Typical configuration of computer chapter 1

TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• REVIEW OF BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
• WHAT IS MOTHERBOARD?
• TYPES OF MOTHERBOARD
• COMPONENTS OF MOTHERBOARD
• GENERAL STRUCTURE OF MOTHERBOARD
• TYPES OF MEMORY
• TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY
Gopinath D MSc(computer science) 1

INTRODUCTION:
Computers are used to perform various tasks in different fields like
science, engineering, business, education, training, entertainment.
The term computer basically includes a series of electrical and
electronic circuits together to form a single unit to perform the
required operations for the user.
The related terms and definitions in the study of computer systems
are:
Hardware consists of physical devices of the computer such as
keyboard, monitor, printer, processor and motherboard.
Software consists of set of instructions called programs that
instructs the computer the tasks to be performed and how it
should be performed.
Data are values or raw facts which are provided as input to the
computer, then processed to generate some meaningful
information.
Users are people who write computer programs or interact with
the computer.

REVIEW OF BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

1. Input Unit:
The user interacts with the computer via the input unit. The Input
unit accepts data from the user and converts it into a form that is
understandable by the computer.
The input data can be characters, word, text, sound, images,
document, etc. The input is provided to the computer using input
devices like keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, microphone,
scanner etc.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
CPU controls, coordinates and supervises the operations of the
computer.
It is also responsible for processing of the input data.
CPU consists of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU).

CPU also has a set of registers for temporary storage of data,
instructions addresses and intermediate results of calculation.
a. ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations on the
input data.
b. CU controls the overall operations of the computer i.e. it
checks the sequence of execution of instructions, controls
and co-ordinates the overall functioning of the units of
computer.
c. Registers are high speed storage units within the CPU, but
have least storage capacity.
Registers are not referenced by their address, but are directly
accessed and manipulated by the CPU during instruction
execution.
They are referred to as the CPU’s working memory as they are
used to store data, instructions, addresses and intermediate
results of processing.

3. Storage Unit
There are two types of memory associated with storage unit.
They are: primary memory and secondary memory.
The primary memory also called as the main memory of the
computer, consists of RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM
(Read Only Memory) memories.
The secondary memory also called as the external memory of
the computer stores permanently the data, programs and the
output. Magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, optical disks and flash
drives are examples of secondary memory.
4. Output Unit The output unit provides the processed data i.e.
the result generated after processing of data. The output may
be in the form of text, sound, image, document, etc. The
computer may display the output on a monitor, sends output to
the printer or plotter for printing, and also sends sound output to
the speaker, etc.

WHAT IS MOTHERBOARD?
Motherboard is a main circuit board inside a computer
which provides a platform for all components and
peripherals to communicate with each other.

Factors of motherboard
 Form factor-refers to the motherboards
geometry, dimensions, arrangement and
electrical requirements.
 Chipset-it controls major resources of the
computer.it co-ordinates data transfer
between the various components of the
computer.
 Processor socket-it is a rectangular
connector into which the processor is
mounted vertically or a square shaped
connector to which processor is directly
inserted.

Types of motherboard
• XT motherboard
XT stands for extended technology motherboard
It uses LIF socket[low insertion force].
DIMM[Dual Inline Memory Module] RAM slots and
ISA[Industry Standard Architecture]slots were used.
12 pin power connector .
Example: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II
Processors.
• AT motherboard
AT stands for advanced technology motherboard.
It uses PGA[Pin Grid Array]socket.
SDRAM[synchronous dynamic RAM]slots ,PCI[Peripheral
Component Interconnect]slots.
20 pin power connector.
Example: Pentium III Processors

• Baby AT motherboard
It is a combination of XT and AT motherboard
It uses PGA sockets.
SDRAM slots and DDR[Double Data Rate]RAM slots.
12 pin and 20 pin power connector and IO ports.
Example: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV
• ATX motherboard
Advanced Technology Extended Motherboards.
It uses MPGA[Mega Pin Grid Array]sockets.
DDR RAM slots ,AGP[Accelerated Graphic Port] slot.
20 pin and 24 pin power connector and IO ports.
Example: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5
and i7 processors.

Components of motherboard
• Processor(cpu)
• BIOS
• CMOS
• SLOT
• Disk controllers
• I/O ports and interfaces
• BUS
Processor-It is the main component of the motherboard
considered as brain of the computer.it consists of
ALU,CU,and set of registers for temporary storage.
BIOS-Basic Input Output system is a small chip on the
motherboard that holds a set of instructions to load the
hardware settings required to activate various devices like
keyboard, monitor etc.it performs POST[power on self test]
to check if hardware devices are functioning properly.

