The document discusses various editing techniques used in film and television. It covers continuity editing and how the order of shots can change the perceived narrative. It also discusses the Kuleshov effect and how juxtaposing shots can influence audience interpretation. Additionally, it outlines the four main functions of editing as well as the four areas of editing - graphic relations, rhythmic relations, temporal relations, and spatial relations. Specific techniques like match cuts, dissolves, and shot-reverse-shot are explained in the context of achieving continuity and coherent storytelling.

1. Sound Test

2. Questions
1. What three essential sound ingredients do you need to analyse?
(3 marks)
2. What are the two types of sound are there in TV Drama? (2 marks)
3. What is the media term for realism (2 marks; 1x for correct word
and 1x for correct spelling)
4. What is diegetic sound? (1 mark)
5. What is non-diegetic sound? (1 mark)
6. What is it called when the character on screen directly address the
audience? (1 mark)
7. What is incidental music used for? (1 mark)
8. What might dissonant music be used for? (1 mark)
9. What is it called when the sound compliments what we see on
screen? (1 mark)
10. What is Ambient sound also known as? (1 mark)

3. Answers
1. Three essential ingredients are: The human voice /dialogue,
sound, effects music (3 marks)
2. Two types of sounds are: Diegetic and non-diegetic (2 marks)
3. Verisimilitude (2 marks)
4. Diegetic sound is any sound or music that happens inside the
world of the story (1 mark)
5. Non-diegetic sound is sound which takes place outside the world
of the story (1 mark)
6. Direct mode of address (1 marks)
7. Incidental music is used to add emotion and rhythm to a drama.
Usually not meant to be noticeable (1 mark)
8. Dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching
(but not yet visible) menace or disaster (1 mark)
9. Parallel sound = when we watch a TV drama the sound we hear
usually compliments and follows what we see on screen (1 mark)
10. Ambient sound = also known as natural sound (1 mark)
Total: 14 marks

4. Co-ordinating the Shots:
Editing

5. Editing: what’s the idea?
• The general idea behind editing is the
coordination of one shot with another in order to
create a coherent whole…it is the task of
selecting and joining camera takes.

6. Video Editing Basics
Continuity Editing refers to arranging the sequence of
shots to suggest a progression of events. Given the same
shots, an editor can suggest many different scenarios.
Consider just these two shots:
1. A man glances up in
surprise
2. Another man pulls a gun
and fires toward the camera
• In this order it appears that
the first man was shot.
• However, if you reverse the
order of these two scenes,
the first man is watching a
shooting.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6rgwbf2lUQ

7. Juxtaposition and meaning
• Creating meaning through the
juxtaposition/sequence of the shots
• Edwin S. Porter, The Great Train Robbery, 1903
Shots in sequence create meaning for audiences
• From exterior shots to set, audience is encouraged
to believe the events they see are immediately
sequential
Exterior, train Interior train Exterior, roof
pulls away Cut to carriage Cut to of train

8. The Kuleshov Effect
• Lev Kuleshov, circa 1920: intercut an actor’s face
with unrelated footage taken later.
• Audiences interpreted emotional responses on the
actor’s face based on the juxtaposition of images.
• the hunger in his face when he saw the soup
• the grief when looking at the dead woman
Actually, the shot of the actor was years before the other shots and he never "saw" any of the
items. The simple act of juxtaposing the shots in a sequence made the relationship.

9. The Kuleshov Effect
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gGl3LJ7vH
• Hitchcock loves biknis -
Vhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
index=3&feature=PlayList&v=hCAE0t6Kw
JY&list=PLDC6A8F00C8251D25…this
also refers to ‘cause and effect’- Hitcock’s
reaction is the effect and the cause is the
woman with the baby/the woman in the
bikini…

10. Cause and Effect
This image begs the question; who is
the woman waving at? So this should
cut to a scene to respond to this

11. The ‘Four Main Functions’ of Film Editing:
1.To make sure that the production is the
required length or time;
2.To remove unwanted material or mistakes;
3.To alter if necessary the way or the sequence
in which events will be portrayed;
4.To establish the particular style and character
of a production.’ (O’Sullivan, Dutton and Rayner)

