This document discusses the typical components and operation of traction and hydraulic lifts. It describes the main components of traction lifts including the car, hoistway, machine/drive system, control system, and safety system. It also explains the operation of traction lifts. For hydraulic lifts, it outlines the different types, key components like the plunger/piston, hydraulic power unit, and safety systems. It concludes by differentiating the components of traction and hydraulic lifts and describing their basic operations.

1. GROUP MEMBERS:
MUHAMMADAFZAL BINAZMAN DN140129
MUHAMMAD IZWAN SYAHMI BINAHMAD SABRI DN140085
NURUL SHUHADA BINTI MOHD FAUZI DN140001
NURAZWANA BINTI ISMAIL DN140118
BNB40603
Building Automation and Control
DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
GROUP 1: TYPICAL LIFT DESIGN (TRACTION &
HYDRAULIC)
COMPONENTS AND OPERATION

2. CONTENT
• ELEVATOR
• TRACTION LIFT
– COMPONENTS IN TRACTION LIFT
– OPERATION OF TRACTION LIFT
• HYDRAULIC LIFT
– HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR TYPE
– HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS COMPONENTS
– OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
• CONCLUSION

3. ELEVATOR / LIFT
DEFINITION
A platform, compartment, or cage raised or lowered in a vertical
shaft to transport persons or goods in a building.
Usually, it always been used in a buildings with more than five
floors.
There have two types of elevator / lift:
i. Traction lift
ii. Hydraulic Lift

4. TRACTION LIFT
DEFINITION
A car and counterweight attached to opposite ends of a hoist
rope, which is moved by a traction machine.
Traction lifts are the oldest and most versatile type of lift.

5. COMPONENTS IN TRACTION LIFT
Basic components in
Traction Lifts:
1.Car.
2.Hoistway.
3.Machine/drive system.
4.Control system.
5.Safety system.

6. Elevator car
DEFINITION
 It is the vehicle that travels
between the different elevator
stops carrying passengers and/or
goods, it is usually a heavy steel
frame surrounding a cage of
metal and wood panels.
TYPES OF ELEVATOR CAR:
1. Normal Cabin
2. Open Through Cabin
3. Diagonal Cabin

7. Elevator car components
a) Car Sling b) The elevator cabin

8.  Car Door & Door Operator
i. Single slide door
ii. Single speed center opening
iii. Two speed side opening
iv. Two speed center opening doors
Door Operator
A motor-driven device mounted on the elevator car that
opens and closes the car doors
 Guide shoe
Guide shoes are
Devices used mainly to
guide the car and
counterweight along
the path of the guide
rails.
 Door Protective Device
Any type of device used with automatic power
operated doors that detect obstructions to the
normal closing of the elevator doors (though
contact may occur) and either causes the doors
to change the door motion by either stopping
it, or causing it to reverse (reopen) or go into
some other mode of operation, such as
nudging.
Types of door protective device:
i. Safe edge
ii. Safety astragal
iii. Photoelectric device (safe ray)
iv. Electrostatic field device
i) Roller Guides ii) Sliding Guides
c) Mechanical accessories

9. Hoistway
Space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more
elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the
underside of the overhead machinery space floor or grating or at the underside of
the roof where the hoistway does not penetrate the roof.

10. Hoistway components
Guide rails for both the car and
counterweight.
Counterweight.
Suspension (Hoisting) Ropes (Cables).
Landing (Hoistway) doors.Buffers in the pit

11. Main Component
Of Machine Drive
System
Electric
Motor
Traction
(drive)
sheave
Secondary
Sheave
Deflect
or
Sheave
Brake
Speed
Reduction
unit or
Gearbox
Machine
Bedplate

12. Elevator machine and drive system
 Driving machine, this is the power unit of the elevator, and usually located at the elevator machine room.
 The Driving machine used to refer to the collection of components that raise or lower the elevator.These
include the drive motor, brake, speed reduction unit, sheaves and encoders.
Types of Driving Machines:
1. Gearless Machine
2. Drum Machine 3. Geared Machine
•Generally, Gearless machines are used for
high speed lifts between 2.5 m/s to 10 m/s
and they can be also used for lower speeds
for special applications.
•Their sizes and shapes vary with load, speed
and manufacture but the underlying
principles and components are the same.
It widely used in older passenger
and freight elevator applications,
though now rarely seen except
for dumbwaiters.
Type of geared Machine:
• Overhead Traction
• Basement Traction
• Offset Traction

