The document provides step-by-step instructions for using Eviews software to open files, examine variables, create graphs and descriptive statistics, perform regressions, and check residuals. It explains how to open Eviews and files, select variables, view spreadsheet and graph outputs, copy and paste tables and graphs, and estimate equations to analyze relationships between economic variables like GDP, unemployment, and investment. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression results are generated and their outputs are viewed, copied, and saved.
Theory of production describes the relationship between inputs and outputs in the production process. A production function defines this relationship mathematically. In the short run, some inputs are fixed while others are variable. As the variable input increases, total output initially increases at an increasing rate (stage 1), then at a decreasing rate (stage 2), and eventually decreases (stage 3), following the law of variable proportions. In the long run, all inputs are variable. If all inputs increase proportionately, we can see increasing, constant, or decreasing returns to scale. Isoquants show the combinations of inputs that produce the same output level.
The Harrod-Domar model of economic growth extends Keynesian analysis to the long run by considering the dual effects of investment on aggregate demand and productive capacity. It seeks to determine the unique growth rate of investment and income needed to maintain full employment. The Domar version presents a fundamental growth equation showing that the increase in national income depends on the increase in capital stock multiplied by the marginal output-capital ratio. Harrod's model treats growth more dynamically, with the warranted growth rate determined by the population growth rate, output per capita based on investment level, and capital accumulation. Equilibrium is achieved when the actual incremental capital-output ratio equals the required ratio warranted by technology.
Lecture 19 aggregate demand and aggregate supplyGale Pooley
1. The document discusses macroeconomic concepts including the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model, recessions, depressions, and stagflation.
2. Key factors that can cause shifts in aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply are discussed, such as consumption, investment, government spending, the money supply, and the price level.
3. The aggregate demand curve slopes downward due to wealth, interest rate, and exchange rate effects, while the short-run aggregate supply curve slopes upward due to sticky wages and prices and misperceptions.
This document provides an overview of rate of return analysis techniques for evaluating engineering projects and investments. It defines internal rate of return as the interest rate that makes the net present value of a project's cash flows equal to zero. It discusses how to calculate IRR using tables, trial and error, or numerical methods. The document also introduces incremental rate of return analysis for comparing competing alternatives, and defines the minimum attractive rate of return used to determine which project to select. Several examples are provided to illustrate IRR, incremental analysis, and solving practice problems.
Economic Costs refer to the sum of opportunity costs and accounting costs. It is the cost of choosing one economic activity over another. This means when we look at economic costs, it includes all the costs incurred to carry out a particular activity that have to be paid and the opportunity cost or the benefits from the next best alternative which had to be forgone in order to carry out this activity. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Economic Costs:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/economics/economics-costs.aspx
The document summarizes key aspects of the Solow growth model. It explains that the Solow model replaced the fixed production function of the Harrod-Domar model with a neoclassical production function allowing for factor substitution. It presents the basic equations of the Solow model showing that changes in capital per worker are determined by savings, population growth, and depreciation. It illustrates the Solow diagram and how steady state equilibrium is reached. It analyzes how changes in the saving rate and population growth rate impact the model.
This document discusses short-run economic fluctuations using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. It explains that in the short-run, the aggregate supply curve slopes upward due to sticky wages and prices. Shifts in aggregate demand or supply can cause fluctuations in output and unemployment. Recessions occur when aggregate demand decreases, causing output and employment to fall.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for using Eviews software to open files, examine variables, create graphs and descriptive statistics, perform regressions, and check residuals. It explains how to open Eviews and files, select variables, view spreadsheet and graph outputs, copy and paste tables and graphs, and estimate equations to analyze relationships between economic variables like GDP, unemployment, and investment. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression results are generated and their outputs are viewed, copied, and saved.
Theory of production describes the relationship between inputs and outputs in the production process. A production function defines this relationship mathematically. In the short run, some inputs are fixed while others are variable. As the variable input increases, total output initially increases at an increasing rate (stage 1), then at a decreasing rate (stage 2), and eventually decreases (stage 3), following the law of variable proportions. In the long run, all inputs are variable. If all inputs increase proportionately, we can see increasing, constant, or decreasing returns to scale. Isoquants show the combinations of inputs that produce the same output level.
The Harrod-Domar model of economic growth extends Keynesian analysis to the long run by considering the dual effects of investment on aggregate demand and productive capacity. It seeks to determine the unique growth rate of investment and income needed to maintain full employment. The Domar version presents a fundamental growth equation showing that the increase in national income depends on the increase in capital stock multiplied by the marginal output-capital ratio. Harrod's model treats growth more dynamically, with the warranted growth rate determined by the population growth rate, output per capita based on investment level, and capital accumulation. Equilibrium is achieved when the actual incremental capital-output ratio equals the required ratio warranted by technology.
Lecture 19 aggregate demand and aggregate supplyGale Pooley
1. The document discusses macroeconomic concepts including the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model, recessions, depressions, and stagflation.
