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The Growth Of New Brain Cells: Researchers Find A Way To "Hack" Neurons' Inte...The Lifesciences Magazine
The sluggish pace makes it difficult for the growth of new brain cells in the lab for research on neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...merzak emerzak
Understanding how different kinds of neuron in the brain work together to implement sensations,
feelings, thoughts, and movements, and how deficits in specific kinds of neuron result in brain
diseases, has long been a priority in basic and clinical neuroscience
Stem cells Used to Develop Mini Human Brain & Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Inju...Ankita-rastogi
Stem cell derived from human umbilical cord or bone marrow improves mobility with spinal cord injuries providing the first physical evidence that the therapeutic use of these cells can help restore motor skills lost from acute spinal cord tissue damage. For more information visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
The Growth Of New Brain Cells: Researchers Find A Way To "Hack" Neurons' Inte...The Lifesciences Magazine
The sluggish pace makes it difficult for the growth of new brain cells in the lab for research on neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease
A history of optogenetics the development of tools for controlling brain circ...merzak emerzak
Understanding how different kinds of neuron in the brain work together to implement sensations,
feelings, thoughts, and movements, and how deficits in specific kinds of neuron result in brain
diseases, has long been a priority in basic and clinical neuroscience
Biology, genetics, nanotechnology, neuroscience, materials science, biotech, ...Brian Russell
Over the past two years I've done a lot of interesting research which I've decided to aggregate. My research pertains to the following: Biology, Genetics, Nanotechnology, Neuroscience, Materials Science, Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, All Things 3-D, Super Computing, Quantum Physics, Energy, Design, & Sustainability.
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highest frequency of states of Classical-Quantum mind. The
notable insight that he has made clear is the fact that the single
cell paramecium has no neurons and yet they exhibit living
activities of eating and mating which are signs of "conscious
action" They also defend themselves like fleeing an adversarial
organism. Dr. Hameroff claims that microtubules are the
locations where "conscious computing".
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
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Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
The Amazing Finding of a New Type of Brain Cell.pdf
1. The Amazing Finding of a New Type
of Brain Cell: Shaking the
Foundations of Neuroscience
The field of neuroscience is undergoing significant change. The two main cell families that make
up the brain, neurons and glial cells, each concealed a hybrid brain cell that fell somewhere in the
middle.
Since the beginning of neuroscience, it has been understood that the neurons and their capacity to
quickly elaborate and transfer information through their networks are the primary mechanisms by
which the brain functions. Glial cells carry out a variety of structural, metabolic, immunological,
and stabilising physiological tasks to assist them in this mission.
The synapses—the areas of contact where neurotransmitters are released to transmit information
between neurons—are tightly surrounded by some of these glial cells, also referred to as
astrocytes. Because of this, astrocytes have been postulated by neuroscientists for a long time as
potential players in information processing and synaptic transmission. However, there hasn’t yet
been a clear scientific consensus because the studies that have been done to prove this have
produced contradictory results.
Neuroscientists from the Wyss Centre for Bio and Neuroengineering in Geneva and the
Department of Basic Neurosciences of the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the University of
Lausanne (UNIL) put an end to years of research by identifying a new brain cell type with the
characteristics of an astrocyte and expressing the molecular machinery required for synaptic
transmission.
2. The Solving of the Puzzle
Researchers examined the molecular makeup of astrocytes using cutting-edge molecular biology
techniques in order to support or disprove the idea that astrocytes, like neurons, may release
neurotransmitters. Finding remnants of the machinery required for the quick release of glutamate,
the primary neurotransmitter used by neurons, was their aim.
“We were able to show that the transcripts of the vesicular protein VGLUT, which is responsible
for filling neuronal vesicles specifically designed for glutamate release, are present in cells with
astrocytic profiles thanks to the accuracy provided by single-cell transcriptomics techniques.
These transcripts, which were discovered in mouse cells, are reportedly still present in human
brain cells.
The ability of glutamatergic vesicles to operate and their ability to quickly communicate with
other cells are both crucial, according to other specialised proteins that we found in these brain
cells, says Ludovic Telley, co-director of the study and assistant professor at UNIL.
New Cells With Function
After that, researchers looked into whether these hybrid cells could actually release glutamate at a
rate that was on par with synaptic transmission. The research team achieved this by using a
cutting-edge imaging technology that allowed them to see the glutamate produced by vesicles in
real mice and in brain tissues.
“We have identified a subgroup of astrocytes responding to selective stimulations with rapid
glutamate release, which occurred in spatially delimited areas of these brain cells reminiscent of
synapses,” says Andrea Volterra, co-director of the study and honorary professor at UNIL and
visiting faculty at the Wyss Centre.
Additionally, this glutamate release controls neuronal circuits and has an impact on synaptic
transmission. The scientists were able to prove this by preventing the hybrid cells from
expressing VGLUT.
Roberta de Ceglia, primary author of the study and senior researcher at UNIL, explains that these
brain cells “are cells that modulate neuronal activity, they control the level of communication and
excitation of the neurons.”
And the study demonstrates that long-term potentiation, a brain process involved in the
mechanics of memorising, is compromised in the absence of this functional machinery, having an
effect on mice’s memory.
Relationships to Brain Pathologies
This discovery has ramifications for brain problems. The research team showed impacts on
memory consolidation by particularly altering glutamatergic astrocytes, but they also noticed
correlations with diseases like epilepsy, whose seizures were aggravated. Finally, the research
demonstrates that glutamatergic astrocytes play a part in the regulation of brain circuits involved
in movement control and may represent a new class of Parkinson’s disease therapeutic targets.
“Now that we have a new type of brain cell in our hands, it sits between neurons and astrocytes.
Its finding offers a wealth of study opportunities. According to Andrea Volterra, “Our subsequent
3. studies will examine the potential protective role of this type of cell against memory impairment
in Alzheimer’s disease as well as its role in additional regions and pathologies not currently
covered.”
Anurag Ranjak, Iaroslav Savtchouk, Ilaria Vitali, Roberta de Ceglia, Ada Ledonne, David
Gregory Litvin, Barbara Lykke Lind, Erika Bindocci, Maria Amalia Di Castro, Mauro Congiu,
Tara Canonica, William Wisden, Kenneth Harris, Manuel Mameli, Nicola Mercuri, Ludovic
Telley, and Andrea Volterra. Published in Nature on September 6, 2023.