1. Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai jenis-jenis metode analisis data seperti ujian-T, ANOVA, korelasi, regresi linear, dan khi kuadrat serta tahap-tahap dalam analisis data dan strategi analisis data.
2. Beberapa teknik pengumpulan data seperti observasi, kuesioner, wawancara, dan teknologi audiovisual dibahas.
3. Diskusi mengenai analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif serta kesimpulan b
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai jenis-jenis metode analisis data seperti ujian-T, ANOVA, korelasi, regresi linear, dan khi kuadrat serta tahap-tahap dalam analisis data dan strategi analisis data.
2. Beberapa teknik pengumpulan data seperti observasi, kuesioner, wawancara, dan teknologi audiovisual dibahas.
3. Diskusi mengenai analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif serta kesimpulan b
This document summarizes experiments conducted to determine the effect of coagulant dosage and pH on turbidity reduction. One-factor-at-a-time experiments identified the best dosage at pH 7 (0.5 NTU) and pH 6.5 (0.2 NTU). Response surface methodology further optimized the process, achieving the lowest turbidity of 0.02 NTU at pH 7.4 and 106 mg/L coagulant dosage. Analysis showed coagulant dosage, pH, and their interaction significantly affected turbidity. Response surface design more effectively determined the interactive effects of multiple factors compared to one-factor-at-a-time experiments.
Projek mini kitar semula ini bertujuan untuk memberi kesedaran kepada murid tentang pentingnya mengurangkan sisa pepejal dan mengkitar semula bahan-bahan yang boleh digunakan semula. Aktiviti yang dijalankan termasuk membina replika Menara Berkembar Petronas menggunakan botol plastik dan mencipta pasu bunga dari botol plastik yang telah dipotong dan dicat. Projek ini berjaya meningkatkan kesedaran murid tentang kitar sem
The document provides examples of citations for different publication types according to APA format, including books with single authors or editors, book chapters, journal articles, newspapers, theses, internet sources, and dictionaries. Examples are given for both in-text citations and reference list entries.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pencegahan kebakaran, termasuk konsep dasar kebakaran, kelas-kelas api, dan penggunaan alat pemadam api. Topik utama lainnya adalah cara api terbentuk dan merebak serta langkah-langkah memadamkan kebakaran.
SCE1024 Fizik I. Menentukan sesaran, pecutan dan halaju bagi sesebuah objek.
By: Atifah Ruzana binti Abd Wahab, PPISMP Sains Ambilan Jun 2014, IPG Kampus Kent Tuaran Sabah
Penyelenggaraan adalah aktiviti untuk memelihara dan mengawalselia bangunan dan peralatan agar selamat digunakan dan mematuhi piawaian. Terdapat tiga jenis penyelenggaraan: pencegahan, pembaikan, dan ramalan. Penyelenggaraan perlu dirancang untuk memastikan peralatan berfungsi dengan baik dan mengelak masalah.
Bantu Mula bertujuan memberikan rawatan pertama dan bantuan kecemasan kepada mangsa kecederaan atau sakit sebelum kedatangan bantuan perubatan lanjut, dengan tugas menyelamatkan nyawa, mengelak kecederaan lanjut, dan mendapatkan bantuan perubatan secepat mungkin. Peti pertolongan kecemasan perlu dilengkapi peralatan asas untuk memberikan rawatan awal dan menstabilkan keadaan sebelum pemind
Ini merupakan contoh kertas kerja untuk membuat program di universiti..
TIPS utk lulus kertas kerja program:
-Penggunaan VOT berdasarkan pekeliling yg lengkap.
-Mempunyai Kemahiran Insaniah (KI)
-Tentatif prgram yg lengkap
[Ringkasan]
Akuaponik merupakan teknologi pertanian yang menggabungkan akuakultur (aktiviti ternakan ikan) dengan aktiviti hidroponik (menanam tanaman tanpa media tanah) dalam satu pusingan air. Tiga reka bentuk sistem akuaponik utama ialah sistem Raft, sistem Ebb & Flow, dan sistem NFT. Unsur-unsur penting dalam proses kitaran akuaponik ialah ikan, tanaman, dan bakteria.
