reflecting
the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Motor neurons controls the communication between nervous
system and muscles of the body. ALS results in the loss of voluntary control over muscular activities along with the
inability to breathe and the maximum life expectancy of affected individual will be 3-5 years from the onset of
symptoms. But the lifetime of affected people can be extended by early detection of disease. The usual methods for
diagnosis are Electromyography (EMG), Nerve Conduction Study (NCS), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and
Magneto-encephalography (MEG). But some of these methods may erroneously result in neuropathy or myopathy
instead of ALS and some do not provide any biomarker. EEG is comparatively least expensive method and it
provides biomarker for ALS detection. ALS is always associated with fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). The spectral
analysis of EEG will reveal the structural and functional connectivity alterations of the underlying neural network
that occurs due to FTD and it can generate potential biomarkers for the early detection of ALS. A novel algorithm
has been developed by exploiting the Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) technique and it can
overcome the short comes of existing methods for the analysis and feature extraction of EEG. Deterministic
biomarkers were obtained from spectral analysis of EEG and the proposed algorithm provided 100% accuracy for all
the test datasets.
Sex differences in brain activation elicited by humorUTPL
This fMRI study investigated sex differences in brain activation elicited by humor. The study found that while males and females activated similar brain regions involved in humor comprehension, there were some differences:
1) Females activated left prefrontal cortex more than males, suggesting greater executive processing and language-based decoding of humor.
2) Females exhibited greater activation of mesolimbic reward regions including the nucleus accumbens, implying a greater reward network response and possibly less reward expectation than males.
3) These results indicate some sex-specific differences in neural response to humor, with females showing more activation related to executive function and reward processing. This has implications for understanding sex-based disparities in integrating
Altered proliferation and networks in neural cells derived from idiopathic au...Masuma Sani
Autism Spectrum Disorders; heterogeneous nature of genetic and brain pathology in ASD– which makes it difficult to produce relevant animal and cell models
This study examined the association between genetic variants in the human netrin G1 gene and schizophrenia. The researchers identified 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the netrin G1 gene and genotyped them in 180 schizophrenia patients and 180 healthy controls. One polymorphism, IVS8-1467C>T, showed a significant allelic association with schizophrenia, with the C allele being overrepresented in patients. Haplotype analysis also found a multi-SNP haplotype in high linkage disequilibrium with IVS8-1467C>T that was significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that netrin G1 or a nearby gene may contribute to genetic risk for schizophrenia.
This document summarizes research investigating cortico-striatal projections in mice using the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. The researchers plan to compare projections from different cortical layers and regions to better understand basal ganglia circuitry. ImageJ software will be used to quantify projections from cerebral cortex to striatum and between cortical regions. Specifically, the strongest projections will be examined from divergent cortical maps to the striatum in a point-for-point manner. Multiple experiments will be compared to investigate projection patterns within the striatum.
This document discusses how disruptions to circadian rhythm genes may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. The author uses several online databases and tools to analyze gene expression data from a metabolic insult study. Three circadian genes - ARNTL, PER3, and CSNK1E - were identified as being associated with both the study and schizophrenia. Further analysis revealed these genes are densely interconnected in circadian gene networks. The author focuses on ARNTL and finds a SNP within an ARNTL intron that is correlated with schizophrenia. This supports the idea that circadian gene variants can increase risk for the disorder.
Schizophrenia Research Forum Live Webinar - June 28, 2017 - Rusty Gage wef
1) The document describes a study using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from bipolar disorder (BD) patients to model the disease in vitro.
2) Hippocampal dentate gyrus-like neurons were differentiated from iPSCs and showed hyper-excitability at both the molecular and functional levels in BD-derived neurons.
3) Treatment with lithium rescued the hyper-excitability phenotype in neurons derived from lithium-responsive BD patients but not lithium non-responsive patients, suggesting patient-specific responses.