2. Key factors that can cause shifts in aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply are discussed, such as consumption, investment, government spending, the money supply, and the price level.
3. The aggregate demand curve slopes downward due to wealth, interest rate, and exchange rate effects, while the short-run aggregate supply curve slopes upward due to sticky wages and prices and misperceptions.
This document provides an overview of rate of return analysis techniques for evaluating engineering projects and investments. It defines internal rate of return as the interest rate that makes the net present value of a project's cash flows equal to zero. It discusses how to calculate IRR using tables, trial and error, or numerical methods. The document also introduces incremental rate of return analysis for comparing competing alternatives, and defines the minimum attractive rate of return used to determine which project to select. Several examples are provided to illustrate IRR, incremental analysis, and solving practice problems.
Economic Costs refer to the sum of opportunity costs and accounting costs. It is the cost of choosing one economic activity over another. This means when we look at economic costs, it includes all the costs incurred to carry out a particular activity that have to be paid and the opportunity cost or the benefits from the next best alternative which had to be forgone in order to carry out this activity. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Economic Costs:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/economics/economics-costs.aspx
The document summarizes key aspects of the Solow growth model. It explains that the Solow model replaced the fixed production function of the Harrod-Domar model with a neoclassical production function allowing for factor substitution. It presents the basic equations of the Solow model showing that changes in capital per worker are determined by savings, population growth, and depreciation. It illustrates the Solow diagram and how steady state equilibrium is reached. It analyzes how changes in the saving rate and population growth rate impact the model.
This document discusses short-run economic fluctuations using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. It explains that in the short-run, the aggregate supply curve slopes upward due to sticky wages and prices. Shifts in aggregate demand or supply can cause fluctuations in output and unemployment. Recessions occur when aggregate demand decreases, causing output and employment to fall.
This document discusses the key ingredients of a mathematical economic model: 1) a set of equations, 2) variables that can change value, 3) relevant mathematical operations, and 4) conclusions derived from assumptions. It defines variables, constants, parameters, and different types of equations like definitional, behavioral, and equilibrium conditions that are components of economic models.
This document discusses linear programming techniques for managerial decision making. Linear programming can determine the optimal allocation of scarce resources among competing demands. It consists of linear objectives and constraints where variables have a proportionate relationship. Essential elements of a linear programming model include limited resources, objectives to maximize or minimize, linear relationships between variables, homogeneity of products/resources, and divisibility of resources/products. The linear programming problem is formulated by defining variables and constraints, with the objective of optimizing a linear function subject to the constraints. It is then solved using graphical or simplex methods through an iterative process to find the optimal solution.
1. The document discusses production and costs faced by firms. It defines production and the different types of inputs used, including fixed and variable inputs.
2. It explains the concept of production functions, which show the maximum output achievable from different input combinations. Production functions can have one or two variable inputs, corresponding to short and long run analyses.
3. The law of variable proportions is described, where marginal and average product initially increase with more of a variable input but eventually diminish, leading to stages of increasing, diminishing, and negative returns. Graphs demonstrate these relationships between total, marginal, and average product curves.
The document discusses consumer price index numbers, which are index numbers that indicate changes in consumer prices for a basket of goods and services. Consumer price indices are needed because general price indices do not accurately show how price changes impact different classes of consumers who have varying consumption patterns. The indices are calculated using methods like the aggregative expenditure method or family budget method and are used by governments and others to formulate economic policies, grant employee allowances, and evaluate purchasing power.
A presentation outlining the reducing balance method for depreciation. This is a new skill required of VCE students in the new VCE Accounting Study Design and attempts to explain the concept in plain English.
This document discusses labour costs and wage payment systems. It defines direct and indirect labour costs. Direct labour costs are wages paid to workers who directly convert raw materials into finished products. Indirect labour costs are wages paid to supporting workers not directly involved in production. The two main wage payment systems are time rate and piece rate. Time rate pays workers based on time worked, while piece rate pays based on units of output completed. The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each system.
Firms must consider the macroeconomic environment when making production and pricing decisions. Key indicators of an economy's performance include aggregate output, price levels, investment, consumption, and balance of payments. The macro economy represents the aggregation of individual households and firms. Common measures used to evaluate price movements are the consumer price index, wholesale price index, and GDP deflator.
1) The document discusses six major issues related to population growth and quality of life in developing countries, including whether rapid population growth will allow countries to improve living standards and expand education and healthcare.
2) It explains concepts like demographic transition, population growth rates, and drivers of population change over time. The global population has grown from 1 billion in the 1800s to over 7 billion currently.
3) Population growth is influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, age structure, fertility rates, and income levels. Countries generally move from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they develop.