This document discusses turbidity measurement and the factors that affect turbidity device design. It explains that turbidity is an indicator of water quality, measuring the cloudiness caused by suspended particles. There are three main factors in turbidity device design: light source, detection angle, and number of detectors. Common light sources are incandescent, LED, and laser, each suited to detecting certain particle sizes. Detection angles of 90 and 180 degrees are used, with the latter for high turbidity applications. Calibration involves zero-point calibration with distilled water and spanning the instrument with a formalin standard.
Turbidites are deposits formed by turbidity currents, which are dense underwater avalanches of sediment. Turbidity currents are initiated by events like earthquakes, flooding rivers, or sediment failures and can transport vast amounts of sediment over long distances on the seafloor. Turbidite deposits are characterized by alternating sandstone and shale layers with sharp, flat bases and grading from coarser to finer sediment upwards. They provide clues about the tectonic setting where they were deposited and can act as hosts for resources like gold or reservoirs for petroleum.
This document summarizes experiments conducted to determine the effect of coagulant dosage and pH on turbidity reduction. One-factor-at-a-time experiments identified the best dosage at pH 7 (0.5 NTU) and pH 6.5 (0.2 NTU). Response surface methodology further optimized the process, achieving the lowest turbidity of 0.02 NTU at pH 7.4 and 106 mg/L coagulant dosage. Analysis showed coagulant dosage, pH, and their interaction significantly affected turbidity. Response surface design more effectively determined the interactive effects of multiple factors compared to one-factor-at-a-time experiments.
Projek mini kitar semula ini bertujuan untuk memberi kesedaran kepada murid tentang pentingnya mengurangkan sisa pepejal dan mengkitar semula bahan-bahan yang boleh digunakan semula. Aktiviti yang dijalankan termasuk membina replika Menara Berkembar Petronas menggunakan botol plastik dan mencipta pasu bunga dari botol plastik yang telah dipotong dan dicat. Projek ini berjaya meningkatkan kesedaran murid tentang kitar sem
The document provides examples of citations for different publication types according to APA format, including books with single authors or editors, book chapters, journal articles, newspapers, theses, internet sources, and dictionaries. Examples are given for both in-text citations and reference list entries.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pencegahan kebakaran, termasuk konsep dasar kebakaran, kelas-kelas api, dan penggunaan alat pemadam api. Topik utama lainnya adalah cara api terbentuk dan merebak serta langkah-langkah memadamkan kebakaran.
SCE1024 Fizik I. Menentukan sesaran, pecutan dan halaju bagi sesebuah objek.
By: Atifah Ruzana binti Abd Wahab, PPISMP Sains Ambilan Jun 2014, IPG Kampus Kent Tuaran Sabah
Penyelenggaraan adalah aktiviti untuk memelihara dan mengawalselia bangunan dan peralatan agar selamat digunakan dan mematuhi piawaian. Terdapat tiga jenis penyelenggaraan: pencegahan, pembaikan, dan ramalan. Penyelenggaraan perlu dirancang untuk memastikan peralatan berfungsi dengan baik dan mengelak masalah.
Bantu Mula bertujuan memberikan rawatan pertama dan bantuan kecemasan kepada mangsa kecederaan atau sakit sebelum kedatangan bantuan perubatan lanjut, dengan tugas menyelamatkan nyawa, mengelak kecederaan lanjut, dan mendapatkan bantuan perubatan secepat mungkin. Peti pertolongan kecemasan perlu dilengkapi peralatan asas untuk memberikan rawatan awal dan menstabilkan keadaan sebelum pemind
Ini merupakan contoh kertas kerja untuk membuat program di universiti..
TIPS utk lulus kertas kerja program:
-Penggunaan VOT berdasarkan pekeliling yg lengkap.
-Mempunyai Kemahiran Insaniah (KI)
-Tentatif prgram yg lengkap
[Ringkasan]
Akuaponik merupakan teknologi pertanian yang menggabungkan akuakultur (aktiviti ternakan ikan) dengan aktiviti hidroponik (menanam tanaman tanpa media tanah) dalam satu pusingan air. Tiga reka bentuk sistem akuaponik utama ialah sistem Raft, sistem Ebb & Flow, dan sistem NFT. Unsur-unsur penting dalam proses kitaran akuaponik ialah ikan, tanaman, dan bakteria.
