Biotic stress occurs when living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes or insects damage plants. Some examples of damaging biotic stresses include the potato blight that caused famine in the 1840s in Europe and grape phylloxera that led to the Great French wine blight in the 19th century. Biotic stresses can kill plants, damage leaves and reproductive organs, and reduce growth. They also physiologically alter plants by decreasing photosynthesis, increasing transpiration, reducing chlorophyll content, introducing toxins, and reducing the activity of the calvin cycle enzymes.