Tugasan(4) KPT 6044 pembacaan & penilaian kendiri

1. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
Tugasan 4: Pembacaan dan penilaian kendiri (merujuk teks).
CHAPTER 7: CONNECTING LEARNERS AT A DISTANCE.
1. What is distance learning?
i. Distance learning, an option different from the traditional classroom, takes place
when space, time or both separate the teacher and the learner. Whether online
through the Internet or through video conferencing, distance learning offers
educational opportunities that meet students’ changing needs and grant them the
flexibility of learning anytime, anyplace and at a pace that meets their individual
learning styles.
ii. Education that takes place when the instructor and student are separated by
space and/or time. The gap between the two can be bridged through the
technologies .
iii. Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on
the pedagogy and andragogy technology, and instructional systems design that
aim to deliver education to students who are not physically "on site".
iv. An education where teachers and students are separated in the place and time.
They communicate at times of their own choosing by exchanging printed or
electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real
time and through other online ways
v. Education that takes place when the instructor and student are separated by
space and/or time. The gap between the two can be bridged through the
technology.
vi. A mode of education in which students enrolled in a course do not attend the
institution, but study off-campus and may submit assignments by mail or email.
2. How do audio and television systems facilitate distance learning?
Television:
Though expensive, television has tremendous reach and enjoys the advantage of
being a familiar and engaging visual medium. As such, television has for decades
been well established as a distance education mode providing high-quality content
and instructional techniques for pre-service, in-service, and continuing teacher
education. Teachers have participated in television-based professional development

2. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
in their homes; in their classrooms; or, in areas where television is not widely
available, in viewing centers. Indeed, the largest distance education program in the
world.
Television’s strengths include the power to engage viewers, to present conceptual
information visually, and to show real people doing real things in environments both
local and international. Television can support professional development by giving
teachers opportunities to observe other teachers as they implement new instructional
practices. By enabling teachers to anticipate what will happen, television reduces the
risk inherent in experimentation (Gaible & Burns, 2007: 50).
As with radio, there is a large body of collective and cumulative evidence
demonstrating that televisual formats of education (both television and video) can
play an important role in facilitating learning. Studies (Saltrick, Honey, & Pasnik,
2004; Kothari & Takeda, 2000) suggest that educational television can assist with the
following outcomes:
 Reinforcing reading and lecture material
 Developing a common knowledge base
 Enhancing learner comprehension of a particular topic or procedure.
 Helping learners visualize processes and procedures that might otherwise be
difficult to understand via text or radio.
 Increasing learner motivation and enthusiasm.
 Promoting teacher effectiveness in areas targeted by television or video
learning segments.
 Augmenting reading skills, especially when used to reinforce the connection
between the spoken and written word.
Audio:
Audio-based instruction for teacher education includes radio broadcasts; Interactive
Radio Instruction (IRI); one- and two-way audio instruction; and, increasingly,
podcasts. Audio-based distance learning has been a fixture in the global distance
education landscape since the 1970s, when IRI was developed by Stanford
University. Radio and audio are simple technologies with which many teachers
across the globe are familiar. Schools don’t need to purchase computers or Internet
connectivity, and teachers do not need to learn complex technology in order to
participate in audio-based professional development. Audio-based, oral learning is a
culturally familiar medium that doesn’t require the reading and writing skills needed to
undertake print-based instruction or the technology skills demanded by online

3. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
learning—requirements that often prompt teacher attrition in distance education
programs.
Audio offers both strengths and weaknesses as a distance learning mode for teacher
education. Teachers learn when they can communicate and collaborate frequently in
real time; hence any distance education initiative should build in opportunities to
allow learners to discuss and reflect with one another through phone or audio
conferencing. (Teacher reflection and technology accommodations for this will be
discussed throughout this guide.) Recorded audio files of professional development
sessions, particularly content, can be archived on CD-ROMs or audiocassettes,
allowing teachers to access these materials for self-study or additional refreshers.
3. Define internet netiquette and list five guidelines for users.
Definition of netiquette:
Netiquette, or net etiquette, refers to etiquette on the Internet. Good netiquette involves
respecting others' privacy and not doing anything online that will annoy or frustrate other
people. Three areas where good netiquette is highly stressed are e-mail, online chat, and
newsgroups. For example, people that spam other users with unwanted e-mails or flood
them with messages have very bad netiquette. You don't want to be one of those people. If
you're new to a newsgroup or online chat room, it may help to observe how people
communicate with each other before jumping in.
Five guidelines for users:
a. Never give your user ID or password to another person.
b. Before posting to a discussion board, you should read prior messages to get a sense
of the flow and language of the discussion.
c. Always title your messages. Be sure the subject line reflects the topic of discussion.
Do not auto-reply and start a new thread leaving the old subject line in the header.
d. Always check your spelling before posting a message to a discussion board. It will be
the first impression you may make on someone, so it is important that your message
be free of spelling errors. However, if you are on a synchronous chat, correct spelling
would be nice but not as much expected, as the conversation goes much faster.
e. Keep your questions and comments relevant to the topic of the discussion. If another
person posts a comment or question that is off the subject, do NOT reply to the
discussion board. If you want to reply, do so in private e-mail directly to the original
poster.

4. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
f. Do not use ALL CAPS. It gives the impression that you are shouting. Capitalize
words only to highlight an important point or to distinguish a title or heading.
g. Keep paragraphs and messages short and to the point.
h. Cite all quotes, references and sources and respect copyright and license
agreements.
4. Identify one copyright concern issue and explain why it is important.
Copyright is defined as a right to authorise the use of one’s work in different
ways. It is the permission or the right to copy. The emphasis is not so much on the
right to copy but on the right to prevent others from unfairly taking advantage
ownership of the original owner of the copyright, who in most cases is the author,
composer, artist and sculptor where the work originated. And also it is very difficult to
give an address on copyright generally as laws differ from country to country. In
Malaysia, copyright protection is governed by the Copyright Act 1987 which provides
comprehensive protection for copyrightable works. The Act outlines the nature of
works eligible for copyright (which includes computer software), the scope of
protection, and the manner in which the protection is accorded. The Copyright Act
1987 provides for the enforcement of the law by the Ministry of Domestic Trade and
Consumer Affairs (MDTCA), specifically the Enforcement Division, apart from the
Police. This Act also provides the necessary clout to the enforcement agencies to
effectively carry out anti-piracy measures.
The looming unauthorised copyrighted materials has made headlines and
tainted the intellectual property industry. Due to this in 1999, Malaysian political
leader denounced optical media piracy, and enforcement authorities mobilised to
conduct and active programme of raiding retailers and other vendors of pirate
products within the country. In his speech addressing a roundtable talk on Intellectual
Property Rights Co-operation between Malaysia and United States in Kuala Lumpur
on 20 April 2006, the Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry (MDTCA),
Datuk Mohd Shafie Apdal said efforts are taken to amend several laws and holding
talks with countries where the products were originally produced. This he said should
be able to clear Malaysia’s image of once being alleged as a leading exporter of
pirated products. This is continued by holding discussions with countries like Hong
Kong and some ASEAN countries on ways to overcome the influx of such products in
this part of the region.

5. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
a. Copyright law has a dual role - It provides exclusive rights to authors in order to
protect their work for a limited period of time but it was also established to promote
creativity and learning.
b. Educators' Responsibilities- What is our responsibility in both honouring copyright
and helping our students do the same? "If stealing is held to be bad, then it is bad no
matter who does it, or whether only a little stealing or a lot of stealing is done".
Whether embezzlement, software piracy, or plagiarism, we need to affirm in word
and action our assent to the preservation of ownership. "To believe something," as
Dewey comments, "is to make behavioral commitments" (Bandman, p.90). Our
"attitudinal belief" (Bandman, p.89), must be fleshed out. We must help our students
develop a sense of "right and wrong."
c. Moral education process- "In every class and throughout the school-indeed,
throughout the school system-values are demonstrated through actions, procedures,
policies, and attitudes of every individual from the members of the Board of
Education, to the Superintendent, to the principals and teachers, to the cafeteria
workers, bus drivers, and to the students". In regards to intellectual property rights,
teachers need to help their students understand the value of intellectual property by
having proper expectations for footnoting (Saunders), demonstrating the respect for
others' copyrighted material, etc. They need to purchase consumables, use legal
software, and recognize elements of infringement-and help their students do the
same. Schools need to have clear policies that abide by copyright law. Districts need
to help their educators understand the law and legal requirements. In fact, it is the
practical implementation of the laws that often confuse people in education.
d. Proper respect for other's property- We have the responsibility, no matter our field
of specialty, to know the guidelines, helping our students become good citizens—
people who not only respect the law, but also respect the personal rights and
property of others.

6. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
5. Identify three characteristics each of LAN, WAN, Intranet and Wireless
Networks.
LANs - Local Area Networks
Definition - A LAN is a network that is limited to an area such as a building or school.
In a LAN, computers and hardware such as printers can be connected by cable (copper
wiring), fibre optic cabling (glass fibres) or using a wireless (radio waves) connection.
Characteristics of LANs:
 Hardware such as printers can be shared so individual workstations do not need
their own printer. When they print, the data is stored in a queue on a server. The data
is then passed to the printer.
 All the users work can be stored in a central place (the dedicated file server) so a
user can access their work through any computer on the network.
 Software can be shared, software packages are stored on the server and
downloaded to workstations as requested. Note that a licence still has to be bought
for each copy of the software needed.
 Data can be shared because database files stored in the server are available to
users around the network; data from CD-ROMs can also be shared across the
network.
 Central back-up can take place automatically at regular intervals. A user will usually
be able to retrieve work that has been deleted by mistake.
 Messages can be sent to people working at other computers on the network which
can save time and paper.

WANs - Wide Area Networks
Definition - a Wide Area Network is not confined to one building. The computers and
terminals forming part of the network can be spread around the world.
External communication links such as satellites, microwaves, telecommunication links
and optical fibre will be used to connect the parts of a WAN. The connection must normally
be paid for because the links are external.

7. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
Characteristics of WANs:
 These are similar to those of LAN's except the scale of sharing etc. becomes far
greater and can be world-wide.
 Again these are similar to those of LAN's except that issues such as security become
even more important as potential hackers could break into a computer system from
anywhere in the world rather than having to physically be in a building.
 Encryption of secure data such as financial transactions is necessary because it is
even easier to intercept data.
INTRANET
Defination- An intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to
share information, operational systems, or computing services within an organization. The
term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a
network within an organization. Sometimes, the term refers only to the organization's internal
website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology
infrastructure, and may be composed of multiple local area networks. The objective is to
organize each individual's desktop with minimal cost, time and effort to be more productive,
cost efficient, timely, and competitive.
Characteristics of INTRANET:
Communication – The intranet must support various communication channels, such as
information from the management team concerning strategic aspects of their organisation or
collaboration amongst project teams and departments. These formal and informal methods
of communication are equally important. Therefore essential to have an in-depth look at the
communication tools on offer.
Maintenance and Updating – It is inevitable that your intranet will require frequent updating
and maintenance to ensure that the information provided is both relevant and accurate.
Adding an image or changing content should not be a difficult process, nor should it be time-
consuming. Surprisingly, many intranet systems require the help of technically skilled people
to perform these tasks.
Analysing your Intranet – You may not have time to monitor the entire intranet, and this
may not be something that as a company you would be interested in. However knowing

8. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
which documents are popular and what users are searching for provides you with an
insightful window into future improvements.
Search – An effective search function is important in building and maintaining trust with the
corporate intranet. Hopeless search queries which do not render anything helpful can be
both frustrating and inefficient.
Business Processes- For some organisations the need for electronic forms and workflows
on the intranet may not be immediately obvious. It is only when a breakdown in the ability to
effectively and efficiently perform processes that an alternative is sought.
Access flexibility – Accessibility by either a laptop or desktop is no longer acceptable, as
not all employees perform tasks and activities at their desks. Certain job roles require
employees to visit clients, and regular off-site meetings are becoming more common.
Therefore flexibility in accessing their intranet on mobile devices and tablets should facilitate
and not compromise their ability to perform tasks on their intranet.
Online Workspace – It is important to think about the functions and daily tasks carried out
by each department within your organisation, as each department varies considerably in
terms of what they need to successfully do their job. For instance, the ability to create Wikis
may not necessarily be important to the sales team but the IT department may find it useful
for sharing technical information.
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Definition - Wireless networks are computer networks that are not connected by cables of
any kind. The use of a wireless network enables enterprises to avoid the costly process of
introducing cables into buildings or as a connection between different equipment locations.
The basis of wireless systems are radio waves, an implementation that takes place at the
physical level of network structure.
Characteristics of WIRELESS NETWORKS :
 Traditional cellular network.
 Divided into cells: users share cell bandwidth.
 Smaller cells are preferred to provide higher bandwidth to users.

9. KPT 6044: PEMBELAJARAN BERASASKAN ELEKTRONIK & WEB
REFERENCES
Sharon E.Smaldino, Deborah L.Lowther, James D.Russell (2012). Instructional technology
and Media for learning. United States Of America:Pearson.
http://idd.edc.org/sites/idd.edc.org/files/DE%20Book-final.pdf
https://scholar.vt.edu/access/content/group/5deb92b5-10f3-49db-adeb-7294847f1ebc/e-
Learning%20Scott%20Midkiff.pdf
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/local_area_network_LAN.html