The energy of sea waves can be absorbed by wave energy converters in a variety of manners, but in every case
the transferred power is highly fluctuating in several time-scales, especially the wave-to-wave or the wave group
time-scales. In most devices developed or considered so far, the final product is electrical energy to be supplied
to a grid. This paper discusses the use of sea wave energy with the help of oscillating column. The mechanism
converts the wave energy in to electrical power by converting the oscillating motion of waves in to rotary
motion. Using compression ring we can store the power produced by the impact. This stored energy can be
utilized in other strokes. The sea, which covers three quarters of the world’s surface, has been little utilized to
meet the peoples’ energy needs.
3.ocean, geothermal, hydro and biomass energy resourcesDrPriteeRaotole
Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics
and Statistics, Wave Energy Devices.
Tidal energy,Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean
Thermal Energy, Osmotic Power.
b. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies.
c. Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact
of hydro power sources.
d. Biomass energy: biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas generation, Ocean biomass
3.ocean, geothermal, hydro and biomass energy resourcesDrPriteeRaotole
Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics
and Statistics, Wave Energy Devices.
Tidal energy,Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean
Thermal Energy, Osmotic Power.
b. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies.
c. Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact
of hydro power sources.
d. Biomass energy: biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas generation, Ocean biomass
An overview of travelling waves and calculating wave speed.There are many different forms of speed including transverse and longitudinal waves. Examples are primary and secondary waves. I used powerpoint to present my learning objective.
This is a lecture given graduate students at various universities in India and abroad. so this will be useful to students and academicians all over the world
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a speed publication schedule with the whilst maintaining rigorous proper review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery of expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate quick screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure that they are alike to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
An overview of travelling waves and calculating wave speed.There are many different forms of speed including transverse and longitudinal waves. Examples are primary and secondary waves. I used powerpoint to present my learning objective.
This is a lecture given graduate students at various universities in India and abroad. so this will be useful to students and academicians all over the world
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a speed publication schedule with the whilst maintaining rigorous proper review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery of expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate quick screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure that they are alike to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
A wave-to-wire model of ocean wave energy conversion system using MATLAB/Simu...Jakir Hossain
Renewable energy sources, unlike the conventional combustible fuels, are naturally distributed and extensively available in a boundless manner all over the world in different forms. Here, in this paper, authors elucidate the scopes and opportunities of the ocean wave to develop a low-cost, environmental friendly, and sustainable electrical power generation system. At the present time most technological modernizations aimed at exploiting such resources are at early stage of development, with only a handful of devices close to be at the commercial demonstration stage. None of them, though, operates converting the wave energy contents at its very origin: the orbital motion of water particles right below the ocean surface. The Sea spoon device catches the kinetic energy of ocean waves with favorable conversion proficiency, according to specific "wave-motion climate". In this letter, authors illustrate a possible methodology of converting this naturally exorbitant energy with efficient conversion methodology and simulating the conversion environment with MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Tsunami Wave Propagation Models based on Two-Dimensional Cellular AutomataDr.E.Syed Mohamed
For tsunami propagation in real-time simulation, approaches have been used and different modifications of well known tsunami propagation models are developed to explore the sensitivity of the computational results to the variation of major model parameters
Model of Ocean Wave Energy Converter Based on Water Mass Gravity Force as a R...AM Publications
The aim of this study was to develop a model of ocean wave energy converter based on water mass gravity force (WEC-WGF) to overcome the flaws of existing wave energy converter that rely on water buoyancy force. This paper presented physical model experiment result of wave energy converter based on water mass gravity force. The harvested energy were compared with calculated theoretical energy based on linear wave theory. The physical model investigation was carried out at wave simulator (flume) in Hydraulics Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University Indonesia on February - March 2016. The physical model consists of a series of one-way gear connected with plastic container as an interface between converter and regular generated wave. Investigation was carried out to observe the influence of gravity weight mass and wave height variations on converters harvested power. The experiment result indicated that the amount of converter Power Take Off (PTO) were strongly influenced by variation of gravity weight mass (Mgw), followed by wave height (H) and wave period (T) respectively. These results outperform the calculated power by means of linear wave theory. The result of this experiment could be used as a reference to develop theoretical or analytical model of wave energy converter based on water mass gravity force.
