A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a small geographic area like a home, school, or office using networking hardware like network cards, switches, and routers. Network cards connect devices to the network, switches connect network nodes, and routers join multiple networks and operate at the network layer. The TCP/IP protocol allows different operating systems and networks to communicate through the reliable TCP layer which transfers information across the network and the IP layer which identifies computers and transfers information to destinations.
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
MEMBERS:
Abletes, Charles Chille
Agustin, Eloisa Marie U.
Curammeng, Alona Jane E.
Galvan, Cyrus Kim
Macaysa, Czyryl Anne A.
Pagtaccunan, Roshiela Mae V.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) and how it allows private IP networks to connect to the Internet. It covers the problems of IP address exhaustion and depletion of IPv4 addresses. NAT enables private networks using unregistered IP addresses to connect to the public network by translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses. The document defines key NAT terms and describes how NAT is implemented on a router with inside and outside interfaces to translate packet headers. It also covers the types and advantages of NAT, including connecting multiple computers to the Internet using a single public IP address, as well as some disadvantages like added delay.
A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a common area through a shared communication line or wireless link to a server. A network connects two or more devices that can communicate, and is comprised of computer systems linked by physical or wireless connections. Switches are active network elements that are faster than hubs, know which devices are connected to their ports, and can be connected to other switches. Routers join multiple networks together by connecting two or more networks and operate at the network layer. The TCP/IP protocol allows different operating systems and networks to communicate using TCP to reliably transfer information and IP to deliver it to the destination computer.
Local area networks (LANs) allow devices in close proximity like PCs, printers, and other equipment to share resources and communicate. Key elements of a LAN include network cards that connect devices to the network, switches that facilitate faster communication between connected devices, and routers that join multiple networks like a LAN to a wide-area network like the Internet. TCP/IP is the basic communication protocol that allows different operating systems and networks to understand each other using standards like IP addresses to reliably locate devices.
The document provides information about experimenting with RJ45 and Cat6 cabling using a crimping tool. It discusses the specifications of CAT6 cable and how it is an improved standard over previous categories. It also describes how to properly crimp RJ45 connectors onto cable and defines the straight-through and crossover wiring configurations. The document further explains how to install and use Cisco Packet Tracer for network simulations.
A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a small geographic area like a home, school, or office using networking hardware like network cards, switches, and routers. Network cards connect devices to the network, switches connect network nodes, and routers join multiple networks and operate at the network layer. The TCP/IP protocol allows different operating systems and networks to communicate through the reliable TCP layer which transfers information across the network and the IP layer which identifies computers and transfers information to destinations.
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
MEMBERS:
Abletes, Charles Chille
Agustin, Eloisa Marie U.
Curammeng, Alona Jane E.
Galvan, Cyrus Kim
Macaysa, Czyryl Anne A.
Pagtaccunan, Roshiela Mae V.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) and how it allows private IP networks to connect to the Internet. It covers the problems of IP address exhaustion and depletion of IPv4 addresses. NAT enables private networks using unregistered IP addresses to connect to the public network by translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses. The document defines key NAT terms and describes how NAT is implemented on a router with inside and outside interfaces to translate packet headers. It also covers the types and advantages of NAT, including connecting multiple computers to the Internet using a single public IP address, as well as some disadvantages like added delay.
A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a common area through a shared communication line or wireless link to a server. A network connects two or more devices that can communicate, and is comprised of computer systems linked by physical or wireless connections. Switches are active network elements that are faster than hubs, know which devices are connected to their ports, and can be connected to other switches. Routers join multiple networks together by connecting two or more networks and operate at the network layer. The TCP/IP protocol allows different operating systems and networks to communicate using TCP to reliably transfer information and IP to deliver it to the destination computer.
Local area networks (LANs) allow devices in close proximity like PCs, printers, and other equipment to share resources and communicate. Key elements of a LAN include network cards that connect devices to the network, switches that facilitate faster communication between connected devices, and routers that join multiple networks like a LAN to a wide-area network like the Internet. TCP/IP is the basic communication protocol that allows different operating systems and networks to understand each other using standards like IP addresses to reliably locate devices.
