A presentation on tuberculosis control efforts in Cuba vs. Haiti. Presented for my class Intensive Study of Public Health Services in Cuba, June 25, 2015.
A presentation on tuberculosis control efforts in Cuba vs. Haiti. Presented for my class Intensive Study of Public Health Services in Cuba, June 25, 2015.
All you need to know about Tuberculosis (TB)GLRA India
The core activity of GLRA is to cure people affected by leprosy, tuberculosis and to address physical disabilities.
In this presentation, GLRA describes
WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS?
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
Bio303 Lecture 2 Two Old Enemies, TB and LeprosyMark Pallen
In this lecture I will focusing on another of the most serious infectious threats to humanity, tuberculosis, outlining its evolutionary origins, impact on human health and wealth and the steps taken to control and treat this infection. I will also discuss a related mycobacterial infection, leprosy and recent progress in its control.
All you need to know about Tuberculosis (TB)GLRA India
The core activity of GLRA is to cure people affected by leprosy, tuberculosis and to address physical disabilities.
In this presentation, GLRA describes
WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS?
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
Bio303 Lecture 2 Two Old Enemies, TB and LeprosyMark Pallen
In this lecture I will focusing on another of the most serious infectious threats to humanity, tuberculosis, outlining its evolutionary origins, impact on human health and wealth and the steps taken to control and treat this infection. I will also discuss a related mycobacterial infection, leprosy and recent progress in its control.
ABSTRACT- Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major prevalent disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and among all the diseases it exists in harmful condition. The long term cough with blood sputum and fever is the major symptom of tuberculosis. In 2014, 1.5 million TB patients were dead from the 9.6 million active TB patients. Every second someone in the world affected by M. tuberculosis and 10% of the affected people will be infected in their later period of life. The global scenario in terms of TB infection is varies from one country to another. Developing country like Bangladesh stands on much more harmful condition. According to WHO Global TB Report 2016, Bangladesh is one of the world’s 30 high TB burden countries and near about 73, 000 people die annually due to Tuberculosis. In addition, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is increasingly affected the people and it is now a major concern for disease prevention. The infection chances of a HIV affected people are much higher than a healthy people in case of tuberculosis. Although, the infection rate of tuberculosis is increasing over the last few decades, but new anti-Tb drugs show greater audacity to eradicate critical situation of tuberculosis. Through the molecular analysis, researchers pointed out the M. tuberculosis resistance, which will give us effective result in the improvement of drug development. This review summarized the novel drugs, treatment phenomenon and overall condition of tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Key-words- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis, HIV, TB infection
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
World Tuberculosis (TB) Day is observed annually on March 24th to raise public awareness about the devastating health, social, and economic consequences of TB. The day is an opportunity to mobilize political and social commitment for accelerating efforts to end TB.
TB is a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. TB is a major public health issue worldwide, with around 10 million people falling ill with TB every year and 1.4 million deaths attributed to the disease in 2019.
On World TB Day, health organizations and governments around the world organize events, campaigns, and activities to raise awareness about TB, highlight the progress made in the fight against the disease, and call for increased funding and political commitment to end TB. The theme for World TB Day 2023 is "Accelerating the end of the TB epidemic: Build back stronger, smarter, and fairer with everyone, everywhere."
It is essential to raise awareness about TB and ensure that individuals have access to high-quality diagnosis, treatment, and care. By working together and investing in research, prevention, and treatment, we can end the TB epidemic and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to live a healthy life.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Tuberculosis in Cuba: Control and Opportunity for Elimination
1. Tuberculosis in Cuba
Control & Opportunity for Elimination
Kathryn Cicerchi, Colorado School of Public Health
May/June 2015
2. Tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Can be acute, sub-acute or chronic in nature
Most commonly attacks lungs
Can attack any part of the body, such as kidneys,
spine, brain
Can be fatal if not treated properly
Two types of infection:
Latent
Active
Sources: CDC, WHO 2015
3. Latent Tuberculosis
1/3 of the world’s population is infected, though
most are not ill and cannot transmit TB
Walled off by healthy immune system
Many with latent TB never progress to active
disease
Those who do:
Become sick within days of infection before immune
system can fight off
Can develop active TB years later when immune
system compromised (malnutrition, diabetes, HIV co-
infection)
Lifetime risk of progressing from latent TB to active
disease is 10% (WHO)
Sources: CDC, WHO 2015
4. Active Tuberculosis
Symptoms:
Coughing (sputum, blood)
Chest pains
Weakness
Weight loss
Fever
Night sweats
Spread person to person through droplets
Treatable with antibiotics
Associated with extreme poverty, lack of health
care, poor environmental and hygienic conditions
(overcrowding)
Sources: CDC, WHO 2015
5. TB in Cuba
TB mortality was high throughout Spanish colonial
period
1902: Tuberculosis was main cause of death
4,001 fatalities; 15.7% of total deaths
1907: Special TB wards set up in hospitals to treat
extreme cases. Sanitarium set up outside of
Havana for the poor.