Thermal analysis of various duct cross sections using altair hyperworks softwaresushil Choudhary
In this work thermal analysis and comparison of various duct cross sections is done computationally using Altair
Hyperworks Software. Simple Analytical results were obtained for conduction and convection through the ducts
which can be used to build up thermal circuit. The inner surface of all ducts is maintained at constant
temperature and ambient air is at certain temperature that is less than inner surface temperature of pipe. Due to
temperature difference heat will flow from higher temperature to lower temperature. Due to temperature
difference heat will flow from higher temperature to lower temperature. The material of pipe provides
conductive resistance and air provides convective resistance. Hence this is a mix mode of heat transfer. The heat
transfer takes place in one dimension only and properties are considered to be isotropic. The ducts are assumed
to be made of aluminium having known thermal conductivity and density. The surroundings of ducts have
known convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature. The results are obtained on hyperview which are for
heat flux, temperature gradient and grid temperature. The different characteristics can be obtained by varying the
material of the ducts.
Review Article on Machining of Nickel-Based Super Alloys by Electric Discharg...sushil Choudhary
Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical damage, stress free and very precise machining and produces mould cavity, deep holes, complex shapes & size by arc erosion in all types of electro-conductive materials. In this process, the metal is removed from the work piece due to erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharge taking place between the tool electrode and work-piece. Tool electrode and wok-piece both submersed into the dielectric fluid. The main aims of this review paper work is to present the consolidated information about the contribution of various researchers on the machining applications of electric discharge machining process on Nickel-Base Super alloys materials, utilization of various tool and techniques for correlating experiment results and applications of product through the EDM. Nickel-Base Super alloys materials is widely used for fuel tanks, aircraft & rocket engine components, nuclear fuel element spacers, casings, fasteners, rings, seal, measuring instrument, cryogenic storage tanks and automobile components etc.
Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicyclesushil Choudhary
With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources
of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch
over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to
extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses
battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide torque to wheels .The old design
of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and
was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in
contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery
discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through alternator is 1 hour and the bicycle can attain a
maximum speed of 15 km/hr. This work is more beneficial in hilly region and confined areas like college campus
and schools, generating zero pollution, zero noise effect and no fuel consumption.
Optimization of edm for mrr of inconel 600 using taguchi methodsushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is convert electrical energy into heat energy between the work piece and tool electrode in the presence of dielectric fluid like, EDM oil, to process conductive difficult-to-machine materials. EDM process is has been applicable in the machining of hard, brittle and all kinds of electric conductive materials. This process widely used for produces die making, mould making, complex shapes, deep holes and other geometrical shapes as per desire. Inconel 600 super alloy materials widely used in various types of industries such as: aerospace, aircraft, nuclear, food processing, pulp manufacturing, automobiles industry etc. In this study, investigations on the effect of process parameters on machining of Inconel 600 super alloy material. Tungsten carbide material used as tool electrode and EDM oil used as dielectric fluid. The effects of input process parameters such as pulse-on-time, peak current and gap voltage on performance measure material removal rate was investigated using Taguchi method. MRR is lineally increases with the increase in peak current during the EDM process. MRR is increases with the increase in gap voltage. Initially MRR increases with increase in pulse on time then decreases with the increase of pulse on time.
Role of Cloud Computing Technology in Agriculture Fieldssushil Choudhary
Use of Cloud computing technology in agricultural areas has greater chance in the overall development of India.
An effective implementation of cloud computing is encouraging in agricultural sector. Cloud Computing is
emerging today as a commercial infrastructure that eliminates the need for maintaining expensive computing
hardware, software, Information technology, staff, infrastructure, recourses and their maintenance. Cloud
computing is a network-based environment that focuses on sharing computations, Cloud computing networks
access to a shared pool of configurable networks, servers, storage, service, applications & other important
computing resources. In modern era of cloud computing technology very helpful for centralized the allagricultural
related data bank (Soil-related, weather, Research, Crop, Farmers, Agriculture marketing, fertilizers
and pesticide information) in the cloud. In this paper, also discuss Computing model, characteristics,
deployment model, cloud service model, cloud benefits and challenge of cloud computing in agriculture field.