Clock speed of CPU

 The clock speed of a CPU is defined as the frequency with
which a processor executes instructions or the data that is
processed.
 Higher clock frequencies mean more clock ticks per second.
 The computer’s operating speed is linked to the speed of the
system clock.
 The clock frequency is measured in millions of cycles per
second or megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) which is
billions of cycles per second.
 A CPU’s performance is measured by the number of
instructions executed per second, i.e. MIPS or BIPS.
 PCs presently come with a clock speed of more than1GHz.

CMOS-complementary metal oxide semi conductor chip is
used to store the date ,time and system setup parameters .
SLOTS-slot is a opening in a computer where user can insert a
PCB[printed circuit board] .
List of slots
1. Expansion slots
2. ISA slot
3. PCI slot
4. AGP slot
5. RAM slot
6. Processor slot
7. PCI express slot
Expansion slot-these slots are used to increase the
performance of the system by adding expansion cards.
ISA-industry standard architecture slot is used to connect
modem and input devices. Gopinath D MSc(computer science) 15

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MOTHERBOARD

The north bridge or host bridge is one of the two chips in the core
logic chipset on a PC motherboard, used to manage data
communications between the CPU and motherboard.
It is supposed to be paired with a second support chip known as
a south bridge.
North Bridge or north Chipset is responsible for control of high
speed components like CPU, RAM, and Video Card. Chipset BUS
speed control and switch control data, ensuring data back and
forth between the components is a smooth and continuous, fully
exploit the speed of the CPU and RAM.
It can be a chipset like the traffic in an intersection, as drivers
switch traffic lights to allow each data stream passes through a
period of time, while speed control is a BUS different directions
of the intersection, the vehicle must run on a specified speed.
South Bridge or south Chipset is similar as north chipset, but the
south bridge driver chipset components slower as: Sound Card,
Net Card, hard disk, CD ROM drive, USB port, SIO and BIOS IC etc.

PCI-peripheral component interconnect slot are used to connect
graphics accelerated cards and sound cards.
AGP-accelerated graphics port slot is meant to provide faster
access to graphics accelerator card to enhance visual experience
of the user.
RAM-it is used to install memory cards (SIMM-single inline memory
module and DIMM-dual inline memory module).
Processor slot-this slot is used to insert processor chip on the
motherboard.
PCI express slot-it is a faster bus architecture slot compared to AGP
and PCI slots.
Disk controllers
It is a circuit that enables CPU to communicate with hard disk ,
floppy disk or any other kind of disk drive.

Types of disk controllers
Hard disk controller(HDC)-
 it is the interface that enables
computer to read information from
the hard drive or write information to
the hard drive.
 The first standard hard disk
controller developed is
IDE[Integrated digital electronics].
Floppy disk controller-
 it is the interface that enables
computer to read information from
the floppy disk drive or write
information to the floppy disk drive.
 A single floppy disk controller board
supports maximum of 4 floppy disk
drives to connect to the
motherboard.

SSD vs HDD

Ports
A port is a socket placed behind
the CPU to connect external
devices like printer , keyboard etc.
Types of port
1. Serial port
2. Parallel port
3. IDE port
4. USB port
5. PS-2 port
6. AGP port

Serial port: A serial port is a serial
communication interface through which
information transfers in or out sequentially
one bit at a time.A9-pin or 25 pin port on a
computer system used by slower I/O
devices such as mouse or modem.
Parallel port: The name refers to the way
the data is sent, parallel ports send
multiple bits(8bits or 1byte) of data at
once.
DIFFERENCE:
Difference Between Parallel Port & Serial
Port. ... The main difference
between a serial port and a parallel port is
that a serial port transmits data one bit
after another, while a parallel
port transmits all 8 bits of a byte
in parallel. Thus a parallel port transmits
data much faster than a serial port.

IDE, an acronym for Integrated Drive Electronics, is a standard
type of connection for storage devices in a computer.
Generally, IDE refers to the types of cables and ports used to
connect some hard drives and optical drives to each other and to
the motherboard.