Specialisation & the division of labourmattbentley34
Specialization occurs at different levels of economic activity and can provide several key advantages. It involves concentrating production on specific products or tasks. Within businesses and organizations, specialization allows workers to focus on discrete tasks and gain expertise through repetition, improving productivity. Countries and regions also specialize in goods where they have a comparative advantage. While specialization increases output and profits, it can result in repetitive work that lacks variety and skills, potentially reducing worker satisfaction over time.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in industrial economics including:
1. It discusses micro and macro economics, and defines industrial economics as dealing with economic problems of firms and industries.
2. Some key concepts covered include production functions, costs, revenues, and market structures like monopoly and price discrimination.
3. Laws of production like returns to scale and variable proportions are explained, as well as cost concepts like total, average, and marginal costs.
The document discusses several economic growth models:
1) The Harrod-Domar model which expanded Keynesian analysis to the long-run and analyzed investment's role in creating output capacity.
2) The Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar models which also expanded Keynesian analysis and emphasized investment's dual role of generating income and increasing productive capacity.
3) The Solow growth model which views capital accumulation and labor as the drivers of economic growth assuming full employment and perfect competition. Technological progress is treated as exogenous.
4) The Meade model which incorporates natural resources and technological progress as additional factors influencing economic growth.
This chapter introduces the basic concepts and terminology of statistics. It discusses two main branches of statistics - descriptive statistics which involves collecting, organizing and summarizing data, and inferential statistics which allows drawing conclusions about populations from samples. The chapter also covers variables, populations, samples, parameters, statistics and how to organize and visualize data through tables, charts and graphs. It emphasizes that statistics helps turn data into useful information for decision making in business.
Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate or total level of key economic variables for an entire economy, such as output, consumption, investment, employment, and prices. It examines unemployment, inflation, and output growth. The document provides definitions and explanations of these macroeconomic concepts as well as the scope and importance of macroeconomics in understanding national economies and formulating policy.
This document introduces an introductory econometrics course. It discusses the goals of the course, which are to provide students with an understanding of why econometrics is necessary and basic econometric tools to estimate and analyze economic relationships using real data. It defines econometrics as the use of statistical methods to test economic theories and evaluate policies using data. The document outlines the methodology of econometrics, including formulating models based on theory, obtaining data, estimating parameters, testing hypotheses, and forecasting or making policy decisions. It also discusses different types of data used in econometrics, including cross-sectional, time series, pooled cross-sections, and panel data.
The document discusses isoquants and isocost curves. An isoquant shows the different combinations of two inputs, like labor and capital, that produce the same level of output. An isocost curve shows the combinations of inputs that can be purchased at a given total cost, given input prices. Together, isoquants and isocost curves can be used to find the cost-minimizing combination of inputs for a given level of output. The point where the isoquant is tangent to the isocost curve indicates the lowest cost combination.
This document defines key terms related to cash flow analysis and cash flow statements. It explains that a cash flow statement indicates sources of cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period. It also outlines the direct and indirect methods for preparing a cash flow statement, including showing examples of the sections and calculations involved in each method.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
The document summarizes financial statement analysis. It discusses the objectives of financial statements which are to provide information for economic decisions, about financial position, performance, and changes in financial position. It then defines financial statement analysis as studying relationships among factors disclosed in statements. Analysis allows evaluation of a firm's position and performance. Objectives of analysis include judging financial health, profitability, debt capacity, and solvency. Types of analysis include external, internal, horizontal, and vertical. Methods include common size statements, comparative statements, trend ratios, and ratio, funds flow, cash flow, break-even, and value added analysis.
An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship
Este documento provee una guía de usuario del programa Eviews. Explica que Eviews es un programa de análisis econométrico y estadístico desarrollado por la compañía Quantitative Micro Software. Describe cómo importar datos a Eviews desde Excel y crear gráficos y tablas estadísticas. También cubre cómo crear modelos de regresión para analizar la relación entre variables y hacer predicciones.
Learn how to navigate Stata’s graphical user interface, create log files, and import data from a variety of software packages. Includes tips for getting started with Stata including the creation and organization of do-files, examining descriptive statistics, and managing data and value labels. This workshop is designed for individuals who have little or no experience using Stata software.
Full workshop materials including example data sets and .do file are available at http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/rtc/event/introduction-stata
This document discusses the key ingredients of a mathematical economic model: 1) a set of equations, 2) variables that can change value, 3) relevant mathematical operations, and 4) conclusions derived from assumptions. It defines variables, constants, parameters, and different types of equations like definitional, behavioral, and equilibrium conditions that are components of economic models.
This document discusses linear programming techniques for managerial decision making. Linear programming can determine the optimal allocation of scarce resources among competing demands. It consists of linear objectives and constraints where variables have a proportionate relationship. Essential elements of a linear programming model include limited resources, objectives to maximize or minimize, linear relationships between variables, homogeneity of products/resources, and divisibility of resources/products. The linear programming problem is formulated by defining variables and constraints, with the objective of optimizing a linear function subject to the constraints. It is then solved using graphical or simplex methods through an iterative process to find the optimal solution.