Design and fabrication of variable steering ratio mechanism for light Motor v...sushil Choudhary
To facilitate easy and proper steering of the vehicle while negotiating a turn, as per the requirements of driver in
different situations like hair pin bends in hilly regions, sudden turns in highways and city streets or in sports car
during race events an improved steering system is needed to address these problems. The steering arrangement
used in a normal automobile was investigated and to solve the above problems a variable steering ratio
mechanism was designed and fabricated, with the aim to determine if incorporation of variable steering ratio
mechanism will make an improvement in the steady and transient state handling of the automobile. The size of
the pinion gear and the number of teeth on the gear determine the rack-and-pinion steering ratio. The steering
wheel must be turned one revolution to turn the front wheels one sixteenth of a turn, the steering ratio is 1 to
1/16. Reversing the numbers gives a ratio of 16 to 1, or 16:1. This steering ratio is always fixed. A variable
steering ratio mechanism was fabricated by using constant mesh type gears from Bajaj-Super and steering
mechanism from Tata-Nano. Gear housing using wood is created and gear shifting arrangement incorporated. It
was observed that on engaging the 1st gear steering ratio is increased to 9.92:1. On engaging the 2nd gear
steering ratio is increased to 7.20:1, On engaging the 3rd gear steering ratio is increased to 4.96:1 On engaging
the 4th gear steering ratio is increased to 3.52:1. The effort required for steering is increased due to these ratios
as energy is lost due to friction. This mechanism can only be practical if used in conjugation with power assist.
Cloth washing is one of the essential parts of the life but it is considered undesirable because of the involvement
of efforts, time, energy and cost. Nowadays a wide variety of washing machines are available in the market and
there is a tough competence among the manufacturers. The cost of washing machine varying from Rs.10,000 to
1,50,000 depending upon features and capabilities. Very costly washing machines are equipped with facility of
dry cleaning too. All of the washing machines available in the market are electric power driven and basic
principle of their operation depends upon creation of the turbulent flow of detergent around the dirty clothes.
Drying of the clothes is based upon rotation of wet clothes at very high rpm so that water droplets can be
separated out due to centrifugal action. In our country where approximately 70% population is living with very
poor economic status, those people cannot have a washing machine because of cost constraints and
unavailability of electricity due to any reason. The present work is an attempt to develop a concept to make a
cloth washing mechanism which can meet out the requirements of above mentioned 70% population of the
nation. Working principle of this concept is no more different from available similar type of machine with a
difference driving mechanism of the machine. The objective of bringing down the initial cost and operating cost
of washing machine is almost achieved in present work within the limitation of work as mentioned.
Fabrication and Study of Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fibre Reinforced Bio...sushil Choudhary
In the present work experimental investigation has been carried out to study the effect of bamboo fibres at
different weight percentages (20, 30 and 40) to modify epoxy resin. Tests are conducted on 100 kN servohydraulic
universal testing machine under displacement mode of control, digital Rockwell hardness testing
machine and impact testing machine. Modifying epoxy resin through bamboo fibres and improve mechanical
properties is main focus of this study. Bamboo fibres at different wt% (20, 30 and 40) are filled in epoxy resin
and the effects of mixing bamboo fibres on mechanical and physical properties are studied. On the basis of
mechanical testing results it is found that 30 wt% of bamboo fibre mixed epoxy is giving optimum mechanical
properties. The addition of bamboo fibres has improved tensile, flexural and impact properties of epoxy resin
and increased water absorption of the material. On the basis of overall study the epoxy modified with 30% of
bamboo fibre is found to be better than other combinations.
Electronic Head Lamp Glare Management System for Automobile Applicationssushil Choudhary
Headlamp glare is an issue that has grown in terms of public awareness over the past decade.
High beam of headlight of an on-coming car has blinding effect and decreases visibility during night
driving dangerously. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes
a discomfort to the person traveling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short
period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming
towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This
glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. This model
concept eliminates the requirement of manual switch by the driver which is not done at all time. This
concept very useful in the automobile field applications, which provides safety of driver during night
driving. The construction, working, advantages & future scope of the system is discussed detail in this
paper.
Identification of Critical Issues and Solutions during ERP Software Developme...sushil Choudhary
Information technology is revolutionizing the way the business intelligence is being done. For any organization to succeed, all business unit or departments should work in harmony towards a common goal. ERP is a very powerful tool, which provides perfect information system to maintain the various functional business modules of an enterprise. Most organization is turning to available ERP software package for solution to their information management problem. ERP package if chosen correctly, implemented sensibly and used capably will enhance the output and profit of the any association considerably. ERP software package is at the cutting frame of information system technology. ERP software package help to manage institute and firm extensive business processes, using a common database and shared management reporting tool. ERP software supports the well-organized operation of business actions, including sales, marketing, manufacturing, accounting and staffing. The aim of this study is to provide a contribution to the research field of the ERP software development life cycle (SDLC), critical success factors, issues for ERP package development and implementation with various kinds of organization and discuss about the Essential factor for ERP Selection and ERP Benefits etc.