13. Safety system
1. Device for locking landing door
• Hoistway Emergency Door Keys
Hoistway Emergency Door Keys permit the unlocking of the hoistway door
interlock
• Escutcheon Tube
 The keyhole on the upper portion of a hoistway door that accepts a
hoistway emergency door key and permits unlocking of the hoistway
door locking mechanism.
 These keyholes are usually located at the bottom and top floors, but
may also be on other selected floors or all floors.
2. Progressive Safety Gear
Safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car (or counterweight)
by gripping the guide rails in the event of car speed attaining a pre-
determined value in a downward direction of travel, irrespective what the
reason for the increase in speed
Reset:
The progressive safety gear and the braking device are reset by
moving the car opposite to direction of safety gear operation.
(Move car in electric recall mode, or if necessary, by releasing the
car from the engaged position).

14. Safety system
3. Overspeed Governor
Overspeed governor function is to actuate the
safety gear if the car speed exceeds 115% of its
rated value
4. Buffers
There are two principal types of buffers in existence:
A- Energy accumulation: accumulate the kinetic energy of
the car or counterweight.
B- Energy dissipation: dissipate the kinetic energy of the
car or counterweight
The main types of elevator buffers are:
a- A Spring Buffer is one type of buffer most commonly
found on hydraulic elevators or used for elevators with
speeds less than 200 feet per minute.
b- An Oil Buffer is another type of buffer more commonly
found on traction elevators with speeds higher than 200
feet per minute.

15. Safety system
5. Final Limit Switch
 Final limit switches shall be set to
function as close as possible to the
terminal floors (the highest or
lowest landing of lifts), without risk
of accident.
 Final limit switches shall operate
before the car comes into contact
with the buffers. The action of the
final limit switches shall be
maintained whilst the buffers are
compressed.
 After the operation of final limit
switches, the return to service of
the lift cannot occur
automatically.
6. Other Safety Devices & Switches
1. Overload Device
2. Door Protection Device
3. Emergency Stop Switch
4. Seismic Switch/Device
5. Emergency Alarm Switch
6. Anti-egress Lock Device
7. Pit Safety Switch
8. Fire Fighter Services Devices

16. Elevator control system
• Elevator Control System is the system responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as
travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay, leveling and hall lantern
signals.
Elevator Control System
Components:
Input Output Controller
• Sensor
• Magnetic
• Infrared
• Weight sensor
• Primary Velocity
Transducer
• Button
• Hall Button
• Floor Request Button
• Open Door Button
• Emergency Stop Button
• Emergency Bell Button
• Registration Panel
• Key Control
• System Control
• Actuators
• Door opening Device
• Electric Motor
• Brakes
• Bells
• Emergency Bell
• Load Bell
• Displays
• Car Position
• Direction
• Relay Based Controller
(electromechanical
switching)
• Solid-state Logic
Technology
• PLC Controller
(computer based
technology)

17. OPERATION OF TRACTION LIFT

18. HYDRAULIC LIFT
 Supported by a piston at the bottom
of the elevator that pushes the
elevator up.
 Can serve as work platforms for
employees, heavy equipment
movers and loading areas.
 Used for low-rise applications of 2-8
stories and travel at a maximum
speed of 200 feet per minute.

19. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR TYPE

20. CONT’s
Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic
Elevators
• Have a sheave that extends
below the floor of the elevator
pit, which accepts the retracting
piston as the elevator descends
• Travel distance < 60 feet
Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators
Telescopic Hydraulic
Elevators
Two
main
type
Non-telescoping (single
stage) Hydraulic Elevators:
• Telescoping pistons are fixed at the
base of the pit.
• 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping pistons.
• Travel distance< 50 feet
• Has one piston.
• Travel distance < 20 feet
• Combination of ropes and a piston
to move the elevator.
• Travel distance < 60 feet
Roped Hydraulic Elevators

21. Hydraulic Elevators components
main components
Machine/drive
system.
Safety system.
Direct acting
Indirect acting
(suspended)

22. Machine/drive system component
Plunger/piston/jack
Hydraulic power
unit
• The cylinder
• The plunger/Ram
• The Tank.
• Motor/Pump.
• Valve.
• Actuator.
Suspended system (in
case of using Roped
Hydraulic elevator)

23. 1) Plunger/piston/jack
The cylinder The plunger/Ram
• Shall be constructed of steel pipe of a
sufficient thickness and suitable
safety margin.
• The top of the cylinder shall be
equipped with a cylinder head with
an internal guide ring and self-
adjusting packing.
• Shall be constructed of a steel shaft
of a proper diameter machined true
and smooth.
• The plunger shall be provided with
a stop electrically welded to the
bottom to prevent the plunger from
leaving the cylinder.