1. The document discusses production and costs faced by firms. It defines production and the different types of inputs used, including fixed and variable inputs.
2. It explains the concept of production functions, which show the maximum output achievable from different input combinations. Production functions can have one or two variable inputs, corresponding to short and long run analyses.
3. The law of variable proportions is described, where marginal and average product initially increase with more of a variable input but eventually diminish, leading to stages of increasing, diminishing, and negative returns. Graphs demonstrate these relationships between total, marginal, and average product curves.
The document discusses consumer price index numbers, which are index numbers that indicate changes in consumer prices for a basket of goods and services. Consumer price indices are needed because general price indices do not accurately show how price changes impact different classes of consumers who have varying consumption patterns. The indices are calculated using methods like the aggregative expenditure method or family budget method and are used by governments and others to formulate economic policies, grant employee allowances, and evaluate purchasing power.
A presentation outlining the reducing balance method for depreciation. This is a new skill required of VCE students in the new VCE Accounting Study Design and attempts to explain the concept in plain English.
This document discusses labour costs and wage payment systems. It defines direct and indirect labour costs. Direct labour costs are wages paid to workers who directly convert raw materials into finished products. Indirect labour costs are wages paid to supporting workers not directly involved in production. The two main wage payment systems are time rate and piece rate. Time rate pays workers based on time worked, while piece rate pays based on units of output completed. The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each system.
Firms must consider the macroeconomic environment when making production and pricing decisions. Key indicators of an economy's performance include aggregate output, price levels, investment, consumption, and balance of payments. The macro economy represents the aggregation of individual households and firms. Common measures used to evaluate price movements are the consumer price index, wholesale price index, and GDP deflator.
1) The document discusses six major issues related to population growth and quality of life in developing countries, including whether rapid population growth will allow countries to improve living standards and expand education and healthcare.
2) It explains concepts like demographic transition, population growth rates, and drivers of population change over time. The global population has grown from 1 billion in the 1800s to over 7 billion currently.
3) Population growth is influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, age structure, fertility rates, and income levels. Countries generally move from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they develop.
Specialisation & the division of labourmattbentley34
Specialization occurs at different levels of economic activity and can provide several key advantages. It involves concentrating production on specific products or tasks. Within businesses and organizations, specialization allows workers to focus on discrete tasks and gain expertise through repetition, improving productivity. Countries and regions also specialize in goods where they have a comparative advantage. While specialization increases output and profits, it can result in repetitive work that lacks variety and skills, potentially reducing worker satisfaction over time.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in industrial economics including:
1. It discusses micro and macro economics, and defines industrial economics as dealing with economic problems of firms and industries.
2. Some key concepts covered include production functions, costs, revenues, and market structures like monopoly and price discrimination.
3. Laws of production like returns to scale and variable proportions are explained, as well as cost concepts like total, average, and marginal costs.
The document discusses several economic growth models:
1) The Harrod-Domar model which expanded Keynesian analysis to the long-run and analyzed investment's role in creating output capacity.
2) The Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar models which also expanded Keynesian analysis and emphasized investment's dual role of generating income and increasing productive capacity.
3) The Solow growth model which views capital accumulation and labor as the drivers of economic growth assuming full employment and perfect competition. Technological progress is treated as exogenous.
4) The Meade model which incorporates natural resources and technological progress as additional factors influencing economic growth.
This chapter introduces the basic concepts and terminology of statistics. It discusses two main branches of statistics - descriptive statistics which involves collecting, organizing and summarizing data, and inferential statistics which allows drawing conclusions about populations from samples. The chapter also covers variables, populations, samples, parameters, statistics and how to organize and visualize data through tables, charts and graphs. It emphasizes that statistics helps turn data into useful information for decision making in business.
Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate or total level of key economic variables for an entire economy, such as output, consumption, investment, employment, and prices. It examines unemployment, inflation, and output growth. The document provides definitions and explanations of these macroeconomic concepts as well as the scope and importance of macroeconomics in understanding national economies and formulating policy.
This document introduces an introductory econometrics course. It discusses the goals of the course, which are to provide students with an understanding of why econometrics is necessary and basic econometric tools to estimate and analyze economic relationships using real data. It defines econometrics as the use of statistical methods to test economic theories and evaluate policies using data. The document outlines the methodology of econometrics, including formulating models based on theory, obtaining data, estimating parameters, testing hypotheses, and forecasting or making policy decisions. It also discusses different types of data used in econometrics, including cross-sectional, time series, pooled cross-sections, and panel data.
The document discusses isoquants and isocost curves. An isoquant shows the different combinations of two inputs, like labor and capital, that produce the same level of output. An isocost curve shows the combinations of inputs that can be purchased at a given total cost, given input prices. Together, isoquants and isocost curves can be used to find the cost-minimizing combination of inputs for a given level of output. The point where the isoquant is tangent to the isocost curve indicates the lowest cost combination.