Study about the Types of Information Technology Service for Supply Chain Mana...sushil Choudhary
The globalization of company is the excellent object to happen to supply chain management (SCM) in the last 30 years. This study tries to describe the impact of information technology (IT) in supply chain management (SCM). The criteria include the applications of Information Technology (IT) to get the high firm performance comprising marketing performance, financial performance, and customer satisfaction. The information and communication technologies create as one of the biggest consent of the current supply chain management (SCM). This study focuses on one of the vital use of information technologies in SCM background, that is to say Materials Requirement Planning (MRP), manufacturing resource planning (MRP-II), Enterprise resources planning (ERP), SCM-software, Electronic data Interchange, Bar Coding and Scanner, Radio Frequency-Identification technology (RFID) Supply Chain Execution software, Wide Area network (WAN) Technologies, Metropolitan Area network (MAN) Technologies, Local Area network (LAN) Technologies Internet and intranet service etc. These types and ways of information technologies related to supply chain management is examine.
study about the supply chain, flexibility and bullwhip effect on scm in small...sushil Choudhary
The purpose of this work is to study, bullwhip effect on supply chain management and discuss the
develop a conceptual model on the potential barriers in the implementation of supply chain flexibility in small-scale
industries. The model suggests that supply chain flexibility can be researched using a three-tier approach:
identification of risks, identification of potential barriers emerging from these risks, identification of bridges to these
barriers. The proposed is based on the view of problems of small-scale industries as well as the limited research on
supply chain flexibility. The studies indicated that the three main barriers to flexibility in supply chains are
improper integration between systems, Supply Chain Function cost and quickening pace of product innovation.
Some ways to overcome these barriers and act as bridges are also summarized. The field of study of supply chain
flexibility presents numerous options for fresh research work.
Review Study and Importance of Micro Electric Discharge Machiningsushil Choudhary
Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro features and
makes a micro parts. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method
which known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the workpiece
and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which in the range of
50 μm -100 μm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with
various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. A pulse discharges
occur in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and at the same time removes the unwanted
material from the parent metal through the process of melting and vaporization. This paper describes the
importance, parameters, principle, difference between Macro and micro EDM, applications and advantages of μ-
EDM and discuss about the literature reviews based on performance measure in micro- EDMP process.
Designing the Process of Stores Management for Implementing ERP in Manufactur...sushil Choudhary
This paper describes the importance of ERP in manufacturing industries and examines the various articles
published by eminent Researchers in the field of ERP. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software presents a
frame work for organizations to better utilize their processes. The report is about windows based application.
The main idea of this paper is to handle the all details of stores management system. In this project software
package has been developed to smoothen the processing of item transaction in stores such as item receive, item
issue & report generation such as stock statement, issue register & receive register etc. This Software will help in
automating all the process like receiving and issuing application in stores.
Developed the Inventory Management System for ERP Implementing in Manufacturi...sushil Choudhary
This paper deals with development of inventory management system for a manufacturing Industry. The developed software System is easy to use, less time consuming & all detail about the inventory items & transaction status. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software presents a frame work for organizations to better utilize their processes. The report is about windows based application. The Front-end is developed using Visual Basic. A visual programming environment provides all features that are required to develop graphical user interface as ready to use components. The programmer does not have to write code to create and display commonly required user-friendly features each time around. The Backend used is SQL server database that ensures total security and no data loss or corruption. The database management systems are warehouses of information, where large amount of data can be stored. The Reports are developed using Crystal Report. Crystal Reports is the standard reporting tool for Visual Studio .NET. It brings the ability to create interactive, presentation-quality content; to the .NET platform. Crystal report is an integral part of the Visual Studio .NET environment. The main idea of this paper is to handle the all details of inventory management system. In this software package has been developed to smoothen the processing of item transaction in inventory such as item receive, item issue & report generation such as stock statement, issue register & receive register etc. This Software will help in automating all the process like receiving and issuing application in inventory. Key Words: ERP, Inventory management, Front-end Database SQL, Back end- Visual basic
Current Advanced Research Development of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM): ...sushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used nonconventional
precise material removal processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a process for
shaping hard metals and forming deep complex shaped holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electroconductive
materials. Erosion pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the
electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in
presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to improve
EDM Process parameters such as Electrical parameters, Non-Electrical Parameters, tool Electrode based
parameters & Powder based parameters. This new research shares the same objectives of achieving more
efficient metal removal rate reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews the
research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM, Water in EDM, dry
EDM, and Powder mixed electric Discharge Machining. Within the past decade. & also briefly describing the Current Research technique Trend in EDM, future EDM research direction.
Current Research development in Dry Electric Discharge Machining (DEDM): Revi...sushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been
recognized as an efficient production method for precision
machining of electrically conducting hardened materials.
