Plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history by reducing crop yields and sometimes causing famines. Major outbreaks include the Irish potato famine of 1845-1860. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and soil properties influence disease development. Symptoms vary but include wilting, discoloration, and rotting. Effective disease control relies on exclusion, eradication of the pathogen, and protection of the plant through cultural practices and chemicals.
principle of disease(caused by pathogen) control & managementArif Asraf
The document discusses plant diseases, their importance, and factors that affect disease development. It notes that crop losses due to diseases are estimated at 30-50% annually in less developed countries. Key environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pH, type, and fertility influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using principles like sanitation, crop rotation, and pesticide application.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines. While diseases are natural, annual crop losses of 30-50% are common in developing countries. Major disease factors include temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients. Control methods center on exclusion, eradication, protection, and improving host resistance/immunity. The key is that a mother's prayers are the best protection, so we shouldn't hurt our mothers with our words.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.
The document discusses a seminar on plant pathology. It defines plant pathology as the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. Pathogens that cause infectious plant diseases include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, protozoa, and nematodes. Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease cycles, and management of plant diseases. Common symptoms of plant diseases include color changes, stunted growth, blighted appearances, leaf spots, and wilts. General control measures include quarantine regulations to prevent entry of diseased plants, and field sanitation methods like removing diseased plant debris and crop rotation.
This document discusses plant pathology, which is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. It addresses the causes of plant diseases, including living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, as well as non-living factors. The disease cycle and factors affecting disease development are also examined. Plant diseases can cause significant economic losses by reducing crop yields and quality. Understanding plant pathology is important for preventing diseases and maintaining food supply.
Post-Harvest Pathology and Physiological disorders in fruits completed .pptxJoseph Messam Jr.
this PowerPoint will explore post harvest pathology, you will see common types of pathogenic species that affects fruit and vegetables. secondly the PowerPoint will explore physiological disorders along with the different types of physiological disorders
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. The document outlines key concepts in plant pathology including definitions of plant disease, the disease triangle, classification of diseases, and causes of infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also discusses the objectives and importance of plant pathology, summarizing that plant pathology aims to study the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and develop management strategies, in order to reduce losses from diseases and meet global food needs.
Plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history by reducing crop yields and sometimes causing famines. Major outbreaks include the Irish potato famine of 1845-1860. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and soil properties influence disease development. Symptoms vary but include wilting, discoloration, and rotting. Effective disease control relies on exclusion, eradication of the pathogen, and protection of the plant through cultural practices and chemicals.
principle of disease(caused by pathogen) control & managementArif Asraf
The document discusses plant diseases, their importance, and factors that affect disease development. It notes that crop losses due to diseases are estimated at 30-50% annually in less developed countries. Key environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pH, type, and fertility influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using principles like sanitation, crop rotation, and pesticide application.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines. While diseases are natural, annual crop losses of 30-50% are common in developing countries. Major disease factors include temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients. Control methods center on exclusion, eradication, protection, and improving host resistance/immunity. The key is that a mother's prayers are the best protection, so we shouldn't hurt our mothers with our words.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.
The document discusses a seminar on plant pathology. It defines plant pathology as the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. Pathogens that cause infectious plant diseases include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, protozoa, and nematodes. Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease cycles, and management of plant diseases. Common symptoms of plant diseases include color changes, stunted growth, blighted appearances, leaf spots, and wilts. General control measures include quarantine regulations to prevent entry of diseased plants, and field sanitation methods like removing diseased plant debris and crop rotation.
This document discusses plant pathology, which is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. It addresses the causes of plant diseases, including living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, as well as non-living factors. The disease cycle and factors affecting disease development are also examined. Plant diseases can cause significant economic losses by reducing crop yields and quality. Understanding plant pathology is important for preventing diseases and maintaining food supply.
Post-Harvest Pathology and Physiological disorders in fruits completed .pptxJoseph Messam Jr.
this PowerPoint will explore post harvest pathology, you will see common types of pathogenic species that affects fruit and vegetables. secondly the PowerPoint will explore physiological disorders along with the different types of physiological disorders
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. The document outlines key concepts in plant pathology including definitions of plant disease, the disease triangle, classification of diseases, and causes of infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also discusses the objectives and importance of plant pathology, summarizing that plant pathology aims to study the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and develop management strategies, in order to reduce losses from diseases and meet global food needs.