Cerebral Perfusion Response
to Successful Treatment of
Depression With Different
Serotoninergic Agents with antidepressant therapy have been reported in a number of studies.2–4 In contrast, decreases in the ventral anterior cingulate blood flow were found in response to desipramine,5 electroshock therapy,6 and flu-7
This document discusses the anatomy and organization of the nervous system. It covers the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS) including the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure of the nervous system, while neurophysiology is the study of its function. Neuropsychology examines the effects of brain injury or disease on cognition, behavior, and emotion. Common neuropsychological evaluation techniques include lumbar puncture, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) scans.
Crimson Publishers-Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in the Management of ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
This document discusses the potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the management of brain stroke. It first provides background on brain stroke, noting it is a leading cause of death worldwide. It then discusses how MSCs have properties that may help repair brain damage from stroke, such as stimulating neurogenesis, reducing inflammation, and forming new blood vessels. The document reviews studies that found MSC transplantation in animal models of stroke improved recovery. It concludes that while still early research, MSCs show promise as a treatment for stroke and further clinical studies are still needed to optimize their use.
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
This market leading Ophthamology title provides the ultimate foundations in ophthalmology for trainees and keeps experienced practitioners abreast on current practice and evolving techniques for diagnosing and treating ophthalmic disorders. It provides a pictorial, templated and bulleted approach presenting the key information needed to understand important eye disorders encountered in daily practice, giving the busy clinician a handle on a diagnostic problem in quick time by using either the book or a web version.
This is also an excellent resource for for preparing for the exams.
To purchase this title, please visit www.asia.elsevierhealth.com
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms in children with SCDEmily Wyse
Five out of 179 children with sickle cell disease who underwent brain imaging were found to have unruptured intracranial aneurysms, for a prevalence of 2.8%. A total of 18 aneurysms were detected in these 5 patients, with most patients having multiple aneurysms and bilateral involvement. The majority of aneurysms were located in the cavernous and clinoid segments of the carotid circulation. This study suggests that children with sickle cell disease may be at increased risk of developing multiple intracranial aneurysms.
The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system, which lacks the ability to regenerate, and the peripheral nervous system, whose neurons can regenerate in adult vertebrates. The central nervous system is inhibited from regenerating by factors in its environment, lack of growth factors, and low cyclic AMP levels. Researchers aim to develop a genetically manipulable model using C. elegans, which has an identifiable nervous system, to identify molecules that regulate axon regeneration and potentially enable future central nervous system regeneration to help those with spinal cord injuries or neuron damage.
This document discusses various materials and therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration. It covers guidance therapies using nerve conduits made from natural and synthetic biomaterials. Biomolecular therapies involve delivering growth factors to promote regeneration. Cellular therapies utilize Schwann cells, stem cells, and genetically modified cells. Advanced techniques include nerve conduits fabricated using 3D printing, injection molding and aligned polymer fibers. Future areas of focus are multi-chamber conduits and stem cell therapies to further enhance regeneration.
Dopaminergic cell replacement therapy in Parkinson disease by Siddhartha DasSiddhartha Das
This document discusses regenerative strategies for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's is characterized by tremors, rigidity, and impaired movement. Current treatments replace dopamine but lose effectiveness over time. Cell replacement therapies using fetal tissue transplants had mixed results due to tissue availability and ethics concerns. Alternative cell sources for dopaminergic neurons include neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells which can be generated without ethical issues. Regenerative strategies include direct transdifferentiation of cells into neurons and stimulating endogenous neuroregeneration to replace lost dopaminergic neurons. While stem cells show promise, ethical and immune rejection issues remain for clinical application.
This document discusses focal cortical dysplasia, a type of neuronal migration disorder caused by abnormal proliferation and migration of neurons during brain development. It begins by providing background on normal cortical development. It then defines focal cortical dysplasia and describes its characteristics and appearance on imaging studies. The document notes that focal cortical dysplasia is a common cause of epilepsy, especially in pediatric patients. Surgical treatment can successfully treat epilepsy in many patients with focal cortical dysplasia if the abnormal cortex is fully resected.