This document defines key terms related to cash flow analysis and cash flow statements. It explains that a cash flow statement indicates sources of cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period. It also outlines the direct and indirect methods for preparing a cash flow statement, including showing examples of the sections and calculations involved in each method.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
The document summarizes financial statement analysis. It discusses the objectives of financial statements which are to provide information for economic decisions, about financial position, performance, and changes in financial position. It then defines financial statement analysis as studying relationships among factors disclosed in statements. Analysis allows evaluation of a firm's position and performance. Objectives of analysis include judging financial health, profitability, debt capacity, and solvency. Types of analysis include external, internal, horizontal, and vertical. Methods include common size statements, comparative statements, trend ratios, and ratio, funds flow, cash flow, break-even, and value added analysis.
An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship
Este documento provee una guía de usuario del programa Eviews. Explica que Eviews es un programa de análisis econométrico y estadístico desarrollado por la compañía Quantitative Micro Software. Describe cómo importar datos a Eviews desde Excel y crear gráficos y tablas estadísticas. También cubre cómo crear modelos de regresión para analizar la relación entre variables y hacer predicciones.
Learn how to navigate Stata’s graphical user interface, create log files, and import data from a variety of software packages. Includes tips for getting started with Stata including the creation and organization of do-files, examining descriptive statistics, and managing data and value labels. This workshop is designed for individuals who have little or no experience using Stata software.
Full workshop materials including example data sets and .do file are available at http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/rtc/event/introduction-stata
STATA is data analysis software that can be used via menu options or typed commands. It has a wide range of econometric techniques and can open, examine, and run regressions on datasets. The tutorials on www.STATA.org.uk provide step-by-step guides for using STATA to perform tasks like data management, statistical analysis, importing data, summary statistics, graphs, regressions, and other analyses.
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)sspink
This presentation includes the introduction of SPSS is basic features of Spss, how to input data manually, descriptive statistics and how to perform t-test, Anova and Chi-Square.
This document provides an overview of SPSS and how to perform basic analyses in it. It discusses the four main windows in SPSS: the data editor, output viewer, syntax editor, and script window. It then covers how to open and manage data files, define variables, sort and transform data. The document concludes by demonstrating how to conduct frequency analyses, descriptive statistics, linear regression analyses, and plot regression lines in SPSS through both the graphical user interface and syntax editor.
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is software used for data analysis. It can process questionnaires, report data in tables and graphs, and analyze means, chi-squares, regression, and more. Originally its own company, SPSS is now owned by IBM and integrated into their software portfolio. The document provides an overview of using SPSS, including entering data from questionnaires, different question/response formats, and descriptive statistical analysis functions in SPSS like frequencies, cross-tabs, and graphs.
This document is the user guide for EViews 7. It discusses the software's capabilities for single and multiple equation regression analysis, time series analysis, panel data analysis, and multivariate analysis. The guide is divided into several parts that cover basic and advanced tools for regression, time series regression, forecasting from equations, specification testing, instrumental variables models, systems of equations, panel data analysis, and cointegration testing. It provides information on how to specify and estimate regression models in EViews using equation objects.
The document discusses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, which use Markov chains to generate dependent samples from probability distributions that are difficult to directly sample from. It introduces Gibbs sampling and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm as two common MCMC techniques. Gibbs sampling works by iteratively sampling each parameter from its conditional distribution given current values of other parameters. Metropolis-Hastings also iteratively proposes new parameter values but only accepts them probabilistically, based on the target distribution. Both techniques generate Markov chains that can be used to approximate integrals and obtain quantities of interest from complex distributions.
Bu çalışmada çocuk sayısını etkileyen faktörlerin sayma modelleri aracılığı ile incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada Sayma modellerine ait Poisson Regresyon(PR), Negatif Binom Regresyon(NBREG), Sıfır Değer Ağırlıklı Poisson Regresyon(ZIP) ve Sıfır Değer Ağırlıklı Negatif Binom Regresyon modelleri tahmin edilmiş ve verilere en iyi uyum sağlayan model seçilmiştir.
This document provides instructions for using EViews to replicate the regression analysis examples from the textbook "Using Econometrics: A Practical Guide". It describes how to create an EViews workfile, enter data, generate variables, create groups, and graph relationships. Specifically, it demonstrates analyzing data on height and weight from the textbook by entering the data, creating a group containing the height and weight series, and graphing their relationship to visually confirm the hypothesized positive relationship.
This document provides reference information for commands, programming, and connectivity in EViews 9. It includes sections on basic commands and objects, working with graphs, tables, and spool objects, strings and dates, EViews programming, and external connectivity options. The document is copyrighted by IHS Global Inc.
This document discusses techniques of data analysis. It begins by defining key concepts like population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It then covers various techniques for analyzing data including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and common statistical methods. Specific statistical methods covered include measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode as well as concepts like variability, probability, and statistical modeling. Common mistakes in data analysis and tips for proper data analysis are also discussed.