This document discusses plant pathology and the symptoms and economic importance of plant diseases. It begins by defining plant pathology and explaining its objectives, which include studying the causes of diseases, mechanisms of disease development, and plant-pathogen interactions. It then discusses the concept of disease in plants and how diseases can interfere with processes like transpiration and photosynthesis. Economically, diseases can cause significant losses and change cropping systems, trade, and policy. The document concludes by defining and describing various plant disease symptoms, including chlorosis, necrosis, anthracnose, blight, canker, curling, damping off, downy mildew, gall, leaf spot, mosaic, phyllody, powdery mildew, ring spot
L 1.Introduction to PDM kkungggfdrrfftghhhAkash486765
The document provides an introduction to plant pathology and classification of plant diseases. It discusses the objectives of plant pathology and defines what a plant disease is. It then classifies plant diseases based on type of infection, perpetuation and spread, geographic distribution, multiplication of inoculum, host plants affected, symptoms, plant parts affected, and causal agents. It also discusses the history and important discoveries in plant pathology. Integrated disease management is defined as using complementary techniques to keep disease below an economic threshold and avoid resistance.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of plant pathology. It discusses key topics including the definition of plant pathology, objectives of plant pathology such as studying the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and disease control. It also defines important terminology like pathogen, disease, symptoms, and host. The document outlines the classification of plant diseases and different types of causal agents like fungi, bacteria, viruses. It highlights the importance of plant pathology in reducing crop losses and ensuring food security.
This document discusses the early history of plant pathology and the role of fungi in plant diseases. It describes how ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Vraksha Ayurveda showed early understanding of plant diseases and their microbial causes. Throughout history, plant diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes. However, in the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Pier Antonio Micheli began careful microscopic study of fungi and their role in plant diseases. This laid the foundations for the modern science of plant pathology.
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. It aims to understand the biotic and abiotic causes of diseases, the mechanisms of disease development, and plant-pathogen interactions. Major plant diseases throughout history include Phytophthora late blight, which caused the Irish potato famine and led to over 1 million deaths. Plant diseases reduce crop yield and quality by directly damaging tissues, producing toxins, or interfering with nutrient uptake. Symptoms are the visual effects on the plant, while signs involve the visible presence of the pathogen, such as fungal structures. Diseases are caused by living pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, or non-living environmental factors.
The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease. It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its
consumption or other end uses. In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in worldwide.
This slide tries to address status of Postharvest diseases of different vegetables, fruits, cereals and legumes, their symptoms, losses and
integrated management .
The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease. It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its consumption or other end uses. In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in worldwide.
Causal Organisms for Plant diseases and its symptoms.Subhomay Sinha
This document discusses plant pathogens and the diseases they cause. It begins by defining a plant disease and explaining the disease triangle of a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment. It then describes the main types of pathogens - fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, phytoplasmas, algae, and parasitic plants. For each pathogen type, it provides examples of causal organisms, signs of infection visible to the naked eye, and symptoms exhibited by the plant. It also discusses abiotic factors that can cause physiological disorders and provides classifications of plant diseases.
Late blight of potato in Ireland from 1845-1860, powdery and downy mildew of grape in France in 1851 and 1878, and coffee rust in Ceylon starting in the 1870s were some of the major plant disease outbreaks mentioned. Loss of crops from plant diseases can result in hunger, especially in less developed countries where annual losses of 30-50% are common. Major disease outbreaks have led to famines and mass migrations throughout history, such as the Irish potato famine caused by late blight that resulted in starvation, death, and mass Irish migration.
This document provides an overview of the course "Fundamentals of Plant Pathology" which covers three units:
1. Importance and history of plant pathology, terminology, classification of diseases and pathogens
2. Characteristics of fungi, bacteria, viruses and their classification
3. Morphology and reproduction of nematodes, principles of disease management, fungicides and antibiotics
It defines key terms, describes different types of plant pathogens and diseases, and classification systems for plant diseases.
