This tutorial gives very good understanding on Computer Networks protocols After completing this tutorial, You will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in knowing Advance Networking protocols (, from where you can take yourself to next levels.

1. BASIC TO ADVANCE
PROTOCOLS
BY- VARINDER SINGH WALIA

2. WHAT IS PROTOCOLS
 A protocol is a set of rules and guidelines for communicating data or we can say it
is a type of programming language in which both sides are same.
 Rules are defined for each step and process during communication between two
or more Devices Networks have to follow these rules to successfully transmit
data. Such processes include:
 TYPE OF TASK
 PROCESS NATURE
 DATA FLOW RATE
 DATA TYPE
 DEVICE MANAGEMENT

3. TYPES OF
PROTOCOLS

4. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of
the Internet protocol suite.
 TCP is a connection-oriented protocol in which the data can be transferred
bidirectionally after connection is being setuped.
 TCP is reliable and secure but comparatively slower as it keeps the data
smooth and checks error.
 The order of data at receiving end is same as on sending end. Header size
of TCP is 20 bytes.

5. USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL
 UDP stands for “User Datagram Protocol. It is also called universal datagram
protocol.
 UDP is connection-less protocol in which data is needed to send in chunks.
 UDP don’t have error checking mechanism that is why it is less reliable but is
faster in data transferring than TCP.
 Header size of UDP is 8 bytes.

6. FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
 File Transfer Protocol
 Authentication is required in FTP for communication between client and
server.
 FTP uses TCP service which is a connection-oriented service.
 FTP software is larger than TFTP.
 FTP establishes two connections one for data(TCP port no. 21) and one
for control(TCP port no. 20)
 FTP is more complex

7. TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
 Trivial File Transfer Protocol
 No authentication is required in TFTP
 TFTP uses UDP service which is connection-less service.
 TFTP software is smaller than FTP and fits into readonly memory of the
diskless workstation
 TFTP establishes a single connection for its file transfer (UDP port no. 69)
 TFTP have only five messages.
 TFTP is less complex.

8. INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE
PROTOCOL
 ICMP (internet control message protocol) is an error-reporting protocol and
is used by routers in our network
 It is an extension to the internet protocol (IP)
 ICMP creates and sends messages to the source IP address indicating
that a gateway to the internet that a router, service or host cannot be
reached for packet delivery.
 Any IP network device has the capability to send, receive or process ICMP
messages.

9. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 It is used for world wide web
 It is part of the Internet protocol suite and defines commands and services used
for transmitting webpage data.
 HTTP is the set of rules for transferring files from on device to another device
 HTTP is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia
information systems
 Some common HTTP status codes include:
 200 - successful request (the webpage exists)
 301 - moved permanently (often forwarded to a new URL)
 401 - unauthorized request (authorization required)
 403 - forbidden (access is not allowed to the page or directory)
 500 - internal server error (often caused by an incorrect server
configuration)

10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) is a protocol for assigning dynamic
IP addresses to devices on your network
 The DHCP is controlled by a DHCP server
that dynamically distributes network config
its parameters
 In the absence of a DHCP you have to
assign IP address on the network statically
(i.e., manually)
 It works on UDP (67& 68 ) port number

11. AUTOMATIC PRIVATE IP ADDRESSING
 APIPA is short for Automatic Private IP Addressing, a feature of later
Windows operating systems. With APIPA, DHCP clients can automatically
self-configure an IP address and subnet mask when a DHCP server isn't
available.
 When a DHCP client boots up, it first looks for a DHCP server in order to
obtain an IP address and subnet mask.
 APIPA is meant for non-routed small business environments, usually less
than 25 clients.
 If the client is unable to find the information, it uses APIPA to automatically
configure itself with an IP address.
 The IP address range is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254. The client
also configures itself with a default class B subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
 A client uses the self-configured IP address until a DHCP server becomes
available.

12. SECURE SHELL
 Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network
services securely over an unsecured network.
 The best known example application is for remote login to computer systems by
users.
 SSH provides a secure channel over an unsecured network in a client-server
architecture, connecting an SSH client application with an SSH server.
 Common applications include remote command-line login and remote
command execution, but any network service can be secured with SSH.

13. TELNET
 It is an application layer protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a
bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal
connection

14. IPX/SPX
 INTERNET PACKET EXCHANGE / SEQUENCE PACKET EXCHANGE
 Developed by Novell company for LAN and MAN

15. NETWORK BASIC INPUT / OUTPUT
SYSTEM
 NET- Bios - Network Basic Input / Output System
 It is a program that allows applications on different computers to communicate within a local
area network (LAN).
 It was created by IBM for its early PC Network, was adopted by Microsoft, and has since
become a de facto industry standard.

16. NWLINK IPX/ SPX
 NWLink packages data to be compatible with client/server services on
NetWare Networks.
 The SPX layer sits on top of the IPX layer and provides connection-
oriented services between two nodes on the network.
 SPX is used primarily by client–server applications.

17. SMTP
 SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is used when email is
delivered from an email client, such as Outlook Express, to an email server or
when email is delivered from one email server to another. SMTP uses port
25.

18. POP3
 POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol. POP3 allows an email client to download an
email from an email server. The POP3 protocol is simple and does not offer many
features except for download. Its design assumes that the email client downloads
all available email from the server, deletes them from the server and then
disconnects. POP3 normally uses port 110.

19. IMAP
 IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. IMAP shares many similar
features with POP3. It, too, is a protocol that an email client can use to download
email from an email server. However, IMAP includes many more features than
POP3. The IMAP protocol is designed to let users keep their email on the server.
IMAP requires more disk space on the server and more CPU resources than
POP3, as all emails are stored on the server. IMAP normally uses port 143. Here is
more information about IMAP.

20. MULTI-PURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSIONS
MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-
mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files
on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as
the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol
(SMTP)