24. 2) Hydraulic power unit

25. Hydraulic power unit component
The Tank
 To provide an adequate
reserve to prevent the
entrance of air or other
gas into the system.
 Holding the liquid used in
the system
Motor/Pump
 Pushing Liquid into the
cylinder to lift the elevator
 The pump is Submersible
type with Variable Speed
Valve Leveling.

26. CONT’s
Valve Actuator
 Lets Liquid out of the
system.
 Keeps the pressure low
when open.
 Increases pressure when
closed.
 Device that transfers fluid
or electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
 Could be piston because it
moves up and down

27. 3) Suspended system (in case of using Roped
Hydraulic elevator)
 The car cage is suspended from a wire
cable, and a jigger consisting of a fixed
cylinder, a sliding ram, and a set of two
pulley blocks, which is provided at the foot
of the hole of the cage.
 One pulley block is movable while the
other one is fixed.
 The sliding ram end is connected to the
movable pulley block.
 The cage is suspended from the other end
of the rope. The raising or lowering of the
cage of the lift is done by the jigger.
 Car speed up to 150 feet per minute is
attained and maximum travel length is 48
feet (14m).

28. Safety System

29. Safety system components
Manual reset slack rope
safety switch
 will stop and sustain the
elevator and its rated load, if
either of the hoisting cables
become slack or breaks
Final Limit Switch
 to cut off all power to the
elevator if the upper normal
terminal stopping devices fail.
Seismic valve for
hydraulic elevators
 close to the jack that is
designed to hold pressure if
the hydraulic line is broken due
to seismic activity
Buffers
 Stop the elevator before the jack
plunger reaches its down limit of
travel.

30. CONT’s
Anti-creep device
 To automatically return the car to
the landing level at a speed not
exceeding 0.15 m/s in the event of
a leakage in the hydraulic system.
Manual emergency
operation
 Readily accessible manual
devices for emergency operation
shall be provided in the machine
room.
Other Safety Devices
 Automatic bi-directional
leveling.
 Pit switch.
 Pump run timer.
 Car top stop switch.
 Emergency battery back-up for
lighting, alarm and lowering.
 Cab gate safety switch.

31. OPERATION FOR HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS

32. For Direct Acting Type Operation
 The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder.
 Valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid
reservoir. If valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder.
 Fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.
 The car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric motor to
gradually shut off the pump.
 If pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into the cylinder.
 The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays where it is.
 To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve.
 The valve is operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch (Actuator).
 Solenoid opens the valve, the fluid collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir.
 The weight of the car and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the
reservoir. The car gradually descends.
 To stop the car at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve again.

33. For Indirect Acting (Suspended) Hydraulic System
Type Operation
Water or any hydraulic fluid at a high pressure is admitted into
the fixed cylinder of the jigger.
This high pressure hydraulic fluid pushes the sliding ram to
move towards left side as shown in the figure.
When the sliding ram moves towards the left side, the
distance between the fixed and movable pulleys increases and
thus the cage is lifted up.
When the water or the hydraulic fluid under high pressure
inside the cylinder is released, then the distance between the
two pulleys decreases and thus the cage comes down.

34. Conclusion
• We can differentiate the components that consist
inside the traction lift and hydraulic lift.
• We are able to know the operation of work by the
traction lift and hydraulic lift.

35. REFERENCE
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pm.
2. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/traction-elevator.html assessed on 19 Nov
2017 at 10.50 pm.
3. Retrieved from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Building_Services/Vertical_Transportation/Traction_Lifts assessed
on 20 Nov 2017 at 12.00 am.
4. Retrieved from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-one.html
assessed on 20 Nov 2017 at 1.57 am.
5. Retrieved from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-two.html
assessed on 20 Nov 2017 at 2.30 am.
6. Retrieved from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-machine-and-drive-system.html assessed
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10. Retrieved from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hydraulic-elevators-basic-components.html
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