The document summarizes recent research on the use of stem cells as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. It discusses how neural stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, and embryonic stem cells could be used to replace damaged or dead nerve cells in the brain. However, many challenges remain for stem cells to become an effective Alzheimer's treatment, such as ensuring the cells survive, integrate properly, and target the specific brain regions affected by the disease. While promising, more research is still needed to address these issues before stem cell therapy can be applied successfully for Alzheimer's patients.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALZHEIMER USING fMRI DATA AND BRAIN NETWORKcscpconf
Since the mid of 1990s, functional connectivity study using fMRI (fcMRI) has drawn increasing
attention of neuroscientists and computer scientists, since it opens a new window to explore
functional network of human brain with relatively high resolution. BOLD technique provides
almost accurate state of brain. Past researches prove that neuro diseases damage the brain
network interaction, protein- protein interaction and gene-gene interaction. A number of
neurological research paper also analyse the relationship among damaged part. By
computational method especially machine learning technique we can show such classifications.
In this paper we used OASIS fMRI dataset affected with Alzheimer’s disease and normal
patient’s dataset. After proper processing the fMRI data we use the processed data to form
classifier models using SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K- nearest neighbour) & Naïve
Bayes. We also compare the accuracy of our proposed method with existing methods. In future,
we will other combinations of methods for better accuracy.
How to measure and improve brain-based outcomes that matter in health careSharpBrains
Pioneers advancing health research, prevention and treatment will help us understand emerging best practices where targeted assessments, monitoring and interventions can transfer into significant healthcare and quality of life outcomes.
-- Chair: Alvaro Fernandez, CEO & Co-Founder of SharpBrains
-- Dr. Madeleine S Goodkind, staff psychologist at New Mexico VA Health Care System
-- Dr. Randy McIntosh, Vice-president of Research and Director of Baycrest’s Rotman Research Institute
-- Chris Berka, CEO and Co-Founder of Advanced Brain Monitoring (ABM)
Presentation @ The 2015 SharpBrains Virtual Summit http://sharpbrains.com/summit-2015/agenda
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder reflecting
the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Motor neurons controls the communication between nervous
system and muscles of the body. ALS results in the loss of voluntary control over muscular activities along with the
inability to breathe and the maximum life expectancy of affected individual will be 3-5 years from the onset of
symptoms. But the lifetime of affected people can be extended by early detection of disease. The usual methods for
diagnosis are Electromyography (EMG), Nerve Conduction Study (NCS), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and
Magneto-encephalography (MEG). But some of these methods may erroneously result in neuropathy or myopathy
instead of ALS and some do not provide any biomarker. EEG is comparatively least expensive method and it
provides biomarker for ALS detection. ALS is always associated with fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). The spectral
analysis of EEG will reveal the structural and functional connectivity alterations of the underlying neural network
that occurs due to FTD and it can generate potential biomarkers for the early detection of ALS. A novel algorithm
has been developed by exploiting the Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) technique and it can
overcome the short comes of existing methods for the analysis and feature extraction of EEG. Deterministic
biomarkers were obtained from spectral analysis of EEG and the proposed algorithm provided 100% accuracy for all
the test datasets.
Sex differences in brain activation elicited by humorUTPL
This fMRI study investigated sex differences in brain activation elicited by humor. The study found that while males and females activated similar brain regions involved in humor comprehension, there were some differences:
1) Females activated left prefrontal cortex more than males, suggesting greater executive processing and language-based decoding of humor.
2) Females exhibited greater activation of mesolimbic reward regions including the nucleus accumbens, implying a greater reward network response and possibly less reward expectation than males.