12. Points to consider
When analysing editing you need to consider
the following:
• Narrative
• Characters
• Relationships
• Genre
• Shot choices
• Continuity
• Effectiveness

13. The Four Areas of Editing
1. Graphic Relations
2. Rhythmic Relations
3. Temporal Relations
4. Spatial Relations

14. Graphic Relations
• Film is a visual art
• Therefore film editors work to achieve
visual interest by creating transitions
between shots that are graphically similar
or graphically dissimilar
• There are two types of graphic edits…

15. Graphic Edit
• A graphic match is achieved by joining
two shots that have a similarity in terms of
light/dark, line or shape, volume or depth,
movement or stasis.
• A graphically discontinuous edit
creates a clash of visual content by joining
two shots that are dissimilar in terms of
one or more of the above visual principles.

16. Graphic Match
A simple example; the Rolo - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoaw7iTPlZc
A more developed example - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUf7iGGf5MM

17. Graphic Discontinuity
Graphic discontinuity - This can
be used to create suspense but
also binary oppositions – the
show opposing representations
of class, or age, or regional
identity

18. Rhythmic Relations
• Film editors can manipulate the rhythms
experienced by audiences (imagine the
shots are rhythms in music)
• They can manipulate the rhythm in two
ways…

19. Rhythmic Relations
1. Through thoughtful juxtapositions of longer
and shorter shots; when there is fast action
such as a car chase - there tends to be
shorter length shots - and when there is an
emotional, tense moment there tends to be
longer shots; playing with pace will create
connotations
a) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ETruidd5lQ
b) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
1BPx5Wsm7k

20. Rhythmic Transitional Devices
2. Through transitional devices that affect the
perceiver’s sense of beat or tempo.
 Straight cut
 Fade-in/out
 Dissolve
 Wipe
 Flip frame
 Jump cut http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iCEdSGeFCCA&feature=related

21. Temporal Relations
• Most feature films present, in roughly two hours, a
sufficient amount of a story and plot to provide the
audience with everything they need in order to
understand days, weeks, months or even years in
characters’ lives.
• In TV dramas this is even shorter; an hour or half an
hour…
• Playing with temporal relations shows the passing of
time without having to show every single moment
• Click here for example of Temporal relative editing
• Elliptical editing: when editing is used to take out time
from a programme that is unimportant.

22. Temporal Relations: Exceptions
• Most narrative texts are presented in
roughly chronological order, with notable
exceptions:
– flashbacks and flash-forwards (the former
being much more typical than the latter).

23. Temporal Relations: Hitchcock
• Hitchcock was famous for suspense in his films; he
created ‘The Bomb Theory’…like dramatic irony; you as
an audience may know something about a
character/narrative that those in the diegesis do not…
• A shot of a ticking bomb under the table in a restaurant
shows the audience what is about to happen, but…
• Hitchcock would draw out these scenes to create
suspense for the audience; they know what is about to
happen but get enjoyment from watching and waiting for
it to happen;
• Therefore he was elongated time/making time stand still
in order to create effect

24. Editing Techniques to create spatial
continuity
• Spatial awareness is important for viewers, as
spatially they need to be able to make sense of the
space around the characters:
– 180-degree rule; this ensures consistency of the
objects in scene
– Match on Action, Shot-reverse-shot and
Establishing shot all reinforce spatial continuity
– Eye-line shot/match:The character's gaze is
directed precisely so that it corresponds to the
eye-line shot; this matching keeps the spatial
relations among characters and objects
consistent from one shot to the next

25. Different Types of Edit
• Cut: Shot jumps from one shot to another. Aids
continuity, is the most common edit.
• Cut away: Shot of something other than the main action,
from outside of the frame. Sometimes shows the
audience something significant.
• Reaction shot: Cuts to a shot in which the subject reacts
to the previous shot
• Cross Cutting: Cutting from one action shot to another
piece of action in a different location. Implies that the
action is happening simultaneously
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ts1x6uADFtM&feature=player_embedded)
This is also referred to as parallel editing; where two or
more storylines are shown to be taking place at one time