The document provides information about experimenting with RJ45 and Cat6 cabling using a crimping tool. It discusses the specifications of CAT6 cable and how it is an improved standard over previous categories. It also describes how to properly crimp RJ45 connectors onto cable and defines the straight-through and crossover wiring configurations. The document further explains how to install and use Cisco Packet Tracer for network simulations.
Group 5:
Reymart John Aguho
Lawrence Valdez
Trishia Mae Salazar
Gayle Allyson Guitones
Dempster Winston Corpuz
Matthew Erickson Quinto
Marc Vincent Maneja
Computer networks allow computers to exchange data by passing it through connected devices via data connections. They provide advantages like centralized administration and file/hardware/application sharing but also security risks. Ethernet is a common computer networking technology that divides data into frames for transmission and uses addresses and error checking. Common networking devices include hubs, switches and routers that help distribute data on local and wide area networks.
Linux networking devices differ from other devices in that they are installed in the kernel and handle networking. Networking can be configured using scripts and command line utilities like ifconfig and route or graphical tools. Basic networking utilities like ping, telnet, and traceroute can be used to test and troubleshoot network connectivity.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows private IP networks to connect to the public Internet using a single public IP address. NAT is run on routers and works by replacing the private IP addresses and port numbers in data packets with public IP addresses and port numbers when the packets leave the private network, and translating them back when packets return. This conserves public IP addresses and allows private networks to use non-routable address ranges while still accessing the Internet. Common NAT configurations include one-to-one mapping of addresses, IP masquerading of multiple private addresses to a single public address, and load balancing multiple servers accessed through a single public IP.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a single device like a router to act as an agent between a private network and the public internet using a single public IP address. This conserves limited public IP addresses as only the NAT device needs a public IP, while an entire private network can use private IP addresses. NAT works by translating the private IP address and port of devices in the private network to the public IP address and unique port of the NAT device when communicating with the public internet, and vice versa for incoming traffic. This allows all private network devices to access the internet through the single public IP address of the NAT device.
This tutorial gives very good understanding on Computer Networks protocols After completing this tutorial, You will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in knowing Advance Networking protocols (, from where you can take yourself to next levels.
A LAN connects computers within a building or nearby buildings, allowing them to share devices, files, and communications. Key elements of a typical LAN include network cards that connect computers to the network, switches to connect network nodes faster than hubs, routers that connect multiple networks and are managed by administrators, and the TCP/IP protocol which allows different operating systems and networks to communicate using TCP to reliably transmit information and IP to direct it to the proper destination identified by its IP address.
linksys is a one of the most running well technology in networks..here's configuration steps of linksysy router who helps to understand a things easily and install in your system. ....
Wireless routers allow data from the internet to travel through the router's antenna and broadcast through the air to wireless devices using a wireless adapter. Setting up a wireless router involves running setup software, connecting the router to a computer with an Ethernet cable during setup, creating a wireless network name and password, and potentially manually configuring the router if needed. It is important to enable strong encryption like WPA2 on the wireless network for security. Connections can be tested by using the ping command to check communication with the router.
A wireless router allows devices to connect to a network wirelessly. It performs the functions of a router and wireless access point, connecting wired and wireless devices and providing Internet access. The router encodes and decodes signals to transmit data between connected devices and external networks. When setting up a wireless router, it is important to change default passwords, choose strong encryption like WPA2, and consider the router's range, speed and compatibility standards.
NAT is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are different types of NAT including static NAT for one-to-one mapping, dynamic NAT for mapping multiple private addresses to public addresses from a pool, and NAT overload/PAT which maps multiple private addresses to a single public address using port addressing. The document provides configuration examples for static, dynamic, and overload NAT on a Cisco router.
Overview of IP routing protocols, packet forwarding and proxy ARP.