3) These results indicate some sex-specific differences in neural response to humor, with females showing more activation related to executive function and reward processing. This has implications for understanding sex-based disparities in integrating
Altered proliferation and networks in neural cells derived from idiopathic au...Masuma Sani
Autism Spectrum Disorders; heterogeneous nature of genetic and brain pathology in ASD– which makes it difficult to produce relevant animal and cell models
This study examined the association between genetic variants in the human netrin G1 gene and schizophrenia. The researchers identified 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the netrin G1 gene and genotyped them in 180 schizophrenia patients and 180 healthy controls. One polymorphism, IVS8-1467C>T, showed a significant allelic association with schizophrenia, with the C allele being overrepresented in patients. Haplotype analysis also found a multi-SNP haplotype in high linkage disequilibrium with IVS8-1467C>T that was significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that netrin G1 or a nearby gene may contribute to genetic risk for schizophrenia.
This document summarizes research investigating cortico-striatal projections in mice using the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. The researchers plan to compare projections from different cortical layers and regions to better understand basal ganglia circuitry. ImageJ software will be used to quantify projections from cerebral cortex to striatum and between cortical regions. Specifically, the strongest projections will be examined from divergent cortical maps to the striatum in a point-for-point manner. Multiple experiments will be compared to investigate projection patterns within the striatum.
This document discusses how disruptions to circadian rhythm genes may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. The author uses several online databases and tools to analyze gene expression data from a metabolic insult study. Three circadian genes - ARNTL, PER3, and CSNK1E - were identified as being associated with both the study and schizophrenia. Further analysis revealed these genes are densely interconnected in circadian gene networks. The author focuses on ARNTL and finds a SNP within an ARNTL intron that is correlated with schizophrenia. This supports the idea that circadian gene variants can increase risk for the disorder.
Schizophrenia Research Forum Live Webinar - June 28, 2017 - Rusty Gage wef
1) The document describes a study using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from bipolar disorder (BD) patients to model the disease in vitro.
2) Hippocampal dentate gyrus-like neurons were differentiated from iPSCs and showed hyper-excitability at both the molecular and functional levels in BD-derived neurons.
3) Treatment with lithium rescued the hyper-excitability phenotype in neurons derived from lithium-responsive BD patients but not lithium non-responsive patients, suggesting patient-specific responses.
Cerebral Perfusion Response
to Successful Treatment of
Depression With Different
Serotoninergic Agents with antidepressant therapy have been reported in a number of studies.2–4 In contrast, decreases in the ventral anterior cingulate blood flow were found in response to desipramine,5 electroshock therapy,6 and flu-7
This document describes a portal that integrates publicly available connectomic and gene expression data with RNA-seq data to help identify genes of interest in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's. Specifically, it uses retrograde tracing analysis (Retro-TRAP) on dopamine neurons and linear regression of RNA-seq data comparing disease vs normal states. Key genes identified are validated using the Allen Brain Atlas gene expression data stored locally. This combined approach helps pinpoint genes selectively expressed in neural circuits involved in diseases like Parkinson's that show selective neurodegeneration. The portal was created using Python/Django and allows users to upload and analyze multi-omic data interactively to advance understanding of neurodegenerative disease etiology.
Micro-Neuro-Sensor Recording of STN Neurons of the Human BrainMangaiK4
Abstract-What cause to the neurons of the human brain cells when they are damaged. They become inactive. So damage to subthalamiuc ucleus (STN) neurons of the human brain causing larger involuntary movements and thereby attacking the Parkinson’s disease (PD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of bilateral sub thalamic nuclei (STN) is an efficient method of rehabilitation technique in subjects with advanced idiopathic Parkinson’s (or Parkinson) disease. Accurate targeting of STN neurons and placement of microelectrodes/ (neurosensors) are paramount importance for optimal results after STN-DBS method.In this paper, microminiaturized electrode recordings (MER) of STN neurons were detected in a mean of 3.5 ±1.1 channels on right hemisphere and 3.6 ±1.04 on left hemisphere.Final channel selected were most commonly central seen in 42.3% followed by anterior in 33.7%. When a high current is delivered to STN or GPi neurons of basal ganglia (a component of human brain), causing their inhibition and improved indication of symptoms. It is now known that there is a significant change in the firing pattern and a reorganization of the entire basal ganglia circuit with DBS. The MER of STN neurons has identified a specific high frequency irregular larger amplitude firing patterns seen only in disease states and hence used to detect the neurons of ST nucleus during functional surgery. Micro electrode recording is so useful to confirm the right path but has to be taken in consideration with effects on macro stimulation.