EDM in gaseous media is one of the fastest growing branches
among institutions involved in the research and development
of EDM as green manufacturing process Dry EDM is an
environmental friendly machining process were liquid
dielectric fluid is replaced by gaseous dielectric fluids. Present
& past performance of dry EDM process using various types
of gases & their mixtures as dielectric medium. The main
objective is to study the effect of pulse-on time, pulse-off time,
gap voltage, open voltage, servo voltage, discharge current;
polarity, pulse width, duty factor, gas or air pressure,
electrode rotation speed on Material removal Rate (MRR),
Surface Roughness (Ra) and Tool Wear Rate (TWR) also
discussed resulting finding condition for machining of
material depends on the optimization techniques or criteria.
Development of Dry EDM Technology enhance the
performance parameters such as material removal rate
(MRR), Low tool wear rate (TWR), thin recast layer.
Latest Research Trend of optimization Techniques in Electric Discharge Machin...sushil Choudhary
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non
conventional machining process which can be used to
machine electrically conductive work piece. The
electric discharge machine provides an effective
solution for machining hard conductive materials and
reproducing complex shapes. EDM involves the
phenomena such as: spark initiation, dielectric
breakdown, and thermo-mechanical erosion of metals.
High cost of non conventional machine tools,
compared to conventional machining, Optimization is
one of the techniques used in manufacturing process
area to arrive for the best manufacturing conditions,
which is an essential need for industries towards
manufacturing of quality products at lower cost. In
this paper various optimization technique such as
Taguchi method, artificial neural network (ANN),
Genetic Algorithms (GA), grey relational analysis
(GRA), Response Surface Methodology (RSM) used
in the field of electric discharge machining process.
The main objectives of optimization are to (i)
maximize the material removal rate (MRR), (ii)
minimize the surface roughness value and (iii)
maximize the tool wear ratio.
In the last decades, industrial automation has become a driving force in all production systems. Technologies and architectures have
emerged alongside the growing organizational structures of production plants. Industrial automation plays an important role in industrial and manufacturing environment. Industrial automation means automatically control of industrial appliances which save money, time also reduce human efforts. Automation devices such as controllers and data systems and/or services. Systems and methods are provided that receive statements or other unit of data interaction from an automation device, provide the statements to an appropriate system or service for processing, and optionally return a response such as a result set. In this paper brief study about the automation, level of automation, Industrial automation and types of industrial automation etc.
Latest development of cloud computing technology, characteristics, challenge,...sushil Choudhary
Cloud computing is a network-based environment that focuses on sharing computations, Cloud computing networks access to a shared pool of configurable networks, servers, storage, service, applications & other important Computing resources. In modern era of Information Technology, the accesses to all information about the important activities of the related fields. In this paper discuss the advantages, disadvantages, characteristics, challenge, deployment model, cloud service model, cloud service provider & various applications areas of cloud computing such as small & large scale (manufacturing, automation, television, broadcast, constructions industries), Geographical Information system (GIS), Military intelligence fusion (MIS), business management, banking, Education, healthcare, Agriculture sector, E-Governance, project planning, cloud computing in family etc. Keywords: Cloud computing, community model, hybrid model, Public model, private model
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.5, No.5, 2014
68
Design and Develop of Sea Wave Power Plant
Ravinder Singh
Mechanical Engineering Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, 263145
Pantnagar, India E-mail: ravinder.singh.me@gmail.com
Rajiv Suman (Corresponding author)
Mechanical Engineering Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, 263145
Pantnagar, India. E-mail: raje.suman@gmail.com
Sushil kumar Choudhary
Production Engineering Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, 263145
Pantnagar, India. E-mail: sushil_think@rediffmail.com
Sonika Chauhan
Ph.D. Scholar, Mechanical Engineering, Homi Bhabha National Institute, 400094 Mumbai,
India. E-mail: sonika.chauhan.me@gmail.com
Abstract
The energy of sea waves can be absorbed by wave energy converters in a variety of manners, but in every case
the transferred power is highly fluctuating in several time-scales, especially the wave-to-wave or the wave group
time-scales. In most devices developed or considered so far, the final product is electrical energy to be supplied
to a grid. This paper discusses the use of sea wave energy with the help of oscillating column. The mechanism
converts the wave energy in to electrical power by converting the oscillating motion of waves in to rotary
motion. Using compression ring we can store the power produced by the impact. This stored energy can be
utilized in other strokes. The sea, which covers three quarters of the world’s surface, has been little utilized to
meet the peoples’ energy needs.
Keywords: Wave Energy, Oscillating Column, Floating Column, Wave Spectrum, Pelton Turbine.