The principle of IP routing proved to be very flexible and scalable in the growth of the Internet and TCP/IP based networks.
IP routing denotes protocols for exchanging IP address range reachability like RIP, BGP and OSPF.
In contrast to IP routing, IP packet forwarding collectively means all functions performed when an IP router receives a packet and forwards it over the output interface indicated by an IP route in the routing table.
When an IP router performs a route lookup, it calculates a route decision based on different properties like prefix (mask) length, route precedence and metrics.
Routing protocols for exchanging route information can be coarsely classified as distance vector and link state protocols. Distance vector protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) exchange information about the path cost to specific targets (IP address ranges). Routers that talk distance vector protocols receive reachability information about all sub-networks indirectly from neighboring routers.
In contrast to distance vector protocols, link state protocols like OSPF disseminate information about the link state of each router link in a network to all routers in the network. Thus link state protocols tend to converge faster to topology changes since all routers have firsthand information of the topology of the network.
Proxy ARP may be a convenient solution when it comes to add additional subnets without having to add routes to routers and hosts. A proxy ARP enabled router would answer ARP requests on behalf of the targeted hosts mimicking a local network access to the requesting host.
IP addresses are unique identifiers for devices connected to a network. They allow information to be specifically routed to the intended destination similar to mailing addresses. There are two main IP address standards, IPv4 and IPv6, with IPv6 addressing anticipated space limitations of IPv4 by expanding the number of available addresses. IP addresses can be static, configured manually, or dynamic, assigned automatically by a DHCP server.
WSN protocol 802.15.4 together with cc2420 seminars Salah Amean
WSN protocol 802.15.4 together with cc2420 seminars . It is based on the standand of ieee802.15.4 and data sheet of the radio transceiver cc2420.
Note that some slides are borrowed.
This document describes a network design project for a Petrobangla office building. Key points:
- The network connects various floors and offices through switches, routers, servers, and access points in a star topology configuration.
- Servers include a DHCP server, DNS server, web server, IoT server, and mail server to provide various network services.
- IoT devices like smoke detectors and sirens are connected to monitor safety and security.
- The network aims to create a smarter, digital office environment through wireless connectivity and remote management of devices.
- The total estimated cost for hardware, cabling, and configuration is approximately 39 lakh Bangladeshi Taka.
This document defines and describes several common internet protocols: HTTP is used for transmitting multimedia web content. HTTPS provides secure communication over networks using SSL. SSH allows for secure data transfer and remote access. POP3 downloads email from servers to computers. NTP synchronizes computer clock times across networks to the millisecond. SSL manages secure messaging. SMS exchanges short text messages between devices using standard protocols.
A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
Wi-Fi (or WiFi) is a local area wireless computer networking technology that allows electronic devices to network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands.
The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network" (WLAN) product based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1] However, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN" since most modern WLANs are based on these standards. "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. The "Wi-Fi Certified" trademark can only be used by Wi-Fi products that successfully complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing.
Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, in order to print a document.
Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections, such as Ethernet, precisely because an intruder does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use TLS are secure, but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks .
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting concepts. It defines IP addressing rules including IP address format and classes, default subnet masks for each class, valid and invalid IP addresses. It explains that each network interface card is assigned an IP address by the network administrator, and also has a unique MAC address. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, C and D based on the value of the leftmost byte, with each class supporting a different maximum number of hosts per network.
Small office Home office , network setup in detailsapel7
This document provides an outline for a course on Small Office Home Office (SOHO) IT network setup. It includes chapters on network fundamentals like components, configurations and terminology. It also covers topics like email and file sharing setup. An initial section defines common network abbreviations.
The document outlines the course content for a Small Office Home Office (SOHO) IT Network Setup course. The course covers topics such as network components, configurations, email and file sharing setup. It includes chapters on understanding networks, network components, terminologies, a SOHO network lab, and advanced Google search operators. Network abbreviations and concepts such as IP addressing, static versus dynamic IP, and private versus public IP are also defined.