Malnutrition continues to be a major problem in India, with over 50% of under-5 deaths contributed by malnutrition. The prevalence of undernutrition, as measured by wasted, stunted and underweight children under age 3, has declined slightly from NFHS-2 (1998-1999) to NFHS-3 (2005-2006) but remains very high. Multiple factors contribute to malnutrition, including improper feeding practices like non-exclusive breastfeeding, poor hygiene and sanitation, as well as inadequate care and support from families and communities. Addressing malnutrition requires interventions across pregnancy, birth to age 2, and adolescence focused on nutrition, health care, immunization, and behavioral change. Community participation is key to early detection,
The objectives tree method is a three step approach to transform vague design statements into clear customer requirements by first listing objectives, ordering them hierarchically, and drawing an objectives tree to visualize relationships between higher level and lower level objectives aimed at uncovering the desired attributes and behaviors for a design project.
Data collection and analysis tools refer to methods used to systematically gather and examine information. This includes statistical software packages, specialized computer programs, and online testing systems. Popular tools include SPSS, Stata, and R programming language. Computer-based testing systems allow electronic assessment and tracking of student performance. Electronic gradebooks make it easy for teachers to calculate and track student grades digitally. Student response systems engage students in real-time feedback and assessments through interactive technology. Online testing with feedback immediately informs students of correct answers and provides explanations.
Malnutrition project proposal ( Increasing knowlege about importance of a bal...Oriba Dan Langoya
This is a project proposal implemented by Students of Makerere University Under Community Based and Education Research (COBERS)
Meeting the Nutrition requirements of children aged 6months to five years has become a major global
challenge and as such an estimate of 55 million pre- school children globally are malnourished. In 2010,
the nutrition status of children under five in Uganda was estimated to be 38% stunted, 16% acutely
malnourished and 19% undernourished and by 2011 the statistics stand at 33% for stunting,5% for
wasting ,14% for underweight, vitamin A deficiency at 38%. The current levels of malnutrition hinder
Uganda’s human, social, and economic development.
Unit Root Test
To explain the concept of Unit root test
To highlight the different names of unit root test
Explaining the, Dickey Fuller unit root test Augmented Dickey Fuller test Phillips -Perron test
Here are the steps to complete the exercise using the Excel files Employee and Sales:
1. Open QlikView and create a new document
2. Go to Edit Script and click on the Table Wizard button
3. Browse to the Excel file Employee.xlsx and open it
4. Select all fields and click Next
5. Click Finish to load the data
6. Repeat steps 2-5 for the Sales.xlsx file
7. Create some list boxes, tables, charts etc. to analyze the data from the two tables
8. For example, you could create a table with Employee Name, Department, and Total Sales
9. Or a pie chart showing Sales by Product
10. Save your
This document provides an overview of the EViews command language and programming. It describes the four main components of the EViews command language: commands, functions, object views and procs, and object data members. It provides examples of common commands like wfopen, series, and equation. It also discusses functions, object views and procs, data members, and basic programming concepts in EViews like variables, control structures like if/else and for loops, and program arguments.
This document provides an overview of the EViews command language and programming. It describes the four main components of the EViews command language: commands, functions, object views and procs, and object data members. It provides examples of common commands like wfopen, series, and equation. It also discusses functions, object views and procs, data members, and basic programming concepts in EViews like variables, control structures like if/else and for loops, and program arguments.
This document provides an overview of how to use the Microsoft Windows XP operating system and introduces the basics of AutoCAD 2D drafting software. It describes the Windows desktop interface, file browsing and management tools, and mouse functions. It then explains how to start a new AutoCAD drawing, set units of measurement, access tools and menus, select objects, and use basic drawing commands like lines, circles, and text. Common AutoCAD commands are also summarized.
Itm310 problem solving #7 complete solutions correct answers keySong Love
ITM310 - Problem Solving #7 complete solutions correct answers key
Find the solution at
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Calc is the spreadsheet component of LibreOffice. You can enter data (usually numerical) in a spreadsheet and then manipulate this data to produce certain results.
Alternatively, you can enter data and then use Calc in a ‘What if...’ manner by changing some of the data and observing the results without having to retype the entire spreadsheet or sheet. Other features provided by Calc include:
What is Calc?
Starting a new Spreadsheet.
Saving Spreadsheets.
Entering data.
Editing data.
Element of an electronic speadsheet ms exceleVidhya
This document provides an introduction to Microsoft Excel and describes its basic elements and functions. It discusses the purpose of electronic spreadsheets and outlines four lessons: [1] an overview of Excel and common spreadsheet elements; [2] elements common to Excel and Word windows; [3] unique Excel elements like cells, columns, rows, and tabs; and [4] working with spreadsheet cells. The document guides the user through opening and downloading an Excel file and exploring values and formulas in its cells.