Molecular tools for pet of human depression ok 080513dfsmithdfsmith
Three studies examined serotonin transporter binding in major depressive disorder using PET. Two found lower binding and one found higher binding in depressed patients compared to controls. Two other studies found higher binding in depression. Bhagwagar et al. found no difference between recovered depressed patients and controls.
Cannon et al. found significantly higher serotonin transporter binding in the brains of patients with major depressive disorder compared to bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls using [11C]DASB PET.
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Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data from human brain in Pathway Studio
1. Presented at 2017 World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics by:
Dr. Yin Yao , National Institute of Mental Health, USA
Dr. Hongbao Cao, Elsevier, USA
Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI) data from human brain in Pathway
Studio
2. Background and purpose
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the most chronically
disabling psychiatric illnesses with a global median lifetime
morbid risk of 7.2/1000 persons. Both genetic and brain region
pathways were identified as causal regulating tunnels towards
the pathogenesis of SCZ.
Integrate Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
data set and Brain-Gene ResNet (BGR) data could reveal the
functional pathways through which genes regulate the brain
functions associated with SCZ phenotypes.
3. fMRI data
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data set
Data were collected with 1.5 T GE MRI scanner;
Participants were from Kunming, China;
All 32 patients were treatment resistant;
All 31 healthy siblings had no schizophrenia history or related symptoms.
Imaging Data Preprocessing
SPM8 and REST [1] toolbox: realigned, re-sliced, normalized, band-pass filtered
(0.01~0.08 Hz) and smoothed (3-D Gaussian kernel with 6mm FWHM).
Whole brain mask was acquired using WFU_PickAtlas toolbox, containing the 116 AAL
brain regions [2].
4. Brain-Gene Resnet (BGR) data in Pathway Studio
Pathway Studio ResNet ® Mammalian database
http://pathwaystudio.gousinfo.com/ResNetDatabase.html
Real-time updated network databases, including curated signaling,
cellular processes and metabolic pathways, ontologies and
annotations, molecular interactions and functional relationships.
Have been widely used to study modeled relationships between
proteins, genes, complexes, cells, tissues and diseases
http://pathwaystudio.gousinfo.com/Mendeley.html
The largest literature based network database among known
competitors in the field [3].
5. Analysis of fMRI data
Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) based whole
brain connectivity analysis to discover inter-/intra-
brain region dysconnectivity in case of SCZ
Integrate with SCZ ResNet data
SCZ-gene and SCZ-brain region ResNet relation data
analysis for the nominated SCZ brain regions to
identify potential Genetic-Brain Pathways
Data analysis
7. CR = 81.6% case vs. control with 2 connectivity features within Vermis and
Cerebelum); CR= 74.6% for case vs. sibling with 5 features linked to Middle
occipital gyrus, Fusiform gyrus, Superior parietal lobule, Gyrus rectus and Inferior
temporal gyrus. Color coding represents number of significant connectivity
features associated with each brain region.
fMRI data revealed 7 SCZ brain regions
8. Support from ResNet database
ResNet Database provided literature support of 46
references for 6/7 brain regions for SCZ
(Supplementary Table S1)
9. 4 out of 6 SCZ brain regions were related to 75 SCZ related genes:
Inferior temporal gyrus, Fusiform gyrus, Cerebellar vermis and
Gyrus rectus. (Supplementary Table S2).