Disease fungi and bacteria can cause significant damage to plants. This document provides an overview of common bacterial and fungal diseases that affect vegetables. It describes key symptoms, factors that promote spread, and crops affected for diseases such as bacterial leaf spot, bacterial soft rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, clubroot, fusarium wilt, botrytis gray mold, and rhizoctonia root rot. Management strategies aim to prevent or limit pathogen development through practices like using pathogen-free seeds and crop rotation.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
This document provides an overview of plant disease concepts and classification. It defines diseases as any abnormal condition that alters a plant's appearance or function. Diseases result from an interaction between a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a favorable environment over time. Symptoms are the visible effects on the host, while signs are structures produced by the pathogen. Diseases are classified based on factors like the type of infection (localized or systemic), means of perpetuation and spread (soil-borne, seed-borne, air-borne), geographic occurrence (endemic, epidemic, sporadic, pandemic), inoculum multiplication (simple or compound interest), causal agent (biotic like fungi, protists, nematodes or abiotic environmental
Soya bean crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes 9 common soybean crop diseases:
1. Phytophthora seed and seedling blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora sojae, which survives in soil for years. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing damping off. Management includes resistant varieties, fungicide seed treatments, and improved drainage.
2. Pythium seedling and root rot, caused by several Pythium species. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing soft rot. Management focuses on soil drainage, seed treatments, and planting in warmer soils.
3. Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. It causes root and stem
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the main important commercial crops, mainly grown in tropical and subtropical countries in the world, because these areas provide suitable conditions for obtaining the best yield and productivity. Sugarcane is affected by many pathogens such as fungi, bacterial and viral diseases and fungal diseases are increasingly being affected internationally, affecting the quantity and/or quality of harvested crops. Among the fungal diseases, pokkah boeng have become the main problems faced by sugarcane growing countries, causing serious yield losses. However, there are many reports of an outbreak of the disease, which looks spectacular, but it caused trade and industrial losses. In this review we highlight the importance of sugarcane and the symptoms of the Pokkah Boeng disease tend to develop during period of rapid crop growth.
This document discusses several diseases that affect tomato plants, including fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode diseases. It provides details on the causative agents and symptoms of early blight caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas species, and tomato yellow leaf curl virus transmitted by whiteflies. Control methods discussed include resistant cultivars, crop rotation, fungicides, bactericides, biological controls, and genetic modification.
The document discusses plant pathology and environmental impacts of plant diseases. It covers the main components involved in plant disease development including the host, pathogen, and environment. It then describes various types of plant pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It discusses symptoms, life cycles, and examples of diseases caused by each type of pathogen. It concludes with an overview of strategies for managing plant diseases, including cultural practices, host resistance, biological control, and other integrated pest management approaches.
This document discusses the classification of plant diseases. It can be classified based on the cause, occurrence and dispersal, parts of the host affected, symptoms, and pathogenicity. The main types of classification are by infectious versus non-infectious cause, endemic versus epidemic occurrence, foliage versus stem versus root effects, and parasitic versus non-parasitic pathogenicity. Specific diseases discussed include blight, mildew, rust, smut, rot, and canker.
This document discusses the classification of plant diseases. It can be classified based on the cause, occurrence and dispersal, parts of the host affected, symptoms, and pathogenicity. The main types of classification are by infectious versus non-infectious cause, endemic versus epidemic occurrence, foliage versus stem versus root effects, and parasitic versus non-parasitic pathogenicity. Specific diseases discussed include blight, mildew, rust, smut, rot, and canker.
