10. STATE OR POLITICAL INSTITUTION
• State institutions are those endorse and
supported by a central state and part of formal
state structure.
• It is owned and controlled by the government.
• It provides the necessity of people by allocating
their resources to meet the demands of its
citizenry
12. 1. POPULATION
• The state is a human institution. So population
is its primary element. There is no hard and fast
rule about population. The ancient Greek
writers like Plato and Aristotle favored a small
population. According to Plato, an ideal state
should have a population of 5040.
13. 2. TERRITORY
• A definite and more or less permanent
territory is also regarded as an essential
element of the state. In modern times, the
citizens are bound together by residence on a
common territory. Land, water and air space
comprise the territory of a state.
14. 3. GOVERNMENT
• A people occupying a definite territory cannot form a state unless
they are politically organized i.e., unless they possess a government.
Government is the political organization of the state. It is the
concrete and visible instrument of state power.
• According to Garner, government is the agency through which "common
policies are determined and by which common affairs are regulated." The
state wills and acts through the government. Government must be effective;
it must possess the capacity to maintain order and enforce obedience.
Without a government there would be lawlessness and anarchy and
ultimately the state would be dissolved.
15. 4. SOVEREIGNTY
• By far the most important characteristic of
the state is its sovereignty. It is the
characteristic which distinguishes the state
from all other associations. It denotes the
supreme power or the final authority from
which there is no appeal.
16. 5. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION
• In modern times relations among nations have
grown and many international organizations and
institutions have come into being. Therefore some
scholars have argued that international
recognition be an essential element of state. The
recognition of the sovereign status of a new state
by other states is called international recognition.
18. GOVERNANCE
• Public sector management is a unique but essential
challenge that forms the bedrock of the inclusionary
compact between the state and its citizens. Governance
requires uniform rules to create decision-making rights
and guidelines that define relationships between
individuals and organizations and provide opportunities
for feedback, accountability, and revision.
19. GOVERNANCE
• Getting governance right, particularly
in developing countries, requires
aligning organizational reforms to local
contexts, promoting robust monitoring
and accountability systems to prevent
corruption, and building on assets as
examples of success.
20. MARKET ENGAGEMENT
• It is crucial to create an enabling legal environment so that citizens
may participate in the market and a state can capitalize on its
economic advantages. A state aids the creation and expansion of the
market through setting rules for commercial policy, supporting private
sector development, and intervening at times of failure or crisis. A
state's relationship with a market is highly context specific, with
institutional structures changing with time and circumstance. It is in
this tense but creative middle ground where a state must balance
regulation while promoting competitiveness, legitimacy, and access.
21. SECURITY
•The legitimacy of a state's monopoly on the use of force determines the
stability of the state and its social compact. A state's security institutions,
such as police and the military, and the type of force they use must fall
under legitimate guidelines and laws. Institutional checks and balances
on the state's monopoly on the use of force are a critical demonstration
of the state's accountability to the rule of law. State security is a
balancing act, where on one end extreme centralization of power may
lead to authoritarian uses of violence outside of the law, while losing a
monopoly on force greatly delegitimizes the state and often leads to
violent struggles between non-state actors and parallel institutions.
22. INFRASTRUCTURE
• Infrastructure serves as the backbone of a state and often is
citizens' primary daily interaction with state services through
public utilities such as water, electricity and roads. Robust
state infrastructure contributes to a decrease in inequalities,
particularly between urban and rural communities, and helps
better facilitate security, administrative control, human
capital development, and disaster response. Laying a
foundation for the market, infrastructure also creates avenues
for participation in regional and global economies
23. RULE OF LAW
• The rule of law is the "glue" that binds all aspects of the state, the
economy and society. Each state function is defined by a set of rules
that create governance arrangements. The state's adherence to these
arrangements can be seen in the alignment of formal and informal
rule sets, the predictability and stability of how the rules are
enforced, and the degree to which successive administrations and
leaders adhere to the constitution and other laws. The accountability
and monitoring mechanisms within the rule of law allow abuses to
be identified and for reforms to take place in an organized manner.
