Tsunami waves
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Tsunami waves have significantly longer wavelengths and periods compared to regular wind-driven water waves. While regular waves have wavelengths around 100m and periods of 1 second, tsunami waves can have wavelengths over 500km and periods of up to an hour. Additionally, tsunami waves travel much faster, up to 700km/h compared to 30km/h for regular waves. As tsunami waves approach shorelines, their speed decreases but the loss in speed is smaller than for regular waves, resulting in their highly destructive potential when they reach land.
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A tsunami is caused by an underwater earthquake and causes the water level to drop and then rise above normal levels over a period of about 15 minutes in a sinusoidal pattern. Using this model, the depth of the water at a pier in Honolulu with normal depth of 9 meters will be:
i) 11 meters at 2 minutes
ii) 10 meters at 4 minutes
iii) 9 meters at 12 minutes
The minimum depth predicted is 0 meters, indicating the pier will be exposed when the water level drops below the normal depth. If a tsunami travels at 800 km/hr, and has a period of 15 minutes, its wavelength is calculated to be 120 km.
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Applied Math 40S Slides May 29, 2007
A tsunami is caused by an underwater earthquake and causes the water level to drop and then rise above normal levels over a period of about 15 minutes in a sinusoidal pattern. Using this model, the depth of the water at a pier in Honolulu with normal depth of 9 meters will be:
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Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Tsunami waves
- 1. Harmonic waves: An example of harmonic waves are Tsunami and regular water waves which is generated by wind. These two harmonic waves differ in the following: - The Wavelength of Tsunami waves are much larger than regular water waves. For example, regular water waves can have a wavelength of 100 m but Tsunami waves can have a wavelength over 500 km. - The Amplitude of Tsunami waves are much larger than the Amplitude of regular water waves and can exceed 30 m compared to 3 m in regular waves. - The speed of Tsunami waves is much larger than the speed of regular water waves. 30 km/h is an average speed of Regular water waves but Tsunami water waves can reach 700 km/h. - Wave Period of Tsunami wave can reach an hour but regular water waves can have a period of 1 sec. As the regular water waves approach the coast, they lose their speed and energy and therefore casuse no damage. Compared to Tsunami waves, as they approach the coast, they will also lose some of their speed and energy but the loss is not significant. Additionally, in deep water, tsunami waves take about 1 hour to complete a wave cycle and its amplitude is sometimes not noticeable because of its long wave length. But as the wave reaches the coast, the wavelength decreases along with its speed. The period of the wave remains constant.The amplitude as a result increase and becomes destructive as it hits the shores. Equations: Speed of a wave is defined as: v = λ / T, where λ is wavelength and T is period of the wave Tsunami waves follow shallow water equations and therefore the speed of tsunami wave is: v =√ 𝑔𝑑, where g is the force of gravity and equals 9.8 m/s2, d is the depth of the water. Question:
- 2. A Tsunami of a wavelength of 200 km is generated 5000 km away from a shore line. The depth of the water is assumed to be 4500 m. Calculate the following: a. Speed of the wave. b. The time it takes to hit the shore c. The wave period and frequency d. As the wave reaches the shores, the depth of the water becomes 15 m. Calculate the new speed and wavelength. Solution: Part a: Since v = √ 𝑔𝑑, then v = √9.8 ∗ 4500 = 210 m/s Part b: To reach the shore which is 5000 km away, this wave needs (suppose constant speed): Time = distance / velocity = 5000 * 1000 m / 210 = 23809 sec = 6.6 hours Part c : Since v = λ / T then T = λ / v, so period of the wave is: T = 200 * 1000 / 210 = 962 sec = 16 min It’s frequency f = 1 / T = 0.001 sec-1 Part d: Velocity at the shore is calculated with the new depth: v = √ 𝑔𝑑 v = √9.8 ∗ 15 = 12 m/s For the wavelength, we assume the Wave period change is minimal, so: V = λ / T or λ = v * T, so wave length of the new wave at the shore is : λ = 12 * 962 / 1000 = 11.5 Km