pathology of fruits; fruit conservation causes of fruits disease; biotic and ...Faith Dumebi Chukwudi
This document discusses fruit pathology, which is the study of diseases that affect fruits. It defines fruits and pathology, and explains that fruit pathology strives to understand the nature and causes of diseases in fruits. The document outlines the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods in fruit production and describes common biological and physical agents that can cause fruit diseases, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, temperature, and humidity. It also discusses the impacts of fruit diseases, which include quality and storage life reductions and economic losses.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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Similar to Crop-Prot-2.pptx.Disease Identificationpdf
This document discusses plant pathology and the symptoms and economic importance of plant diseases. It begins by defining plant pathology and explaining its objectives, which include studying the causes of diseases, mechanisms of disease development, and plant-pathogen interactions. It then discusses the concept of disease in plants and how diseases can interfere with processes like transpiration and photosynthesis. Economically, diseases can cause significant losses and change cropping systems, trade, and policy. The document concludes by defining and describing various plant disease symptoms, including chlorosis, necrosis, anthracnose, blight, canker, curling, damping off, downy mildew, gall, leaf spot, mosaic, phyllody, powdery mildew, ring spot
L 1.Introduction to PDM kkungggfdrrfftghhhAkash486765
The document provides an introduction to plant pathology and classification of plant diseases. It discusses the objectives of plant pathology and defines what a plant disease is. It then classifies plant diseases based on type of infection, perpetuation and spread, geographic distribution, multiplication of inoculum, host plants affected, symptoms, plant parts affected, and causal agents. It also discusses the history and important discoveries in plant pathology. Integrated disease management is defined as using complementary techniques to keep disease below an economic threshold and avoid resistance.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of plant pathology. It discusses key topics including the definition of plant pathology, objectives of plant pathology such as studying the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and disease control. It also defines important terminology like pathogen, disease, symptoms, and host. The document outlines the classification of plant diseases and different types of causal agents like fungi, bacteria, viruses. It highlights the importance of plant pathology in reducing crop losses and ensuring food security.
This document discusses the early history of plant pathology and the role of fungi in plant diseases. It describes how ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Vraksha Ayurveda showed early understanding of plant diseases and their microbial causes. Throughout history, plant diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes. However, in the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Pier Antonio Micheli began careful microscopic study of fungi and their role in plant diseases. This laid the foundations for the modern science of plant pathology.
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. It aims to understand the biotic and abiotic causes of diseases, the mechanisms of disease development, and plant-pathogen interactions. Major plant diseases throughout history include Phytophthora late blight, which caused the Irish potato famine and led to over 1 million deaths. Plant diseases reduce crop yield and quality by directly damaging tissues, producing toxins, or interfering with nutrient uptake. Symptoms are the visual effects on the plant, while signs involve the visible presence of the pathogen, such as fungal structures. Diseases are caused by living pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, or non-living environmental factors.
The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease. It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its
consumption or other end uses. In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in worldwide.
This slide tries to address status of Postharvest diseases of different vegetables, fruits, cereals and legumes, their symptoms, losses and
integrated management .
The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease. It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its consumption or other end uses. In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in worldwide.
Causal Organisms for Plant diseases and its symptoms.Subhomay Sinha
This document discusses plant pathogens and the diseases they cause. It begins by defining a plant disease and explaining the disease triangle of a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment. It then describes the main types of pathogens - fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, phytoplasmas, algae, and parasitic plants. For each pathogen type, it provides examples of causal organisms, signs of infection visible to the naked eye, and symptoms exhibited by the plant. It also discusses abiotic factors that can cause physiological disorders and provides classifications of plant diseases.
Late blight of potato in Ireland from 1845-1860, powdery and downy mildew of grape in France in 1851 and 1878, and coffee rust in Ceylon starting in the 1870s were some of the major plant disease outbreaks mentioned. Loss of crops from plant diseases can result in hunger, especially in less developed countries where annual losses of 30-50% are common. Major disease outbreaks have led to famines and mass migrations throughout history, such as the Irish potato famine caused by late blight that resulted in starvation, death, and mass Irish migration.
This document provides an overview of the course "Fundamentals of Plant Pathology" which covers three units:
1. Importance and history of plant pathology, terminology, classification of diseases and pathogens
2. Characteristics of fungi, bacteria, viruses and their classification
3. Morphology and reproduction of nematodes, principles of disease management, fungicides and antibiotics
It defines key terms, describes different types of plant pathogens and diseases, and classification systems for plant diseases.