This document discusses turbidity measurement and the factors that affect turbidity device design. It explains that turbidity is an indicator of water quality, measuring the cloudiness caused by suspended particles. There are three main factors in turbidity device design: light source, detection angle, and number of detectors. Common light sources are incandescent, LED, and laser, each suited to detecting certain particle sizes. Detection angles of 90 and 180 degrees are used, with the latter for high turbidity applications. Calibration involves zero-point calibration with distilled water and spanning the instrument with a formalin standard.
Turbidites are deposits formed by turbidity currents, which are dense underwater avalanches of sediment. Turbidity currents are initiated by events like earthquakes, flooding rivers, or sediment failures and can transport vast amounts of sediment over long distances on the seafloor. Turbidite deposits are characterized by alternating sandstone and shale layers with sharp, flat bases and grading from coarser to finer sediment upwards. They provide clues about the tectonic setting where they were deposited and can act as hosts for resources like gold or reservoirs for petroleum.
The document describes a jar test experiment to determine the optimal coagulant dosage for treating turbid water. Jar tests simulate the coagulation/flocculation process in water treatment plants. In this experiment, different dosages of aluminum sulfate were added to water samples, which were then rapidly and slowly mixed to form and combine floc. Turbidity measurements after settling showed an optimal dosage between 6-8 ml of aluminum sulfate coagulant reduced turbidity the most. The jar test process and results help operators adjust treatment chemicals to changing source water quality.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang oksigen terlarut dan parameter-parameter penentu kualitas air seperti BOD dan COD. Oksigen terlarut sangat penting untuk kehidupan biota air, sedangkan BOD dan COD digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat pencemaran organik dalam suatu perairan.
This document discusses nephelometry and turbidimetry, which are techniques used to measure the scattering and transmission of light through solutions. Nephelometry measures scattered light at a 90 degree angle to determine particle concentration, while turbidimetry measures transmitted light at 180 degrees. The amount of scattering depends on factors like particle size, concentration, and wavelength of light. These techniques can be used to analyze water quality, determine inorganic substances and biochemical components, and quantify pollution levels. A nephelometer/turbidimeter instrument contains a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors to perform both nephelometry and turbidimetry measurements.
Turbidimeter digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat kekeruhan air dengan memancarkan cahaya ke dalam sampel dan mengukur intensitas cahaya yang dipantulkan. Alat ini perlu dikalibrasi terlebih dahulu menggunakan sampel standar sebelum digunakan untuk mengukur sampel, dengan rentang kalibrasi 0,01 NTU hingga 7500 NTU.
Iklan menawarkan produk bernama PhytoScience yang didakwa mampu menyembuhkan penyakit kronik dan mengembalikan kemudaan kulit. Produk ini menjanjikan kesan dalam 3 jam, menjamin 100% kesan, dan mampu menyembuhkan penyakit seperti kanser tahap 4. Iklan ini menawarkan diskon hingga RM650 untuk pembelian sebelum 30 September 2014.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang prinsip analisis turbidimetri dan nefelometri. Analisis turbidimetri didasarkan pada pengukuran intensitas cahaya yang diteruskan melalui larutan yang mengandung partikel terdispersi, sedangkan analisis nefelometri didasarkan pada pengukuran intensitas cahaya yang disebarkan. Kedua teknik ini dapat digunakan untuk menentukan konsentrasi zat dalam larutan dengan menganalisis interaksi cahaya
Here are 5 steps to ensure the homeowner's safety during a demolition project:
1. Secure the work area. Erect barriers and warning signs to keep non-essential people away.
2. Remove hazardous materials safely. Have professionals assess and remove asbestos, lead paint, etc.
3. Disconnect utilities. Turn off electricity, gas and water connections before starting work.
4. Use proper protective equipment. Workers should wear hard hats, safety glasses, steel-toed boots, gloves, etc.
5. Control dust and debris. Use water spray to suppress dust and remove debris regularly to avoid accumulation.
ANSWER NO. 5
1. Balling machine
2. Hy
Analytical class spectroscopy, turbidimetryP.K. Mani
This document provides information about spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. It discusses the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that spectroscopy and colorimetry are concerned with, including the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. It explains the relationship between the wavelength of light and photon energy. The document also summarizes Beer's law and how it relates absorbance to analyte concentration, molar absorptivity, and path length. Limitations to Beer's law at higher concentrations are discussed. The summary provides key equations for absorbance, transmittance, and determining unknown concentrations from calibration curves.