The document discusses the Oracle development tool D2K (Developer 2000). It provides information on what D2K is, the different versions, how to develop applications using it, and the key components and objects used in application development. D2K can be used to develop web-based applications and supports technologies like Java, HTML and connectivity to different databases. It uses a RAD approach to minimize coding and improve productivity.
The document provides information about working with Microsoft Excel. It discusses key aspects of the Excel interface like the ribbon, tabs, groups of buttons, worksheet, cells, and more. It also provides steps to perform basic arithmetic operations in Excel like addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication on a sample dataset. Finally, it discusses different types of charts in Excel like column charts, line charts, bar charts, area charts, and pie/doughnut charts. It provides detailed steps to create a column chart on a sample dataset of animal population rates over six years.
Google Sheets is a free, cloud-based spreadsheet program that allows for real-time collaboration. While similar to Excel, key differences include Sheets being browser-based, having stronger collaboration features, and having a smaller maximum file size. The document provides instructions on how to create a new Google Sheet, enter and edit cell data, and undo mistakes.
How do I Delete a Total PivotTable in Excel? Heyyoo! How are you, Projectcubicle Readers? Excel is a robust tool for data analysis, and pivot tables are one of its most powerful features, allowing users to summarize and analyze large datasets quickly. However, there might come a time when you need to delete a pivot table from your Excel workbook, either because it’s no longer needed or you’re preparing to create a new one. Removing a pivot table can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it can be done quickly and without affecting your underlying data. This guide will walk you through four essential steps to efficiently delete pivot tables in Excel, ensuring a clean slate for your data analysis needs.
The document provides an overview of the Excel 2007 Essentials workshop which teaches the basics of Microsoft Excel. It covers topics like opening and closing Excel, understanding the interface, entering and formatting data, building formulas, using functions, filtering and sorting data, formatting worksheets, and more. The workshop aims to help users learn key Excel skills and make the most of its features through hands-on exercises and tutorials.
A macro is a set of commands that can be played back at will to perform a given task. These tasks can be something simple such as inserting your name and address into a word processor to something more complex such as launching a program, copying data from it, activating another program, pasting the data into it and repeating this several times. Tasks performed by macros are typically repetitive in nature allowing significant savings in time by executing the macro instead of manually repeating the commands.
The document discusses interfacing with end users in ASP.NET. It provides two programming models - Web Forms and WCF Services. Web Forms enables creating user interfaces and application logic, while WCF Services enables remote server-side functionality access. It also discusses creating a basic web form in ASP.NET that displays the current date and time when a button is clicked to demonstrate the Web Forms model. Common controls like labels, textboxes, buttons are also summarized with their properties and events.
This document provides an introduction to an advanced Microsoft Excel lesson. It discusses learning advanced customization and formatting features to allow for easier data manipulation and organization. The objectives covered include learning how to customize the Excel interface, use advanced formatting techniques, reference across sheets, use advanced formulas and data ranges, and apply data validation. The lesson then covers customizing the ribbon interface and status bar, navigating between windows and using panes, and referencing cells across different sheets.
ms excel for mba first sem students of dr hs gour university sagar(m.p)gaurav jain
This document provides an overview and introduction to Microsoft Excel. It discusses the Excel screen layout including titles bars, menus, toolbars, and worksheets. It describes how to navigate and enter data into cells. Various Excel functions are also outlined such as formulas for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Other topics covered include formatting worksheets, creating charts, printing, and keyboard shortcuts. The document serves as a basic guide for getting started using Excel.
The document is a tutorial for learning how to use Microsoft Excel. It contains 10 steps:
1. The table of contents shows the topics
2. Click on topic links to begin learning
3. Learn at your own pace by clicking action buttons
4. Use the tutorial as a reference once familiar with Excel
The tutorial covers Excel basics like the screen, menus, worksheets, entering formulas and data, formatting, charts, and printing. It provides instructions on common tasks and encourages self-paced learning through the interactive material.
Elementary Data Analysis with MS Excel_Day-2Redwan Ferdous
This event took place on 5th September 2020. This was arranged by EMK Center (Makerlab). The title was 'Elementary Data Analysis with MS Excel', where very basic data analysis with MS excel was discussed.
In Day-2, MS Excel Options, Ribbon, Home, Insert, Pivot, Page Break, Slicer, Spider Chart, Histogram, Conditional Formating, Flash Fill, Sorting, Filtering, Inter Sheet Data Fetching etc. were discussed. The trainer was Redwan Ferdous.
Introduction to Network Analysis in GephiVictor Blaer
This document provides an introduction to network analysis and visualization using Gephi software. It begins with some mindset tips, such as expecting troubleshooting challenges and iterative work. The document then outlines Gephi's interface, including the Overview panel for interactive exploration, Data Laboratory for raw data, and Preview panel for final visualization export. Basic network concepts like nodes, edges, and layout algorithms are defined. The rest of the document demonstrates how to import node and edge data from CSV files, visualize the resulting network, run statistics and filtering, and tweak the layout for clearer presentation. Examples using real-world Twitter data are also briefly mentioned.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
1. EViews Training
The Basics:
EViews Desktop, Workfiles and Objects
Note: Data and Workfiles for examples in this tutorial are:
Data: Data.xlsx
Results: Results.wf1
2. What is EViews?
• EViews is an easy-to-use statistical, econometric, and economic
modeling package.