USB PORT:
USB is defined as an acronym that stands for Universal Serial
Bus which is a type of computer port which can be used to
connect equipment to a computer. An example of a USB is
the interface used to upload pictures from a digital camera to a
computer.
PS/2 port: The PS/2 port is a 6-pin connector used for connecting
keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer system. Its
name comes from the IBM Personal System/2 series of personal
computers, with which it was introduced in 1987

AGP PORT: An accelerated graphics port (AGP) is a point to point
channel that is used for high speed video output. This port is
used to connect graphic cards to a computer's
motherboard. The primary purpose of an AGP is to accelerate 3D
graphics output for high definition video.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) port :
 This port is used for adding external devices such as high-
speed hard disks, high-end scanners and CD-ROM drives.
 It does fast data transfers and I-O operations.
 These ports are expensive, as they provide faster access at
very high speeds and need separate dedicated adapters to
function.

VGA (Visual Graphics Adaptor):
 port connects monitor to a
computer’s video card.
 It has 15 holes and is similar to
serial port connector, but serial
port connector has pins, this
has holes.
Power Connector:
 it has three-pronged plug.
 It connects to the computer’s
power cable that plugs into a
power bar or wall socket.

Firewire Port:
 It transfer large amounts of data at very fast speed.
 It connects camcorders and video equipment’s to the
computer.
 The data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per second.
 It is invented by Apple.
 The three variants of fire wire port are 4-Pin fire wire 400
connector, 6-Pin firewire 400 connector and 9-Pin firewire
800 connector

HDMI:
High Definition Multimedia Interface
 HDMI is a connector and cable capable of transmitting high-
quality and high-bandwidth streams of audio and video
between devices.
 The HDMI technology is used with devices such as
an HDTV, Projector, DVD player, or Blu-ray player.

Modem (Modulator demodulator):
 connects a PC’s modem to the telephone
network.
Ethernet Port:
 connects to a network and high speed
Internet.
 It connects network cable to a computer.
 This port resides on an Ethernet Card.
 Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000
megabits per second depending upon the
network bandwidth.

Game Port:
 connects a PC to a joystick.
 It is now replaced by USB.
DVI (Digital Video Interface) port :
 connects a Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer’s high-end
video graphic cards.
 It is very popular among video card manufacturers.

Sockets:
 are used to connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the
computer.
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) port:
 is a system designed to transmit information between
electronic musical instruments.
 A MIDI musical keyboard can be attached to a computer and
allow a performer to play music that is captured by the
computer system as a sequence of musical notes with the
associated timing ( instead of recording digitized sound waves).
 The port and interface are required for connectivity.

BUS
A bus is a collection of parallel wires that form a pathway to
carry address, data and control signal.
Computer bus can be divided into two types.
1.Internal bus
2.External bus
Internal bus or system bus are of three types.
1.Data bus
2.Address bus
3.Control bus

DATA BUS:A data bus is a system within a computer or device,
consisting of a connector or set of wires, that provides
transportation for data. A data bus is also called a processor bus,
front side bus, front side bus or backside bus—is a group of
electrical wires used to send information (data) between two or
more components.
ADDRESS BUS: An address bus is a computer bus architecture. It
is used to transfer data between devices. The devices are
identified by the hardware address of the physical memory (the
physical address). The address is stored in the form of binary
numbers to enable the data bus to access memory storage.

CONTROL BUS:
 A control bus is a computer bus that is used by the CPU to
communicate with devices that are contained within the
computer.
 This occurs through physical connections such as cables or
printed circuits.
EXTERNAL BUS:
 An external bus is capable of communicating
with external components such as a USB or SCSI device.

Memory
Computer memory refers to the electronic storing space for
instructions and data where the processor can reach easily.
There are two types of memory, they are
1.Internal memory- Registers, Cache memory, primary memory.
2.Secondary memory.
Internal memory:
 Internal memory is used to store data that is used by the
system at start-up and to run various types of programs such
as the operating system.
Registers:
 A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any
kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters).

CACHE MEMORY: Cache memory is an extremely
fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the
CPU. It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that
they are immediately available to the CPU when needed.
Levels of cache memory:
1.Level 1(L1):cache is present inside the CPU
2.Level2(L2):cache is situated at the motherboard of the
computer.

In addition to the built-in L1 and L2 cache, some CPUs have a
separate cache chip on the motherboard called Level3 (L3) cache.
These days, high-end processor comes with built-in L3 cache, like
in Intel core i7.
The L1, L2 and L3 cache store the most recently executable
instructions, the next ones and the possible ones, respectively.
Typically, CPUs have cache size varying from 256KB (L1), 6MB (L2),
to 12MB (L3) cache.