This document provides an overview of fire prevention and protection. It begins by classifying fires into four categories (Class A, B, C, D) based on the type of fuel. It then describes various fire prevention equipment and systems, including different types of fire extinguishers and how to properly use them. The document also explores the three main causes of fire spreading: conduction, radiation, and convection. It provides tips for fire prevention based on the different fire classes. Overall, the document aims to educate readers on fire behavior, prevention, and control through identifying causes of fires and understanding fire prevention rules and symbols.
Turbidity is a measure of water clarity and is caused by suspended particles in water. It is measured in NTU using a nephelometer, turbidimeter, or colorimeter, which measures light scattered as a beam passes through water. No suspended solids is 0 NTU, while drinking water should be below 5 NTU. Turbidity can provide an estimate of total suspended solids and is important to measure for water quality assessments.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
1. The document discusses the concepts, needs, and types of building maintenance. It defines maintenance as actions to retain or restore items to perform their required functions.
2. Several types of maintenance are described, including emergency, preventative, and scheduled maintenance. Preventative maintenance involves scheduled work on mechanical, electrical, and structural systems.
3. The types of maintenance work include mechanical maintenance like HVAC, structural maintenance like painting and carpentry, and system operation maintenance like normal servicing and repairing. The document emphasizes the importance of proper maintenance to preserve building value and function over time.
The document discusses electrical installation in buildings. It begins by differentiating between single-phase and three-phase electrical supply, noting that three-phase is used for large buildings due to higher electrical loads. It then covers types of electrical wiring including open, hidden, and conduit wiring. Equipment used in electrical wiring such as fuses, earth circuits, and lightning conductors is also explained. Finally, common electrical symbols used in building plans are presented along with general safety guidelines for electrical work.
Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles. It is important to measure turbidity to monitor water treatment processes and ensure that filters and disinfection are working properly. Turbidity can be measured using a turbidity tube or electronic turbidimeter, which uses light scattering techniques to determine turbidity in NTU units. Proper turbidity measurement requires adherence to sampling procedures and instrument maintenance to obtain accurate results.
Dokumen tersebut mempromosikan produk Double Stem Cell dan Triple Stem Cell dari perusahaan PhytoScience. Produk tersebut mengandung ekstrak sel batang epal, anggur, acai, dan blueberry yang diklaim mampu menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit termasuk kanker, stroke, dan diabetes. Dokumen tersebut juga mempromosikan program kemitraan untuk menjual produk tersebut sebagai cara menambah pendapatan.
The document discusses several key steps and concepts in project planning and scheduling including:
1) Scope which defines the project boundaries and feasibility.
2) Scheduling which must manage parallelism, dependencies, and avoid bad scheduling.
3) Critical path method which identifies the longest path of activities determining minimum project duration.
4) Gantt charts and precedence diagrams which illustrate project schedules, dependencies, and status.
5) Time estimates and risk which are important inputs for scheduling activities and contingencies.
This document discusses project planning techniques including Gantt charts, bar charts, and critical path method (CPM) networking. It explains that Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of project elements, bar charts can show task dependencies or be used for status updates. CPM involves representing activities as arrows on a network diagram to show sequence and dependencies. The document also describes the roles of engineers and technicians in non-destructive testing (NDT) and what site diaries typically include such as weather, materials used, plant status and instructions. Maintaining accurate site diaries provides records for disputes and helps site managers meet obligations.
The document discusses key concepts of leadership including forecasting, planning, organizing, motivating, directing, coordinating, and controlling. It provides definitions and explanations of each concept. Forecasting involves making assumptions about likely outcomes based on strategies. Planning involves construction planning processes like bar charts, arrow networking, and cash flow. Organizing arranges resources and specifies roles, responsibilities, and authority. Motivation theories attempt to explain how to boost employee morale. Directing guides employees and provides leadership, instructions, and supervision. Coordinating unifies efforts toward common goals. Controlling keeps activities in check and verifies performance against standards.
Projek pembinaan memerlukan pengurusan yang berbeza bergantung pada saiz, lokasi, jenis struktur dan faktor-faktor lain. Rekabentuk dan kaedah pembinaan perlu mengambil kira ciri-ciri unik setiap projek untuk memastikan ia disiapkan mengikut matlamat masa, kos dan kualiti yang ditetapkan.