1. INTRODUCTION
When the wind blows over the sea surface it generates waves with a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and speeds. It
is difficult to relate the complicated surface of ocean waves to the much simpler wave forms studied by
mathematicians, but the larger waves that dominate the pattern agree with the theory: the longer the time interval
between successive wave crests (the period), the greater the interval distance between successive wave crests
(the wavelength) and the greater the wave speed. The wave speed is proportional to the period; the wavelength to
the square of the period. Typically, the period of a long swell wave is 20 seconds, its length 624 m (2,040 ft), and
its speed, 31.2 m/sec (102.3 ft/sec); a swell wave has a period of 10 seconds, a length of 156 m (510 ft), and a
speed of 15.6 m/sec (51 ft/sec); and a wind sea wave has a period of 7 seconds, a length of 76 m (246 ft), and a
speed of 10.9 m/sec (35.7 ft/sec). Waves in bays have rather shorter periods of about 3 seconds, and are 14 m (45
ft) long, with a speed of 4.7 m/sec (15.4 ft/sec); and ripples on ponds have periods of 0.5 seconds, and are 0.4 m
(1.3 ft) long, with a speed of 0.8 m/sec (2.6 ft/sec).
The wave height of the dominant waves (the vertical distance between a trough and the next crest) is more
difficult to understand. It is controlled mainly by the strength of the wind, the time for which it has been
blowing, and the fetch, which is the length of water over which the wind has blown. In the open sea the fetch is
often long, and the strong winds of a depression blowing for a long time can generate long, high wind waves.
These travel in various directions (mainly in the same direction as the wind) until they leave the area of strong
winds. The development of the wave spectrum in relation to wind speed and fetch is now reasonably well
understood; given good meteorological wind forecasts, computer models can produce useful forecasts of wave
conditions. Their output can be checked against visual observations by mariners, against instruments on some
research ships and on buoys, and against wave heights obtained using a radar altimeter in an orbiting satellite.
Waves get their energy from the wind: some of it is dissipated in whitecaps and turbulence, while some travels to
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the coast to be dissipated in breakers and in generating area) and thereafter travel as swell, which is the term used
for a wave that is no longer under the influence of the wind. As the swell waves travel away from the generating
area, the energy of the waves with the largest wavelength and longest period travels fastest (at half the wave
speed), and therefore arrives first at a distant coastal wave-measuring station. By monitoring the time at which
the slower swell waves arrive, the distance to the generating area can be estimated. It is found that swell waves
can be detected at large distances from where they were generated. Some have been found to travel almost half-
way round the world.
Conditions in the generating area are more difficult, because of the effects of the wind and of waves breaking to
form whitecaps as a result of air bubbles in the water. Useful results can be obtained by treating the ever-
changing surface as the sum of a large number of non-interacting, simple waves. Methods are available for
sorting out a complicated pattern into its component parts, by assessing the energy (and sometimes the direction
of travel) associated with simple waves of a given period. A diagram of wave energy against the period or, more
commonly, against the reciprocal of the period (1/period), the frequency, is known as a wave spectrum.
Friction on the shore. To convert some of this wave energy to electricity is an attractive possibility and several
types of mechanical devices have been designed to make use of wave power. However, as the engineering
problems are considerable, none is yet in routine operation.
When the swell from wind waves has a wavelength less than the water depth, it is known as a short wave. There
are many other classes of wave on and in (and at the boundaries) of the oceans, notably the long waves, which
are those whose wavelength is greater than the water depth. The speed of travel of long waves does not depend
on their wavelength but only on the water depth. Long waves are found on many scales from the oscillations of
sea-level scales in harbors and bays to the extremes of the ocean wide tides. An important example is tsunami.
These are long waves, generated by undersea earthquakes that cross the ocean at high speed (typically 200 m/sec
(654 ft/sec)). There is an international tsunami warning system as, although they are not noticed by ships at sea,
they can have devastating effects when they reach land—especially oceanic islands.
2. Power from Wave Energy
A progressive wave is a wave whose crest line moves in the direction of propagation of wave. The wave repeats
after a period. The direction of propagation is perpendicular to the crest line. For calculation, a certain width is
selected arbitrarily. An ocean wave is assumed to be sinusoidal wave having certain frequency (f), wave length
(λ) period, amplitude (a), velocity etc. All these parameters characterize the wave.
The potential energy,
PE=1/4Da λ W g
Where, D=density of water
W=width along crest line
g=acceleration due to gravity
The Kinetic energy,
KE = 1/4Da λ W g
Energy density = 1/2a g
Power density = 1/2a f λ D g
2.1. Methodology
We are going to utilize the energy of sea wave with the help of oscillating column. Our project consist a base like
structure on which fluid will flow with decreasing cross section of jet so that maximum velocity can be obtained.