Primary memory
Primary memory is also known as main memory.
This memory is of two types:
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
RAM temporarily stores the computer’s operating system,
application programs and current data so that the processor can
reach them quickly.
RAM is a faster memory and volatile in nature. i.e. when the
power is switched off, the data in this memory is lost.
ROM is a small memory, which stores the boot firmware (called
BIOS).
BIOS hold enough information to enable the computer to check
its hardware and load its operating system into its RAM at the
time of system booting.
ROM is non-volatile in nature. i.e. even when the computer is
switched off, the contents of ROM remains available.

Types of RAM
There are different types of RAM, depending on the technology used
to construct a RAM.
Some of the common types are:
 DRAM or Dynamic RAM is the most common type of memory chip.
DRAM is mostly used as main memory, since it is small and cheap.
 It uses transistors and capacitors.
 The transistors are arranged in a matrix of rows and columns.
 The capacitor holds the bits of information 0 and 1.
 The transistor and capacitor are paired to make a memory cell.
The transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on
the memory chip read the capacitor or change its state.
 DRAM must be refreshed continually to store information;
otherwise it will lose what it is holding.
 The refresh operation occurs automatically thousands of times
per second.
 DRAM is slow because the refreshing takes time. Access speed of
DRAM ranges from 50 to 150 ns.

SRAM or Static Random Access memory chip is usually used in
cache memory due to its high speed.
 SRAM uses multiple transistors (4 to 6), for each memory cell.
 It does not have a capacitor in each cell.
 A SRAM memory cell has more parts, so it takes more space on
a chip than DRAM cell.
 It does not need constant refreshing and therefore is faster
than DRAM.
 SRAM is more expensive than DRAM, and it takes up more
space.
 It stores information as long as it is supplied with power. SRAM
is very fast and easier to use.
 The access speed of SRAM ranges from 2 to 10ns.

SDRAM or Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
 It is a special type of DRAM that is synchronized to the system
clock.
 Since it is synchronized to the CPU, it knows when the next
cycle is coming, and has the data ready when the CPU
requests it.
 This increases efficiency by reducing CPU waiting time.
DDR-SDRAM or Double-Data Rate SDRAM
 it works the same way as does ordinary SDRAM.
 Data transfer rate is double when compared to SDRAM.

Types of DRAM
There are mainly 5 types of DRAM:
Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM): The timing of the memory device is
controlled asynchronously. A specialized memory controller
circuit generates the necessary control signals to control the
timing. The CPU must take into account the delay in the response
of the memory.
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM): These RAM chips’ access speed is
directly synchronized with the CPU’s clock. For this, the memory
chips remain ready for operation when the CPU expects them to
be ready. These memories operate at the CPU-memory bus
without imposing wait states. SDRAM is commercially available as
modules incorporating multiple SDRAM chips and forming the
required capacity for the modules.

Double-Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM): This faster version of
SDRAM performs its operations on both edges of the clock signal;
whereas a standard SDRAM performs its operations on the rising
edge of the clock signal. Since they transfer data on both edges of
the clock, the data transfer rate is doubled. To access the data at
high rate, the memory cells are organized into two groups. Each
group is accessed separately.
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM): The RDRAM provides a very high data
transfer rate over a narrow CPU-memory bus. It uses various
speedup mechanisms, like synchronous memory interface,
caching inside the DRAM chips and very fast signal timing. The
Rambus data bus width is 8 or 9 bits.
Cache DRAM (CDRAM): This memory is a special type DRAM
memory with an on-chip cache memory (SRAM) that acts as a
high-speed buffer for the main DRAM.

Power supply-continuous power supply is essential for the
computer to prevent them from failure, breakdown and
shutdown.
There are two types of power supply
1.SMPS-Switch Mode Power Supply converts AC power from the
electrical outlet to DC power needed by the system components.
In a PC the SMPS converts 230 volts of AC to 12 DC volts.

2.UPS:
Uninterruptable power supply is used to maintain the power
supplied to the computer in the event of power failure.
There are two types of UPS
1.Online-UPS-these type of UPS avoids momentary power lapse
by continuously providing power from its own inverter even when
the power line is functioning properly. A Pc with a colour monitor
of 17 inches requires an UPS of 600 VA.
2.Offline-UPS- these UPS or standby UPS monitors the power line
and switches to battery power as soon as it detects a problem.
The switch over to battery may take several milliseconds.