This is a presentation about the typycal elements in a LAN. Here we will talking about a LAN, network cards, switches, routers, protocol TCP/IP and IP address.
Group 5:
Reymart John Aguho
Lawrence Valdez
Trishia Mae Salazar
Gayle Allyson Guitones
Dempster Winston Corpuz
Matthew Erickson Quinto
Marc Vincent Maneja
Computer networks allow computers to exchange data by passing it through connected devices via data connections. They provide advantages like centralized administration and file/hardware/application sharing but also security risks. Ethernet is a common computer networking technology that divides data into frames for transmission and uses addresses and error checking. Common networking devices include hubs, switches and routers that help distribute data on local and wide area networks.
Linux networking devices differ from other devices in that they are installed in the kernel and handle networking. Networking can be configured using scripts and command line utilities like ifconfig and route or graphical tools. Basic networking utilities like ping, telnet, and traceroute can be used to test and troubleshoot network connectivity.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows private IP networks to connect to the public Internet using a single public IP address. NAT is run on routers and works by replacing the private IP addresses and port numbers in data packets with public IP addresses and port numbers when the packets leave the private network, and translating them back when packets return. This conserves public IP addresses and allows private networks to use non-routable address ranges while still accessing the Internet. Common NAT configurations include one-to-one mapping of addresses, IP masquerading of multiple private addresses to a single public address, and load balancing multiple servers accessed through a single public IP.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a single device like a router to act as an agent between a private network and the public internet using a single public IP address. This conserves limited public IP addresses as only the NAT device needs a public IP, while an entire private network can use private IP addresses. NAT works by translating the private IP address and port of devices in the private network to the public IP address and unique port of the NAT device when communicating with the public internet, and vice versa for incoming traffic. This allows all private network devices to access the internet through the single public IP address of the NAT device.
This tutorial gives very good understanding on Computer Networks protocols After completing this tutorial, You will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in knowing Advance Networking protocols (, from where you can take yourself to next levels.
A LAN connects computers within a building or nearby buildings, allowing them to share devices, files, and communications. Key elements of a typical LAN include network cards that connect computers to the network, switches to connect network nodes faster than hubs, routers that connect multiple networks and are managed by administrators, and the TCP/IP protocol which allows different operating systems and networks to communicate using TCP to reliably transmit information and IP to direct it to the proper destination identified by its IP address.
linksys is a one of the most running well technology in networks..here's configuration steps of linksysy router who helps to understand a things easily and install in your system. ....
Wireless routers allow data from the internet to travel through the router's antenna and broadcast through the air to wireless devices using a wireless adapter. Setting up a wireless router involves running setup software, connecting the router to a computer with an Ethernet cable during setup, creating a wireless network name and password, and potentially manually configuring the router if needed. It is important to enable strong encryption like WPA2 on the wireless network for security. Connections can be tested by using the ping command to check communication with the router.
A wireless router allows devices to connect to a network wirelessly. It performs the functions of a router and wireless access point, connecting wired and wireless devices and providing Internet access. The router encodes and decodes signals to transmit data between connected devices and external networks. When setting up a wireless router, it is important to change default passwords, choose strong encryption like WPA2, and consider the router's range, speed and compatibility standards.
NAT is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are different types of NAT including static NAT for one-to-one mapping, dynamic NAT for mapping multiple private addresses to public addresses from a pool, and NAT overload/PAT which maps multiple private addresses to a single public address using port addressing. The document provides configuration examples for static, dynamic, and overload NAT on a Cisco router.
Overview of IP routing protocols, packet forwarding and proxy ARP.
The principle of IP routing proved to be very flexible and scalable in the growth of the Internet and TCP/IP based networks.
IP routing denotes protocols for exchanging IP address range reachability like RIP, BGP and OSPF.
In contrast to IP routing, IP packet forwarding collectively means all functions performed when an IP router receives a packet and forwards it over the output interface indicated by an IP route in the routing table.