TB mortality declined throughout 20th century
1943: Mortality rate was estimated to be 65 per
100,000
6. TB in Cuba
Before the Cuban Revolution in 1959, TB still
caused 1,000 deaths annually
Following the Revolution, an accessible, free,
universal health care system established
1962-1963: National Tuberculosis Control Program
founded as part of the system
7. National Tuberculosis
Control Program (NTCP)
1963-1971: Sanatorial care with continued
assessment and risk evaluation
By 1970: Cuba established decentralized labs
capable of sputum smear microscopy
By 1971: Outpatient basis with directly observed
treatment (DOT)
1982: Directly observed treatment, short course
8. National Tuberculosis
Control Program (NTCP)
Laboratories
Newborn vaccination
Active contact tracing
All TB cases systematically investigated
Contacts checked for respiratory symptoms
Contacts meeting certain criteria are treated
prophylactically with isoniazid
Local doctors perform all case finding,
treatments (DOTS), prophylaxis, community
education
9. NTCP Success
By 1991, TB incidence was 4.7 per 100,000
Down from 65 per 100,000 in 1965
Reduction in incidence and all serious forms of TB
In children under 15, 85% decrease
10. Re-Emergence of TB
Despite progress, TB began to re-emerge
worldwide in 1990s
Worsening social problems
Increased drug resistance
HIV co-infection
Abandonment of control programs
After the breakdown of the Soviet Union, TB
incidence in Cuba began to creep up beginning
in 1992
14.7 per 100,000
11. Re-Emergence of TB
Cuban Ministry of Public Health gave TB top
priority
In addition to prior tactics:
Improved surveillance
Mandatory notification system
Contact investigations beyond household level
Supervised control with annual courses for health
personnel
Emphasis on fighting childhood TB
12. Re-Emergence of TB
Following re-intervention, decrease from
14.7/100,000 in 1994 to 7.2 per 100,000 in 2003
13. Declining Mortality
0.4 per 100,000 in 1998 to 0.2 per 100,000
in 2007
Met the WHO’s Global Plan to Stop TB’s
2006-2015 target well in advance (2007)
15. Elimination
Cuba is on track to eventually eliminate
tuberculosis
Low rates of MDR-TB
Relatively low HIV co-infection
Efforts need to focus on adjusting indicators to be
more sensitive
Improve case detection by focusing on
vulnerable groups within Cuba
Increase quality of preventive services
Keep an eye on MDR-TB and HIV co-infection
17. References
Abreu, G., Gonzalez, J. A., Gonzalez, E., Bouza, I., Velazquez, A.,
Perez, T., . . . Sanchez, L. (2011). Cuba's strategy for childhood
tuberculosis control, 1995-2005. MEDICC Review, 13(3), 29-34.
Association of Schools of Public Health. (1907). Cuba: Tuberculosis in
Cuba. Free sanitarium for tuberculous patients to be
established. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 22(24). Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4559252
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012, March 13).
Basic TB facts. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm
Gonzalez Ochoa, E., Rosco Oliva, G. E., Borroto Gutierrez, S., Perna
Gonzalez, A., & Armas Perez, L. (2009). Tuberculosis mortality trends in
Cuba, 1998 to 2007.MEDICC Review, 11(1), 42-47.
Gonzalez, E., Armas, L., & Llanes, M. J. (n.d.). Progress towards
tuberculosis elimination in Cuba. The International Journal of
Tuberculosis and Lung Disease,11(4), 405-411.
18. References
Gonzalez, E. R., & Armas, L. (2012). New indicators proposed to assess
tuberculosis control and elimination in Cuba. MEDICC Review, 14(4),
40-43.
Marrero, A., Caminero, J. A., Rodriguez, R., & Billo, N. E. (2000). Towards
elimination of tuberculosis in a low income country: the experience of
Cuba, 1962–97.Thorax, 55, 39-45.
Navarrete, A. (1943). Present tuberculosis status in Cuba. CHEST, 9(2).
doi:10.1378/chest.9.2.175
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (n.d.). Tuberculosis.
Retrieved May 20, 2015, from
http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics&view=article
&id=59&Itemid=40776&lang=en
World Health Organization (WHO). (2015, March). Tuberculosis.
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/