Assembling the Computer System
Computer configuration is the process of setting up your
hardware devices and assigning resources to them so that they
work together without problems.

Configuration of assembled computer
Gopinath D MSc(computer science)
50

IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWERS
(1M-1Q, 2M-1Q, 5M-1Q-=Total 8M) One/Two marks questions
1. What is a motherboard? [J-2015]
It is a large Printed Circuit Board (PCB) having many chips, ports,
controllers and other electronic components mounted on it.
2. What is microprocessor? [M2018]
A processor or microprocessor is a small chip that resides in computers
and other electronic devices for processing the data.
3. What is the purpose of registers in the CPU?
The registers are used to store the data and instructors temporarily for
processing.
4. How does the computer communicate with the other devices?
A computer communicate with the other devices through bus.
5. What is system bus? [M-2015]
An internal bus that connects all the internal components of a computer
such as CPU and memory to the motherboard.
6. What is the function of control bus?
It transmit the signals to other devices to control the operations of the
computer system.

7. What is data bus?
A bus, which connects the CPU, Memory and other hardware devices on
the motherboard, is called Data Bus. Data Bus is bidirectional.
8. What is a port? [M-2020]
A place to connect the input/output or peripheral devices to computer
system.
9. Expand PCI.
Ans:- Peripheral Component Interconnect.
10. How many bits of data are sent in a serial port?
Ans:- one bit at a time.
11. Expand USB.
Ans:- Universal Serial Bus.
12. What is meant by plug & play device?
Ans:- A device can be easily connect or dis-connected without without
switch off your computer. There is no installing the drivers too.
13. Name any one USB device.
Ans:- Pen Drive.
14. What is cache memory? [J-2016]
Ans:- it is a high speed memory that is located between CPU and Main
memory. Gopinath D MSc(computer science) 52

15. Where is L1 cache memory located?
L1 cache is located at the CPU.
16. Where is L2 cache located?
L2 cache is situated in the motherboard.
17. Expand SDRAM.
Synchronized Dynamic Random Access Memory.
18. Expand DDRRAM. [M2019]
Double Data Rate Random Access Memory.
19. Expand SMPS. [J2018]
Switched Mode Power Supply.
20. What is the use of SMPS? [J2017]
A device that converts an AC line circuit to DC for use in electronic
devices.
21. What is the approximate power consumed by a PC?
A desktop computer uses about 180 to 300 watts excluding monitor.
22. Expand UPS.
Uninterrupted Power Supply.

23. What is the use of UPS?
It is used to keep computer system ON during the absence of main
power.
24. List the types of UPS.
On-line and off-line UPS.
25. What is the purpose of expansion slot? [J2019]
A slot is used to connect the expansion card for providing the new
features to a computer system.
26. What is the purpose of AGP slot?
AGP is an advanced port designed for video cards and 3-D
accelerations.
27. Expand ISA [M2016]
Industry Standard Architecture
28. What id Bus? [M2017]
Bus is a collection of parallel wires in the motherboard that form a
pathway to carry address, data and control signals.

Three/Five marks questions
29. Explain different components of motherboard. [J-2016]
The different components of motherboard are as follows
1. Processor:- The processor or CPU is the main component on the
motherboard and is called the brain of the computer. The CPU consists
of ALU and CU. CPU also has set of registers which are temporary
storage areas for holding data, and instructions.
2. BIOS:- The Basic Input Output System Chip (BIOS) is responsible for
holding the data to the computer to start and to check all the devices in
the system. The data is not lost when the computer is turned off. The
CMOS battery keeps the data intact.
3. CMOS:- To provide complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
with the power when the computer is turned off, all motherboard comes
with a battery. These batteries are mounted on the motherboard.
4. BUS:- A bus is a path between the components of a computer. There are
two main buses in a Computer: the internal bus and the external bus. The
system bus resides on the motherboard and connects the CPU to other
devices. An expansion bus connects external devices, such as the
Keyboard, mouse, modem, printer, and so on, to the CPU
5. Disk Controllers:- is the circuit that enables the CPU to communicate
with a hard disk, floppy disk or other kind of disk drive. Modern disk
controllers are integrated into the disk drive.

30. Explain the characteristics of motherboard [M2017 & J2018]
The different characteristics of motherboard are as follows
The form factor:- is the specification of motherboard like dimensions,
power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of the ports on the
back panel etc.
A chipset:- is a collection of microchips (such as a CPU, BIOS, Memory,
mass storage, interfaces, controllers and i/o devices) designed with built-in
circuits on motherboard to work together to perform specific functions.
Processor socket:- it is place where CPU is connected to motherboard of
computer system. It is designed as per the capability of the CPU and the
motherboard.

