This document discusses the design of ultra low power wireless sensors for e-healthcare using interactive RFID technology. It describes the requirements for wireless healthcare devices to be high performance, miniature, lightweight, flexible, reliable, secure, power efficient and intelligent but also low cost. It discusses using passive, active and semi-passive RFID systems with capacitive or inductive coupling in lower frequencies or radiative coupling in higher frequencies. The document outlines the challenges in designing such interactive RFID sensor systems and proposes solutions like using flexible electronic paper displays, UWB technology and flexible sensors. It provides examples of applications like using printed ECG electrodes and electronic paper displays on RFID tags for real-time wireless ECG monitoring.

1. Mar 10, 2017 Dr.G.Murugesan 1
Dr.G.MurugesanDr.G.Murugesan
Kongu Engineering CollegeKongu Engineering College
gmece@kongu.ac.ingmece@kongu.ac.in
Ultra Low Power Wireless
Sensors for E-HealthCare
-Interactive RFID

2. Introduction
Requirements of Wireless Health Care
Devices
 Sensing, Processing, and Communicating
 High performance, Miniature, Lightweight,
Flexible, Reliable, Secure, Power-Efficient and
Intelligent : But Low-cost
 Non-invasive, Continuous with almost Real-Time
updates
“Ultra Low Power Interactive RFID
for Wireless Health Care”
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 2

3. Contents
1. Introduction
2. RFID
3. Design Challenges
4. Enabling Technologies
5. Interactive RFID Sensor System
6. Passive I.RFID Sensor System
7. Wireless ECG Monotiring
8. Semi-passive I.RFID Sensor System
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4. Wireless Medical Devices
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5. Medical Wireless Risks
& Priorities
Risk
Risk
Life critical functions,Life critical functions,
high priority alarms,high priority alarms,
therapy, remote controltherapy, remote control
Low priority data, NoLow priority data, No
therapy oralarmstherapy oralarms
5
Shared risk environment
Risk related to
device/system intended
use, and wirelessly enabled
functions and needed
performance
Consequences of not getting
data across wireless link
correctly, timely, and
securely

6. RF Frequencies Used by Wireless
Medical Devices
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 6
5GHz
20%
Other
5%
Proprietary/
Not
Specified
21%
2.4GHz
54%

7. Sir J. C. Bose
History of Wireless Communication
 First millimeter-wave communication experiment
was demonstrated in 1895 by Sir J.C.Bose (Indian)
 Bose went to London for lecture tour in 1896
 Bose's remote wireless signaling has priority over
Marconi
7

8. History of Wireless
8

9. Performance of a Wireless
Device and Frequency Band
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 9
lower the frequency – farther
and better penetrate solid
objects.
But GHz bands - greater
bandwidth and higher data
rates
Public/ Proprietary
(Interoperability/Security)
ITU-R/FCC - ISM Bands
(limited to one-watt power output)

10. Introduction -RFID
 IoT – extends Internet to the real physical world with
wireless micro-devices
 RFID - identifies objects by electromagnetic waves
 RFID - consists of one or several transponders or tags
and an interrogator or reader
 Passive - Low cost, small size and unlimited life time
 Active – Battery, Long distance, reader and a tag , ad-
hoc, high cost, large size and limited life time
 Semipassive - Trade-off design between cost and
function
 Capacitive or inductive coupling - Hundreds of KHz to
tens of MHz - few hundreds of kbps - shorter than 1 meter
 Radiative coupling - hundreds of MHz to several GHz
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 10

11. Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 11
EPC-Electronic Product
Code

12. Application Scenarios of
Interactive RFID Sensors - IOT
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Real-time
Flexible electrodes
Comfort
Accuracy
Simultaneous
Continuous monitor
No cumbersome wires

13. Design Challenges
 Limited power budget
 Cost of RFID tags
 Display size and tag minimization
 Integrating display - very bulky and
hard tag
 Transmission efficiency
 Real time - high data rate
 Communication latency
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 13