This high velocity jet will strike the column and it will start oscillating about a point. This oscillation can be
converted into one side rotation with the help of gear arrangement. Hence we can generate electric power with
the help of alternator. Using compression ring we can store the power produced by the impact of jet to water
column. This stored energy can be utilized in other strokes.
2.2. Observation wave data
We use the buoy data from Japan “SATA Cape”, “Fukue Island” and Korea “Cheju Island” to validate the
simulated wave data. Buoy data from Japan “SATA Cape” and “Fukue Island” [2Japan Meteorogical Agency,
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2009] mainly includes hourly SWH and wave period, with the time range from January 2005to the present. And
the “SATA Cape” station siteis31.051N,130.751E, the “FukueIsland” station site is 32.751N, 128.611E. Buoy
data from Korea “Cheju Island” [3Korea Meteorogical Agency, 2009] mainly includes hourly SWH, wave period
and sea surface wind speed, available from January 2006 to the present. The station site is 33.081N, 126.031E.[1
etal 1988-2009]
• Factors affecting the suitability of the Site for sea wave power plant.
• For economical power production the minimum tide range is 4.6m or more.
• Silt index of water should be as small as possible to avoid the siltation trouble.
• The site should not create interruption to the shipping traffic running through the estuary otherwise the
cost of the plant will increase as locks are to be provided.
• The waves should be generated at the regular time interval.
3. Model description and configuration:
The setup for converting the wave energy into electrical energy consists of many components. These
components plays very important role in this energy conversion from mechanical to electrical energy. Some of
the major components are discussed here.
3.1. Major Components of Mechanism:
Base
Oscillating Column
Clutch
Key
Bearing
Compression spring
Flywheel
Bevel gearing
Alternator
Alternator Shaft
Lever
3.1.1 Base
Base is the structure on which fluid flow with decreasing cross section. Base will be made up of concrete
structure on which metal plate will be imposed for smooth fluid flow. It will decrease the resistance to fluid flow.
We can also use a series base structure for more than one oscillating column.
Fig .1: Base Structure
3.1.2 Oscillating Column
Oscillating column is very important part. It will utilize the sea wave power and oscillate about a fixed point.
Weight of column is very important factor to be considered in designing process. If the weight of column is
very low the speed of oscillation will be high but torque produced will be low. And if weight is very high speed
of oscillation will be low. And large power will be required to oscillate the column.
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Fig.2 FLOATING Column with Keyway Arrangement
The force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet (Fx) = Rate of change of momentum in the
direction of force
Fx = (initial momentum-final momentum)/time = mass (initial velocity-final velocity)/time.
The fluid comes out in the form of waves with some pressure. This high velocity wave will exert some force on
oscillating wave. This force is obtained from Newton second law of motion or from impulse momentum
equation. We can calculate the angle of oscillation.
Consider a wave coming out with a velocity v and striking the column which is hinged at O. Due to the force
exerted by the waves on the column, the column will swing through some angle about the hinge.
Fig.3: Impact of Jet on a Hinge Column
Let x=distance from hinge O where the wave strikes.
Θ=angle of swing about hinge
W= weight of column
The dotted lines shows the position of the column before the waves strike the column .the point A on the column
will be A’ after the waves strikes the column. The distance OA=OA’=x. let the weight of the column is acting at
A’. When the column is in equilibrium after the waves strike the column, the moment of all the forces about the
hinge must be zero. Two forces are acting on the column.[4 R.K Bansal 2009]
Force due to waves normal to the plate
Fn = ρ a v sin Θ’
Where Θ’= angle between waves and column= (90 – Θ)
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Weight of the plate W
Moment of the force about hinge
Fn * OB= ρ a v sin (90-Θ)*OB
= ρ a v cosΘ*(OA/ cosΘ)
= ρ a v X
Moment of weight W about hinge
W*OA’ sin Θ=W* X* sin Θ
For equilibrium of the column
ρ a v X= W* X* sin Θ, (sin Θ= ρ a v /W)
3.1.3 Clutch
A clutch is a machine member used to connect a driving shaft to a driven shaft so that the driven shaft maybe
started or stopped at will, without stopping the driving shaft. The use of a clutch is mostly found in automobiles. A
little consideration will show that in order to change gears or to stop the vehicle, it is required that the driven shaft
should stop, but the engine should continue to run. It is, therefore, necessary that the driven shaft should be
disengaged from the driving shaft. The engagement and disengagement of the shafts is obtained by means of a
clutch which is operated by a lever. [6 R.S.Kurmi etal 2010]
3.1.4 Key
Key is used to connect the oscillating column with alternator shaft. Depending on the force exerted and strength
of the key one or multiple key may be used. We know that key should be attached jet would impact on column
and anticlockwise motion of column will be transmitted to the alternator shaft. Lever attachment will be used to
connect and disconnect the key and bevel gear. [6 R.S.Kurmi etal 2010]
3.1.5 Compression spring
The thrust power produced by sea wave will be very large and it is very necessary to store this energy for further
strokes of oscillation. Hence to absorb excess energy compression springs are used. Compression spring
compress due to force exerted by column and then release this stored energy back to column.