Disease fungi and bacteria can cause significant damage to plants. This document provides an overview of common bacterial and fungal diseases that affect vegetables. It describes key symptoms, factors that promote spread, and crops affected for diseases such as bacterial leaf spot, bacterial soft rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, clubroot, fusarium wilt, botrytis gray mold, and rhizoctonia root rot. Management strategies aim to prevent or limit pathogen development through practices like using pathogen-free seeds and crop rotation.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
This document provides an overview of plant disease concepts and classification. It defines diseases as any abnormal condition that alters a plant's appearance or function. Diseases result from an interaction between a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a favorable environment over time. Symptoms are the visible effects on the host, while signs are structures produced by the pathogen. Diseases are classified based on factors like the type of infection (localized or systemic), means of perpetuation and spread (soil-borne, seed-borne, air-borne), geographic occurrence (endemic, epidemic, sporadic, pandemic), inoculum multiplication (simple or compound interest), causal agent (biotic like fungi, protists, nematodes or abiotic environmental
Soya bean crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes 9 common soybean crop diseases:
1. Phytophthora seed and seedling blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora sojae, which survives in soil for years. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing damping off. Management includes resistant varieties, fungicide seed treatments, and improved drainage.
2. Pythium seedling and root rot, caused by several Pythium species. It infects seeds and seedlings, causing soft rot. Management focuses on soil drainage, seed treatments, and planting in warmer soils.
3. Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. It causes root and stem
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the main important commercial crops, mainly grown in tropical and subtropical countries in the world, because these areas provide suitable conditions for obtaining the best yield and productivity. Sugarcane is affected by many pathogens such as fungi, bacterial and viral diseases and fungal diseases are increasingly being affected internationally, affecting the quantity and/or quality of harvested crops. Among the fungal diseases, pokkah boeng have become the main problems faced by sugarcane growing countries, causing serious yield losses. However, there are many reports of an outbreak of the disease, which looks spectacular, but it caused trade and industrial losses. In this review we highlight the importance of sugarcane and the symptoms of the Pokkah Boeng disease tend to develop during period of rapid crop growth.
This document discusses several diseases that affect tomato plants, including fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode diseases. It provides details on the causative agents and symptoms of early blight caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas species, and tomato yellow leaf curl virus transmitted by whiteflies. Control methods discussed include resistant cultivars, crop rotation, fungicides, bactericides, biological controls, and genetic modification.
The document discusses plant pathology and environmental impacts of plant diseases. It covers the main components involved in plant disease development including the host, pathogen, and environment. It then describes various types of plant pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It discusses symptoms, life cycles, and examples of diseases caused by each type of pathogen. It concludes with an overview of strategies for managing plant diseases, including cultural practices, host resistance, biological control, and other integrated pest management approaches.
This document discusses the classification of plant diseases. It can be classified based on the cause, occurrence and dispersal, parts of the host affected, symptoms, and pathogenicity. The main types of classification are by infectious versus non-infectious cause, endemic versus epidemic occurrence, foliage versus stem versus root effects, and parasitic versus non-parasitic pathogenicity. Specific diseases discussed include blight, mildew, rust, smut, rot, and canker.
This document discusses the classification of plant diseases. It can be classified based on the cause, occurrence and dispersal, parts of the host affected, symptoms, and pathogenicity. The main types of classification are by infectious versus non-infectious cause, endemic versus epidemic occurrence, foliage versus stem versus root effects, and parasitic versus non-parasitic pathogenicity. Specific diseases discussed include blight, mildew, rust, smut, rot, and canker.
pathology of fruits; fruit conservation causes of fruits disease; biotic and ...Faith Dumebi Chukwudi
This document discusses fruit pathology, which is the study of diseases that affect fruits. It defines fruits and pathology, and explains that fruit pathology strives to understand the nature and causes of diseases in fruits. The document outlines the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods in fruit production and describes common biological and physical agents that can cause fruit diseases, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, temperature, and humidity. It also discusses the impacts of fruit diseases, which include quality and storage life reductions and economic losses.
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
3. Group No.1 (BSA 1C)
Members:
Sofia Margarette T. Juanico Raquel P. Capirayan
Catlyn Joy A. Alto Gilbert C. Cantomayor
Roland C. Cantero Roj C. Cana-an
Lee Earvin N. Laminares Chale Ivon C. Agas
Gerald John B. Palacios Ma. Frejielyn F. Olmedo
4. INTRODUCTION
• Agricultural productivity plays a crucial role in global
food security, and one of the significant challenges
faced by the agricultural sector is the impact of
pathogen-like diseases on major crops.