14. Interactive RFID for
HealthCare
 RFID tags with sensors and displays
 UHF/UWB RFID tag replacing UHF
backscattering with UWB transmitter
 ADC
 Inkjet printing ECG electrodes
 Electronic Paper Display (EPD)
 Throughout is 400 tags/second
 With 1.5 KHz ECG sampling rate
 10 Mb/s UWB pulse rate
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15. Enabling Technologies for
Interactive RFID Sensor System
1. Flexible Electronic Paper Display
(EPD)
2. UWB Technology
3. Flexible Sensors
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16. Flexible Electronic Paper
Display (EPD)
a)Electro-phoretic (EP) display
b)Electro-wetting (EW) display
c) Electro-chromic (EC) display
d)Organic LED
e)Cholesteric LCD
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 16

17. Electro-Phoretic (EP) Display
 Electronic ink - made up of millions of tiny microcapsules
 Microcapsule contains positively charged white particles and
negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid
 With Positive electric Field – white particles move to the top
and visible. Similarly negative electric Field display black.
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 17

18. Electro-Wetting (EW) Display
 Modifies the wetting
properties of a solid
material by voltage
 In equilibrium the
colored oil naturally
forms a continuous film
 When a voltage
difference is applied
across the hydrophobic
insulator – displacing
the oil and exposing the
underlying white
reflecting surface
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 18

19. Electro-Chromic (EC) Display
 Made up of two adjacent electrodes and a transparent
electrolyte covering them.
 PEDOT:PSS works as both the electronic conducting and
Electrochromic material and transparent.
 Applying a driving voltage (1.8 V), the counter electrode is
further oxidized and becomes more transparent and
becomes blue
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 19

20. UWB Technology
 Ultra-wideband Impulse Radio (UWB-IR) using ultra-narrow pulses
 Mbps data rate and Tens of meters operating range
 Duty cycle is very low
 Very low Power Spectral Density (PSD) over very wide bandwidth
 Without interference
 Wideband at least 500 MHz in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 20

21. Interactive RFID Sensor
System
Network Architecture
 Two-layer asymmetric UHF/UWB RFID network
architecture
 Otherwise - power-area hungry to communicate
with CCU directly
 Downlink - reader to tags employs Amplitude-
Shift Keying with Pulse-Interval Encoding (ASK-
PIE)
 Tag side - simple non-coherent envelop detector.
 Uplink - UWB-IR signals with on-off-keying
(OOK)
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22. Interactive RFID Sensor System
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23. Tag Structure
 Tag is composed of ASIC
 Inkjet-printed EC display
 Flexible sensor
 UHF antenna
 UWB antenna
 Flexible battery
 Envelope detector (EnvDet)
 Baseband (BB) circuitry controls
 OSC- independent on-chip clock
 UWB transmitter - UWB-IR
 Power management Unit (PMU)
 Different energy sources
Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 23

24. Passive UHF/UWB RFID Tag
with Printed EC Display
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LDO-Low
Drop Out
HILD - Harmonic Injection Locked Driver; En/Dis – Enable/Desiable
10s of μW
100s of μW

25. Wireless ECG Monitoring Solutions
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26. System Architecture of the
UHF/UWB RFID ECG tag
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Flexible dry electrodes
are spared from irritation
Performances comparable
to commercial wet
electrodes
Lightweight
Additive manufacturing
NPS-JL (nano-particle
silver inkjetable low
temperature ink)
smoother surface, less
shrinking

27. UHF/UWB RFID Communication
Process for REAL-TIME ECG
Transmission
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28. Semi-Passive UHF/UWB RFID Tag with
Printed ECG Sensor for Healthcare
Mar 10, 2017 28
Successive-Approximation-register ADC (SAR ADC)
Analog
frontend (AFE)

29. Mar 10, 2017 G.Murugesan 29
murugesanece@gmail.com
9865273774
Thank You