Genetic linkage
11. Example: BDNF-Brain-SCZ Pathway
BDNF->Fusiform gyrus-> SCZ
Distortion of the balance among the 3 BDNF isoforms (pro-BDNF,
truncated BDNF and mature BDNF) could lead to changes in
connectivity and synaptic plasticity and, hence, behavior of
Fusiform gyrus [4].
Deficits in the fusiform gyrus is suggested as a trait pathology in
SCZ patients [5,6].
BDNF-> Cerebellar vermis-> SCZ
Decreased cerebellar BDNF mRNA and protein level could lead to
motoric impairment and Purkinje cell loss that damage cerebellar
vermis [7].
Cerebellar vermis is nominated a potential therapeutic target for the
treatment of SCZ [8, 9].
12. Three novel genes for SCZ
Results suggested 3 novel genes as potential SCZ genes,
including PTEN, FGF8, CD38, supported by 36 studies
(Supplementary Table S3).
13. Three novel genes for SCZ
CD38->Fusiform gyrus->SCZ
CD38 genotype is a genetic factor influencing the function of
Fusiform gyrus[10].
PTEN->Cerebellar vermis->SCZ
Deficiency of PTEN could lead to the loss of neurons and tau
hyperphosphorylation in cerebellar vermis [11].
FGF8 ->Cerebellar vermis->SCZ
Mutations in the FGF8 signaling pathway preferentially affect
the growth of the cerebellar vermis [12].
14. Conclusion
Neuroimaging study alone could gain direct knowledge between
brain regions and the mental health disorders like SCZ
Integrating fMRI data and ResNet data could:
Generate support for the results from other studies;
Provide further insights for the understanding of the genetic
mechanism for SCZ;
Identify novel genes the potentially link to SCZ.
.
15. Future work
Brain region pathway based fMRI studies (e.g.,
dopaminergic pathways of schizophrenia)
Genetic pathway – separate brain region
integration
Genetic pathway – brain region pathway
integration
16. References
[1] Song, X., et al. PLoS.One. 2011; 6(9): 1-12.
[2] Tzourio-Mazoyer N, et al., Neuroimage. 2002; 15(1):273-89.
[3] Lorenzi PI et al. Autophagy. 2014; 10(7):1316-26.
[4] Kim DW, et al. Schizophr Res. 2013;151(1-3):165-74.
[5] Walther S, et al. Psychiatry Res. 2009;172(3):184-91.
[6]Choudhary M, et al. Schizophr Res. 2015 ;162(1-3):103-7.
[7] Firozan B, et al. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;732:1-11.
[8] Villanueva R. Psychiatry Res. 2012;198(3):527-32.
[9] Garg S, et al. Psychiatry Res. 2016;243:413-20.
[10] Sauer C, et al. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(6):1474-82.
[11] Nayeem N, et al. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2007 Mar;34(3):400-8.
[12] Wen J, et al. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64451.
Editor's Notes
Note: There are in total 116 AAL brain regions :http://neuro.imm.dtu.dk/wiki/Automated_Anatomical_Labeling
Note: CR is classification ratio.
Note: Many genes were identified to be linked to SCZ with unknown mechanism. Besides supporting the identified brain region-SCZ relation in the fMRI study, the Brain region--Gene– SCZ network helps in understand the genetic mechanism undying the pathogenic development of SCZ. See the following slides where BDNF-brain region-SCZ were used as an example.
Note: The BDNF- Fusiform gyrus and BDNF-Cerebellar vermis study were not necessarily performed in case of SCZ.
Note: Although these 4 genes were not previously implicated with SCZ, they demonstrated strong functionally linkage with two brain regions that associated with the development of SCZ. Our results suggested these genes worthy of further study for SCZ.
Note: Dopaminergic pathways (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways) is composed of several brain regions that transmit the neurotransmitter dopamine.