5. INTRODUCTION
• Pathogen-like diseases encompass a range of
conditions caused by various biotic and abiotic
factors that mimic the symptoms of pathogenic
infections. These diseases can lead to severe yield
losses, economic hardship for farmers, and
disruptions in the supply chain of essential crops.
6. OBJECTIVES
• To identify common diseases in crops,
• To familiarize symptoms of plant pathogens, and
• To determine the distribution of plant pathogenic like
infected plants in some major crops.
7. Type of diseases
Host Papaya
Name of Disease Papaya ringspot
Symptoms Leaves develop prominent mosaic
and chlorosis on the leaf lamina, and
water soaked oily streaks on the
petioles and upper part of the trunk.
Causal Agent Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV)
8. Type of diseases
Host Tomato
Name of
Disease
Bacterial spot
Symptoms It appears a small, round,
water-soaked spots that
gradually turn dark-brown or
black and are surrounded by
yellow halo.
Causal Agent Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Vesicatoria.
9. Type of diseases
Host Jackfruit
Name of
Disease
Rhizopus rot
Symptoms Discolored, water-soaked spots
on fruit.
Causal Agent Rhizopus stolonifer
10. Type of diseases
Host Cabbage
Name of
Disease
Alternaria leaf spot
Symptoms Dark brown to black irregularly
shaped lesions on leaf blades
and petioles.
Causal Agent Alternaria brassicicola
11. Type of diseases
Host Long Chilli Pepper
Name of
Disease
Anthracnose disease
Symptoms Irregular spots, and dead areas
on leaves that often follow the
veins of the leaves.
Causal Agent Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium
12. Type of diseases
Host Coconut
Name of
Disease
Gray leaf blight Pestalotiopsis
palmarum.
Symptoms Very small yellow, brown or black
discoloration of the leaves.
Causal Agent Pestalotiopsis palmarum
13. Type of diseases
Host Banana Leaves
Name of
Disease
Black and Yellow Sigatoka
Symptoms Very small yellow, brown or black
discoloration of the leaves.
Causal Agent Mycosphaerella
musicola/fijiensis
14. Type of diseases
Host Radish
Name of
Disease
Fusarium wilt
Symptoms Leaves on infected plants turn
yellow and fall.
Causal Agent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersici,
15. Type of diseases
Host Eggplant
Name of
Disease
Blossom end rot
Symptoms A large, brown to black, dry,
leathery area at the blossom end
of the tomato fruit.
Causal Agent A localized deficiency of calcium
in the fruit.
16. Type of diseases
Host Cassava
Name of
Disease
Cassava phytoplasma disease
Symptoms Significantly shorter shoots on
top of manioc plants give the
plant a "witches' broom" aspect.
Roots may develop thin and
woody with deep cracks.
Swellings of lower part of the
stems.
Causal Agent Candidatus Phytoplasma
17. Type of diseases
Host Okra
Name of
Disease
White bumps
Symptoms Blisters appears on the leaves
and the stem and the infected
plant produce deformed,
hypertrophied and hard seeds.
Causal Agent Fungus Protomyces macrosporus
18. Type of diseases
Host Watermelon
Name of
Disease
Phytophthora fruit rot
Symptoms Water-soaking of the stem. Fruits
in contact with soil with the
presence of the pathogen is
highly susceptible.
Causal Agent Fungus Phytophthora capsici
19. Type of diseases
Host Rice
Name of
Disease
Rice tungro diseases
Symptoms It causes leaf discoloration
(yellowing), stunted growth,
reduced tiller numbers & sterile
or partly filled grains.
Causal Agent Virus/GLH
20. Type of diseases
Host Corn
Name of
Disease
Stalk and ear rots
Symptoms Stalk rot pathogens decay the
central pith, which weakens the
stalk. One can envision a healthy
stalk being a solid rod of plant
tissue. A rotted stalk is no more
than a tube with decaying pith
loosely packed inside.
Causal Agent Fungus Diplodia maydis
21. Type of diseases
Host Bitter gourd
Name of
Disease
Bitter gourd Yellow Mosaic Virus
Symptoms Irregular yellowish patches on
the leaves.
Causal Agent Begomovirus (BgYMV)