When an IP router performs a route lookup, it calculates a route decision based on different properties like prefix (mask) length, route precedence and metrics.
Routing protocols for exchanging route information can be coarsely classified as distance vector and link state protocols. Distance vector protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) exchange information about the path cost to specific targets (IP address ranges). Routers that talk distance vector protocols receive reachability information about all sub-networks indirectly from neighboring routers.
In contrast to distance vector protocols, link state protocols like OSPF disseminate information about the link state of each router link in a network to all routers in the network. Thus link state protocols tend to converge faster to topology changes since all routers have firsthand information of the topology of the network.
Proxy ARP may be a convenient solution when it comes to add additional subnets without having to add routes to routers and hosts. A proxy ARP enabled router would answer ARP requests on behalf of the targeted hosts mimicking a local network access to the requesting host.
IP addresses are unique identifiers for devices connected to a network. They allow information to be specifically routed to the intended destination similar to mailing addresses. There are two main IP address standards, IPv4 and IPv6, with IPv6 addressing anticipated space limitations of IPv4 by expanding the number of available addresses. IP addresses can be static, configured manually, or dynamic, assigned automatically by a DHCP server.
WSN protocol 802.15.4 together with cc2420 seminars Salah Amean
WSN protocol 802.15.4 together with cc2420 seminars . It is based on the standand of ieee802.15.4 and data sheet of the radio transceiver cc2420.
Note that some slides are borrowed.
This document describes a network design project for a Petrobangla office building. Key points:
- The network connects various floors and offices through switches, routers, servers, and access points in a star topology configuration.
- Servers include a DHCP server, DNS server, web server, IoT server, and mail server to provide various network services.
- IoT devices like smoke detectors and sirens are connected to monitor safety and security.
- The network aims to create a smarter, digital office environment through wireless connectivity and remote management of devices.
- The total estimated cost for hardware, cabling, and configuration is approximately 39 lakh Bangladeshi Taka.
This document defines and describes several common internet protocols: HTTP is used for transmitting multimedia web content. HTTPS provides secure communication over networks using SSL. SSH allows for secure data transfer and remote access. POP3 downloads email from servers to computers. NTP synchronizes computer clock times across networks to the millisecond. SSL manages secure messaging. SMS exchanges short text messages between devices using standard protocols.
A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
Wi-Fi (or WiFi) is a local area wireless computer networking technology that allows electronic devices to network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands.
The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network" (WLAN) product based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1] However, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN" since most modern WLANs are based on these standards. "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. The "Wi-Fi Certified" trademark can only be used by Wi-Fi products that successfully complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing.
Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, in order to print a document.
Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections, such as Ethernet, precisely because an intruder does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use TLS are secure, but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks .
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting concepts. It defines IP addressing rules including IP address format and classes, default subnet masks for each class, valid and invalid IP addresses. It explains that each network interface card is assigned an IP address by the network administrator, and also has a unique MAC address. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, C and D based on the value of the leftmost byte, with each class supporting a different maximum number of hosts per network.
Small office Home office , network setup in detailsapel7
This document provides an outline for a course on Small Office Home Office (SOHO) IT network setup. It includes chapters on network fundamentals like components, configurations and terminology. It also covers topics like email and file sharing setup. An initial section defines common network abbreviations.
The document outlines the course content for a Small Office Home Office (SOHO) IT Network Setup course. The course covers topics such as network components, configurations, email and file sharing setup. It includes chapters on understanding networks, network components, terminologies, a SOHO network lab, and advanced Google search operators. Network abbreviations and concepts such as IP addressing, static versus dynamic IP, and private versus public IP are also defined.
This is a presentation about the typycal elements in a LAN. Here we will talking about a LAN, network cards, switches, routers, protocol TCP/IP and IP address.