31. Explain different types of I/O ports. [M-2015 & M-2016]
The different types of I-O ports are
a) Serial ports
b) Parallel ports
c) USB ports
d) SCSI ports
a) Serial ports: serial port is also called as RS-232-C ports or COM ports. It
is called as serial Port because it transfer one bit at a time serially.
Inside the computer, a chip called a universal Asynchronous receiver-
transmitter (UART) converts parallel data from the bus into serial data
that flows through a serial cable. It used to connect the external device
like printer, mouse, modem, pen drive, older printer and other small
devices. The main advantage of serial port is that the data is sent and
received over only two lines.
b) Parallel ports: Parallel port is called as LPT port(Line Printer port)
because it is used to connect different types of printers to the
computer. Most computer buses transfer 32 bits simultaneously.
However, the standard parallel interface for external devices like
printers usually transfers eight bits at a time over eight separate wires.
Hence movement of data is faster.

c) USB ports: Universal Serial Bus (USB) USB is used for attaching such
as peripheral components and digital camera, audio player, joystick,
keyboard and mouse. USB support a data speed of 12MB per/sec. using
USB 127 devices can be added to the computer.
d) SCSI ports: Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), instead of
forcing the user to plug multiple cards into the computers expansion
slots on the motherboard, a single SCSI adapter extends the bus outside
the computer by way of a cable. Thus, SCSI is like an extension card for
the data bus.
32. Explain the types of power supply. [J-2015 & M2019]
Ans:- There are two types of power supply connected to a computer
system. They are as follows
1. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) - an SMPS converts AC power
from an electrical outlet to the DC power needed by system
components. An SMPS with a rating of more than 300 watts is
needed; any less will not reliably power modern components.
2. Uninterruptable power supply (UPS) – an UPS is a power supply that
includes a battery to maintain power in the event of a power failure.
Typically, an UPS keep a computer running for several minutes to few
hours after a power failure, enabling us to save data that is in RAM
and then shut down the computer gracefully.

Types of UPS
1) Online UPS – an online UPS avoids those momentary power lapses by
continuously providing power from its own inverter, even when the
power line is functioning properly. Online UPS is more costly than
Standby UPS.
2) Standby UPS – A standby UPS (or Off-line UPS) monitors the power line
and switches to battery power as soon as it detects a problem.
33. Explain cache memory. [M2018 & M2020]
it is a high speed memory that is located between CPU and Main memory.
It stores the more recent data and instruction. When program is running
and the CPU needs to read data or program instruction from RAM.
The next time the CPU needs the same data it finds it in the cache
memory. In 1980 cache memory is built into CPU. This CPU resident cache
is called as Level-1 cache (primary cache). Cache came with 8KB to 39KB.
Today’s CPU will have 256KB to 512KB in cache. Cache is also adding to
the motherboard. This mother board resident cache is called as Level-2
cache (external cache). Today’s pc will have 512KB to 1024KB of mother
board cache. The more the cache, faster will be the execution.

34. Give the features of USB port.
1. It is a plug and play port
2. Upto 127 devices can be connected to the computer system either
directly or by way of USB hubs.
3. It can also be used for power transmission.
35. What is the purpose of ports, buses and controllers in the I/O
system? [J2017]
A Port is a socket used to connect input/output or peripheral devices.
The different types of ports are serial, parallel and USB port.
A Bus is a pathway or communication media between two devices.
Depending on type of a content to be transferred data bus, address bus
or control buses are used.
The Controllers are used to connect the hard drives CD/DVD drives etc.
the most common types of a connections are integrated digital/drive
electronics (IDE) and serial advanced technology attachment (SATA).
Floppy disk controllers connect the FDD( Floppy Disk Drive) to
motherboard.

36. Write the purpose of system bus, control bus and data bus. [J-2019]
System Bus:- An internal bus that connects all the internal components
of a computer such as CPU and memory to the motherboard.
Control Bus:- It transmit the signals to other devices to control the
operations of the computer system.
Data Bus :- A bus, which connects the CPU, Memory and other hardware
devices on the motherboard, is called Data Bus. Data Bus is
bidirectional.

Typical configuration of computer chapter 1

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Typical configuration of computer chapter 1