This document provides an introduction to Microsoft Project (MS Project) software for project management. It explains that project managers are responsible for the success of the projects they manage and tools like MS Project can assist with resources, budgets, plans, and contracts. The document defines what project management entails, including all phases from scheduling to delivery while accounting for float. It then discusses why MS Project is useful and provides steps for creating a project in MS Project, such as setting a title, displaying it as a summary task, and defining tasks.
1) The document describes procedures for measuring hydrostatic force using a water vessel and scale. Weights are added incrementally while measuring the water level.
2) Data is recorded for appended weight, lever arm length, water level, calculated lever arm, resultant force, and moments.
3) Sources of error are discussed, such as neglecting the weight of the balance and reading errors, which could explain discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values of the center of pressure.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete, including its key components and purposes. Reinforced concrete is a composite material made of concrete, which resists compression well but has low tensile strength, and steel reinforcing bars, which resist tension well. Together they create an economical and strong structural material. The document outlines structural elements, design considerations for safety, reliability, and economy, and limit state design principles which ensure structures do not fail under expected loads. It also discusses factors that affect concrete durability and different failure modes in reinforced concrete depending on steel reinforcement ratios.
Center of pressure and hydrostatic force on a submerged body revNatalie Ulza
This document describes an experiment to determine the center of pressure and hydrostatic force on a submerged body. The objectives are to understand hydrostatic pressure distribution and verify the location of the center of pressure. The apparatus is a ring-shaped water vessel mounted on a pivot, allowing measurement of the moment due to hydrostatic pressure. The theory section explains how hydrostatic pressure varies with depth and how this relates to the resultant force and center of pressure on a submerged surface. Calculations are provided for determining these values for the apparatus based on measurements of water level and applied weight. The procedure describes how to set up and perform the experiment.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai jenis penyakit, termasuk penyakit menular seperti malaria, influenza, dan AIDS; penyakit tidak menular seperti kanker dan stroke; dan penyebab penyakit seperti pencemaran, vektor seperti nyamuk, dan hubungan seksual. Dokumen ini juga memberikan contoh penyakit seperti chikungunya, flu burung, dan penyakit tangan kaki dan mulut.
4. PERALATAN DAN BAHAN
1. Meter kekeruhan
6. Kertas tisu
2. Bekas sample
7. Hexamethylenetetramine
3. termos Piawaian
8. Sulphat Hydrazine
4. corong
5. Air suling
9. Air suling
5. PROSEDUR
Untuk menguji sampel air langkah pertama adalah, agen perlu disediakan. kemudian
meter kekeruhan haruslah ditentukur.
PENYEDIAAN AGEN
1. Sulfat hidrazin
• Timbang tepat 1 g sulfat hidrazin dan dicampurkan dalam air suling
• Ambil 100 mL kelalang standard, ukur dan letakkan corong ke atasnya.
• Pindahkan 100 mL ke kelalang standard sehingga 100 ml menggunakan air suling.
2. Tetramine Hexamethylene
• Timbang tepat 10 g tetramine Hexamethylene dan campurkan dalam air suling.
• Ambil 100 mL kelalang standard ukur dan letakkan corong ke atasnya.
• Pindahkan 100 mL kepada kelalang standard sehingga 100 ml menggunakan air suling
3. Standard 4000 NTU
• Campurkan 5 mL larutan sulfat hidrazin dan 5 mL Hexamethylenetetramine
dalam 100 mL kelalang pengukur standard.
• Biarkan campuran selama 24 jam.
• Selepas 24 jam , isi kedalam kelalang sehingga 100 mL menggunakan air suling.
• 4000 NTU tersedia.