• There are three ways to work in EViews:
• Graphical user interface (using mouse and menus/dialogs).
• Single commands (using the command window).
• Program files (commands assembled in a script executed in batch mode).
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4. EViews Desktop Details
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Main Menu
Path/directory Database Workfile
Note: Path/Database/Workfile
can be changed by double-clicking in each.
5. EViews Workfile and Objects
• EViews does NOT open up with a “blank” generic document
(unlike Word ®, Excel ®, etc.).
• EViews documents (aka “workfiles”) need to be created and are
not generic (they will contain information about your data, etc.).
• EViews is an “object”- oriented program. Objects are collections
of information related to a particular analysis (series, groups,
equations, graphs, tables).
• Workfiles are holders of these “objects”.
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7. EViews Workfile
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Workfile title bar
Workfile:
Contains at least one
page
Each page contains a
list of objects on that
page
Workfile tool bar
Workfile Window
8. EViews Workfile (cont’d)
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Name of the workfile
(Tutorial1_results in this example)
Structure of the workfile
The data in this example
is dated and has
quarterly frequency
covering the period from
1980 to 2012.
Range: shows the entire
range of the data in the
workfile. Here the range
is from Q1 1980 to Q4
2012
Sample: This is the part of data we are
currently working with. In this example, the
sample runs from Q1 1992 to Q4 2001.
9. EViews Workfile and Objects
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• This screenshot shows a list of
Objects in the workfile.
• It is color-coded by Object type:
Yellow icons are data objects
Blue icons are estimation objects
Green icons are view objects
(tables, graphs, etc…)
• Double clicking on one of these
Object icons will open it up.
• Each Object has its own menu.
• Once an object is open, the menus
in EViews change to represent the
features available for that object.
10. EViews Workfile and Objects (cont’d)
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• EViews 8 provides you with a
more detailed look of the objects in
your workfile.
• For the “Details” view, Click on
View → Details +/- on the workfile
toolbar (or double click the
button on the workfile toolbar).
• The view changes as shown here.
• Each object now has a separate
column in the details view.
• You may sort the objects by an
attribute (Name, Type, etc.) by
clicking on the column header.
• You can also resize or drag the
columns which allows you to alter
their position and width.
11. The Object Window
11
Main menu
Workfile Toolbar
Object Toolbar
(in this example,
equation toolbar)
Object Window
(in this example,
equation window)
12. The Series Object
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• This is the main data
object.
• gdp - has a yellow
icon with a little line graph
in it.
• It contains one column of
data.
• Opening a series will
reveal a spreadsheet
view with a single column
showing the data in the
series.
13. The Series Object (cont’d)
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To open a Series
1. Double click on the series.
2. Once a series is open, you can click on View and Proc menus in the workfile to see
available actions. Since a Series is a single column of data, only actions for a single
column of data are available (views and tests).
14. The Group Object
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• This is a collection of
series objects.
• group01 - has a yellow
icon with a capital G.
• It contains multiple
columns of data.
• Opening a group will
display a spreadsheet view
with multiple columns
showing the data in each
series in the group.
15. The Group Object (cont’d)
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To open a Group
1. Double click on .
2. Once a Group is open, you can click on View and Proc menus to see available actions.
Actions that require multiple columns of data are now available (views and tests).
16. The Equation Object
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• This is a single equation
estimation object.
• eq01 -- has a blue icon
with an equal (=) sign.
• This is the main estimation
object in EViews.
• Opening an equation will
reveal the main results of the
estimation.
17. The Equation Object (cont’d)
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To open an Equation Object
1. Double click on .
2. Once an Equation is open, you can click on View and Proc menus to see available
actions. Some of the items in the View and Proc menus will depend on the type of
Equation that was estimated.
18. Views Objects
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• These objects hold
“views” of data or
estimation objects.
• graph01 - has a
green icon.
• It is used to “freeze” a
view of another object in
time.
To create this view
1. Press the Freeze button
on another object (gdp
series, for example).
2. Use the Name button to
save it in the workfile.
3. Click OK.
19. Commands
• The command pane provides a scrollable record of the commands typed.
• You can scroll up to view previously executed commands.
• If you hit Enter in any previous lines, EViews will copy the line where the
cursor is and execute that command again.
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20. Commands (cont’d)
• To recall a list of previous commands in the order in which they were entered
use “CTRL+UP”. The last command in the list will display in the command
window.
• Hold down the CTRL key and press UP arrow to display previous commands.
• For a record of the last 30 commands, press “CTRL+J”.
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