24. HUMAN CAPITAL
• The state must invest in all citizens-and all groups of citizens-
for the future development and capacity of the state. The effects
of this investment are almost instantaneous and have led to the
rise of a global middle class. Human capital development has
changed the very definition of education in a globalized
economy, where new methods of problem solving and technical
skills are critical for a society's success. Investments in higher
education and public health are invaluable tools for a state to
address poverty and social immobility, promote competitive
industries, and drive innovation.
25. PUBLIC FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
•States have historically played a critical role in the creation of public lending
institutions, which can be utilized to pay for their operations and obligations.
Effective public borrowing and fiscal management enables states to develop
predictable payment mechanisms, increase credibility among citizens and
contracted service providers, and build resilience against market shocks.
Sound public financial management is perhaps most important in fragile and
conflict-afflicted states, where large sums of external funding lead to risks of
corruption, mismanagement, and further debt. It is therefore crucial that states
not only effectively manage public finances, but also build transparency and
accountability mechanisms to better serve citizens.
26. CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT
• The creation of citizenship rights that cut across gender, race, ethnicity,
religion, class, and location is critical to a society's prosperity. Using
policy and laws to establish equal opportunities strengthens the social
fabric and helps shift the dynamic of the state from a formal
organizationintoacommunityofcommonsentimentwithmutualrights
and obligations. By engaging with citizens and addressing barriers to
inclusion, states may better bridge contentious relations both among
citizensandwiththestate.
27. ASSET MANAGEMENT
•A country's wealth is made not just of money but also vast
arrays of assets from land, water, the environment,
extractives like minerals and oil, and other natural
resources to "intangible" benefits such as licenses and
permits. The way these assets are used sustainably and
equitably for the collective good by a state is a measure of
its effectiveness. It is imperative that states mobilize all
their assets and are prepared for conversations on what
defines a public good and how that good is being used.
28. DISASTER RESILIENCE
•The ability both to prepare for natural disasters and
respond to them is a key measure of state resilience. It is
imperative that states not only prepare for natural disasters
within their geographic context, but also develop
resiliency measures for crises such as drought, famine,
and catastrophic weather. Clear frameworks and rules for
how states respond to disasters, especially in the
immediate aftermath, eases the costs and time for
reconstruction and opens opportunities for reforms.
30. NON-STATE INSTITUTION
• An establishment not owned and controlled by
the government.
• Backup of the government in filling in the gap
between state and its people
• Operating to satisfy many of our short and long
term, small and large scale and tangible and
intangible demands (De Leon, 2008)
31. NON STATE INSTITUTION INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING:
BANKS
• It helps us in keeping our money, availing different kind of
loan, and exchanging of currencies. Banks also help the
country by providing financial assistance to the people who
wanted to be an Entrepreneur and start a business.
• The most basic form and sign of society’s financial status
32. 3 MAIN FUNCTIONS:
• Banks are the depository of savings.
• Banks are largely responsible for the
payment system.
• Banks issue loans to both people and
companies.
33. CORPORATION
• It is owned by a group of people but has a legal
state identity. This provide job opportunities to
number of workers in the country and thus
lessens the problem of poverty.
• It usually set-up to create the profit and to
provide return to its stakeholders.
34. TRADE UNIONS
• Created to protect the labor fore of
the country.
• It is also called the labor unions.
• Goal is to improve the working
condition of a country’s labor force.
35. COOPERATIVES
• Are made up of people with common interest
who agreed to work together for easy, safe, and
affordable access to commodities, loans, and
other services.
• Cooperatives are created mainly for human to
organized a mutual benefit for each other.
36. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
• Promote progress by engaging in projects,
policy making, and dialogue. Development
agencies works as a bank that provides financial
assistance to important projects.
• This organization simply wish to improve the
current standpoint of a certain society.
37. CIVIL ORGANIZATIONS
• Include academic institutions, research teams, mass
media ,religious organizations, and peoples
organization. These organizations are created to
expose the conditions of the marginalized sector of
the society by using mass media as its platform as
they raised critical issues to the government.
38. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS
• Influence the government to take action on
matters commonly neglected. A group
maybe a national or an international
organization that promotes and advocates
progress and development related to
particular issues of the society.