MENENTUKAN UKURAN METER KEKERUHAN
6. Menggunakan penyelesaian standard menentukurkan instrumen. Instrumen ini mempunyai
empat tombol, di mana kedua-dua tombol di bawah adalah tombol sifar set. Ini adalah untuk
menetapkan instrumen kepada sifar. Satu yang ada di bahagian atas sebelah kiri ialah tombol
penentukuran , yang digunakan untuk penentukuran. Yang lain di atas adalah tombol untuk
menetapkan pelbagai pengesanan. Ia diselaraskan to1000 NTU.
langkah 1
semua sel-sel sampel, ditambah air suling dalam kekeruhan sehingga tanda mendatar. Lap
perlahan-lahan dengan tisu lembut. Letakkan di dalam meter kekeruhan itu pada tanda
menegak dan sel sampel harus bertepatan dengan tanda dalam meter kekeruhan. Seterusnya,
dengan menggunakan tombol sifar set , setkan bacaan kepada sifar.
langkah 2
Menurut kepada keperluan kita , menyediakan penyelesaian yang standard. Dalam kes ini, 200
NTU disediakan untuk mencairkan 4000 NTU dan dimasukkan ke dalam sel-sel
sampel,sehingga tanda mendatar , lap perlahan-lahan dengan tisu lembut. Letakkan di dalam
meter kekeruhan menegak dalam sel sampel dan harus bertepatan dengan tanda di meter
kekeruhan untuk melindungi sel sampel. Jika cara itu tidak menunjukkan 200 NTU , dengan
menggunakan tombol penentukuran menyesuaikan bacaan untuk 200 NTU. Ulangi prosedur
untuk dua / tiga kali.
UJIAN DARI SAMPEL AIR
• Untuk sel-sel sampel , tambah air sampel sehingga tanda mendatar , lap perlahan-lahan
dengan tisu lembut dan letakkan di dalam meter kekeruhan menegak dan sel sampel harus
bertepatan dengan tanda dalam meter kekeruhan.
• Semak untuk bacaan di meter kekeruhan . Tunggu sehingga anda mendapat bacaan yang
stabil.
• kekeruhan sampel air yang diberikan adalah 8.4 NTU.
7. DATA DAN PENGIRAAN
JADUAL DATA
No. Sampel
: BH1, BH2, BH3
Lokasi sample BH1
: air permukaan
Lokasi sampel BH2
: air dalam tanah
Lokasisampel BH3
: air laut
No.
Suhu sampel
Kekeruhan
sampel
(ºC)
(NTU)
1
27
8.0
2
27
2.3
3
27
4.4
Berdasarkan jadual :Kekeruhan air permukaan adalah 8.0
Kekeruhan air dalam tanah adalah 2.3
Kekeruhan air laut adalah 4.4
8. PERBINCANGAN
1. Kekeruhan yang disebabkan oleh tanah liat, lumpur, bahan organik dan Mikrob.
benar
2. Kekeruhan diukur berdasarkan
Ciri-ciri penyebaran cahaya
3. Warna sampel air memberi kesan kekeruhan.
benar
4. Dalam meter kekeruhan nephelo pengesan cahaya di
90 °
5. Apakah unit kekeruhan.
NTU
6. Apakah sumber cahaya untuk meter kekeruhan nephelo?
Tungsten lampu filamen
7. Kekeruhan yang memberi kesan kepada kehidupan akuatik di dalam air.
benar
8. Unit standard kekeruhan yang dianggap sebagai yang dihasilkan oleh
1ppm silika di dalam air suling
9. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penyelesaian standard untuk nephelometer adalah ___.
Formazin
10. Campuran sulfat hidrazin dan penyelesaian hexamethylenetetramine dibenarkan
berdiri untuk _____.
24 jam
9. KESIMPULAN
Kekeruhan adalah ukuran penghantaran cahaya dan menunjukkan kehadiran bahan bukan
organik seperti tanah liat, lumpur, bahan organik halus, plankton dan lain-lain. Jika kekeruhan
tinggi, pencemaran bakteria mungkin berlaku.
Biasanya air bawah tanah adalah jernih dalam alam semula jadi dan ia akan memenuhi
keperluan. Air bawah tanah boleh tercemar oleh pencerobohan air sisa domestik atau industry
sehingga menyebabkan kekeruhan pada sampel yang diuji. Kekeruhan yang melebihi 5 NTU
biasanya menyenangkan atas sebab-sebab estetik. Dalam kes tasik air tawar dan kolam,
pencemaran dan pertumbuhan alga yang menyebabkan kekeruhan air ini meningkat kepada
tahap yang sangat tinggi. Kejernihan air laut adalah sangat rendah kerana jumlah yang besar
zarah menyebabkan kekeruhan meningkat.