The document summarizes the TCP/IP model, which consists of 5 layers - application, transport, internet, and network access. The application layer supports protocols like HTTP, SNMP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet, and FTP. The transport layer includes the TCP and UDP protocols. TCP establishes reliable connections while UDP is used for small amounts of data. The internet layer handles IP, ICMP, and ARP. The network access layer transmits data physically on a network using protocols like Ethernet.
A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a building using network cards, switches, routers, and the TCP/IP protocol. TCP ensures reliable data transmission while IP transfers information to destination computers using IP addresses to locate them. The LAN allows computers to share printers, internet connections, and securely exchange information.
A network connects two or more computers together. Networks are classified based on their topology, protocols, and architecture. Common topologies include bus, ring, and star. Protocols like Ethernet and Token Ring define how computers communicate. Architectures are either peer-to-peer or client/server. Devices connect directly in peer-to-peer while clients rely on a central server in a client/server network.
TCP and IP are the basic protocols that define how computers can communicate over a network like the Internet. TCP provides reliable data transmission and ensures packets are delivered in order, while IP handles how computers identify each other and send packets to the right destination. Together TCP and IP provide the fundamental rules and procedures that allow computers on a network to exchange information.
The document discusses the TCP/IP model, which defines how computers connect to the internet and transmit data between networks. It describes TCP/IP's four layered architecture and some key protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP, and FTP. The document also compares TCP/IP to the OSI model and outlines advantages like scalability and operating independently of hardware/software, as well as disadvantages like complexity and high overhead.
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model created by the Department of Defense (DoD) and compares it to the OSI reference model. The DoD model consists of four layers - Process/Application, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Network Access - which correspond to a condensed version of the seven-layer OSI model. The document describes the functions of each layer and some of the key protocols that operate at each layer, such as TCP, IP, ARP, and Ethernet. It also covers topics like IP addressing, private vs public addresses, broadcast vs unicast traffic, and network access technologies.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking concepts including:
- TCP/IP is the default networking protocol for UNIX and the Internet, consisting of protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, and ARP.
- IP addresses are composed of four octets that identify devices on the network, while MAC addresses identify hardware. ARP maps IP to MAC addresses.
- TCP provides connection-oriented delivery of data while UDP provides connectionless delivery. Common ports like 80 and 23 are assigned to HTTP and Telnet.
- IP addresses have classes that determine network and host portions, and private addresses are used internally with NAT for Internet connections.
The document discusses the architecture and workings of the Internet. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
- The Internet is a network of networks that connects millions of devices globally using standardized communication protocols like TCP/IP. There is no single entity that controls it.
- Individual networks are connected through routers that pass traffic between them. Routers know the addresses of local networks and pass packets to the appropriate outgoing link.
- IP addresses identify devices and allow location addressing. The IP layer handles packaging, addressing, and routing of data packets across the networks.
- Other important concepts discussed include protocols like TCP and UDP, the OSI model layers, DNS lookups, firewalls, and differences between internet, intr
Networking began in the 1960s when the US Department of Defense developed early computer networks to withstand a nuclear attack. The document then discusses the basics of networking including definitions of networking and common network types. It also explains the OSI model and its seven layers. Finally, it provides examples of DCS networks from Siemens and ABB that incorporate both Ethernet networks and high-speed serial networks to connect control system devices.
Full video explained in Hindi
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The Avi Security
basic networking concepts is fundamental to a successful career in information technology. Networking technologies underlie all IT activities and a strong comprehension of the hardware and protocols used to create networks is essential to future success. In this training course, you will learn how to configure a workstation to connect to a network, analyze network traffic using a protocol analyzer, examine switch and router configurations, perform basic IPv4 addressing and subnetting, and research network security solutions. basic networking concepts is fundamental to a successful career in information technology. Networking technologies underlie all IT activities and a strong comprehension of the hardware and protocols used to create networks is essential to future success. In this training course, you will learn how to configure a workstation to connect to a network, analyze network traffic using a protocol analyzer, examine switch and router configurations, perform basic IPv4 addressing and subnetting, and research network security solutions.
Basic networking concepts is fundamental to a successful career in information technology. Networking technologies underlie all IT activities and a strong comprehension of the hardware and protocols used to create networks is essential to future success. In this training course, you will learn how to configure a workstation to connect to a network, analyze network traffic using a protocol analyzer, examine switch and router configurations, perform basic IPv4 addressing and subnetting, and research network security solutions.
The document summarizes the history and development of Ethernet and TCP/IP networking protocols. It describes how ARPANET originally used packet switching in the 1960s, the development of TCP and IP in the 1970s, and how Ethernet was implemented as a standard for local area networks. It also provides an overview of how IP, TCP and common applications like HTTP operate and interconnect across network layers.
A computer network allows connected devices to exchange and share data through connections. There are different types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). A computer network requires hardware like network cards, cables, and connectivity devices to physically connect devices and allow communication using network protocols.
The document provides an overview of protocol architectures and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses how protocol architectures establish rules for exchanging data between systems using layered protocols. The TCP/IP model is then explained in detail through its five layers - physical, network access, internet, transport and application - and core protocols like IP, TCP and UDP. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are also summarized.
The document discusses computer networks and network protocols. It begins with an introduction to network protocols and the Internet protocols. It then provides definitions and explanations of communication protocols, including addressing, transmission modes, and error detection/recovery techniques. It lists and describes common network protocols like TCP/IP, routing protocols, FTP, SMTP, and more. It also discusses the OSI model layers, TCP/IP protocol suite, data encapsulation, protocol data units, protocol assignments to layers, and addresses at each layer.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their functions. It also explains the four layers of the TCP/IP model and some of the common protocols used in each layer such as IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP etc. Additionally, it summarizes the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which maps IP addresses to MAC addresses when a host needs to deliver a packet on a local network.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then explains the five layers of the TCP/IP model and how encapsulation works. The document also covers topics such as addressing, fragmentation, segmentation, and IP addressing and subnetting.
"IOS 18 CONTROL CENTRE REVAMP STREAMLINED IPHONE SHUTDOWN MADE EASIER"Emmanuel Onwumere
In iOS 18, Apple has introduced a significant revamp to the Control Centre, making it more intuitive and user-friendly. One of the standout features is a quicker and more accessible way to shut down your iPhone. This enhancement aims to streamline the user experience, allowing for faster access to essential functions. Discover how iOS 18's redesigned Control Centre can simplify your daily interactions with your iPhone, bringing convenience right at your fingertips.
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
2. What a Lan is
• They interconnect computer.
• Are usually close together.
• Private networks for search files.
• One example of a LAN is an Ethernet.
• Size of 10m, 100m or 1 km
3. Network Card
• Connects a computer with a computer network
• Piece of computer hardware
• Have nodes depending on the network
• Each node have RJ45 port
• Protocol for communication like TCP/IP
• Nodes are connected each other to communicate
4. Switch
Active network elements
RJ45 ports for connect nodes
Are faster than hubs, with 100 Mhz
A channel between two nodes for maximun speed
5. Router
Small physical devices for connect networks
Connect 2 or more networks
Home networks are wireless
An IP connect a PAN to a WAN
Ability to filter traffic
6. Protocol TCP/IP
For communicate computers we need a protocol, a set of rules, which have
5 functions
1. Locate any computer on the network
2. Understand messages and type of communication
3. Understand messages from all operating systems
4. Allow secure information Exchange
5. Finish the correction correctly
7. TCP/IP
Basic element of the structure of the operating system
Thanks to this protocol we can communicate diferent
operating systems and networks
TCP provides reliable transfer of information transmitted
across the network
IP transfers information to the destination computer.
8. IP ADRESS
All computers must be identifiable so that they can be located quickly and
accurately.
Each computer have an IP address
Is made up of four groups of numbers between o to 250 by a full stop
To find the IP address we can use a ping command followed by the URL
server
The command of MS-DOS shows the values IP of the PC.