Fig.4 Compression spring
Diameter, pitch and length of spring should be carefully calculated on the base of force exerted on spring. And
on the bases of data the deflection of the spring can be calculated by this formula. [6 R.S.Kurmi etal 2010]
Deflection = 8WD3
n/Gd4
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And hence we can also calculate the energy absorbed by helical spring is
Energy absorbed = ½(W x deflection)
Fig.5 Arrangement of compression spring
3.1.6 Flywheels
A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir which stores energy during the period when the supply of
energy is more than the requirement and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than
supply.
In case of steam engines, internal combustion engines, reciprocating compressors and pumps, the energy is
developed during one stroke and the engine is to run for the whole cycle on the energy produced during this one
stroke. For example, in I.C. engines, the energy is developed only during power stroke which is much more than the
engine load, and no energy is being developed during suction, compression and exhaust strokes in case of four
stroke engines and during compression in case of two stroke engines. The excess energy developed during power
stroke is absorbed by the flywheel and releases it to the crank shaft during other strokes in which no energy is
developed, thus rotating the crankshaft at a uniform speed. A little consideration will show that when the
flywheel absorbs energy, its speed increases and when it releases, the speed decreases. Hence a flywheel does
not maintain a constant speed ,it simply reduces the fluctuation of speed.
In machines where the operation is intermittent like punching machines, shearing machines, riveting
machines, crushers etc., the flywheel stores energy from the power source during the greater portion of the
operating cycle and gives it up during a small period of the cycle. Thus the energy from the power source to the
machines is supplied practically at a constant rate throughout the operation. [6 R.S.Kurmi etal 2010]
3.1.7 Bevel gear
We know that anticlockwise motion of column will be transmitted to the alternator shaft through key. And after
striking to the compression ring column will come back in Clockwise direction hence this clockwise direction
motion should be converted into anti- clockwise direction. For this purpose we are using bevel gears as used in
differential gear of car. Thus when the oscillating column comes back after striking to compression spring the
key will be disconnected and with the help of lever system the bevel gear will be attached at the same time and
the reverse direction motion of the column will be converted into anticlockwise direction and hence
unidirectional motion will be obtained to the alternator shaft. [6 R.S.Kurmi etal 2010] [7 R.S.Kurmi etal 2009]
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Fig.6..conversion of direction of rotary motion by bevel gears
Fig.7 bevel gear mechanism
3.1.8Alternator
An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of
alternating current. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field but linear alternators are occasionally used. In
principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small rotating
machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. Alternators in power stations driven by
steam turbines are called turbo-alternators. Alternators generate electricity by the same principle as DC
generators, namely, when the magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor.
Typically, a rotating magnet called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron
core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF, as the mechanical input
causes the rotor to turn. The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often there are
three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces three phase currents,
displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.
The rotor magnetic field may be produced by induction (in a "brushless" alternator), by permanent magnets (in
very small machines), or by a rotor winding energized with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The
rotor magnetic field may even be provided by stationary field winding, with moving poles in the rotor.
Automotive alternators invariably use a rotor winding, which allows control of the alternator generated voltage
by varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing
current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, owing to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent
magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC
generators are usually larger machines than those used in automotive applications.
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Fig.8 working principle of alternator
The generated emf per phase of alternator can be calculated by this equation.
Erms/phase = 2.22fΦZ volt.
f = frequency = NP/120
Φ = flux per pole in Webbers
Z = no of conductor or coil sides in series per phase
P = no of poles
N = rotor speed
3.1.9 Alternator Shaft
A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another. The power is
delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant torque set up within the shaft permits the power
to be transferred to various machine linked up to the shaft. In order to transmit the power from one shaft to
another, the various members such as pulley, gears etc are mounted on it. In other words we may say that a shaft
is used for the transmission of torque and bending moment. The various members are mounted on the shaft by
means of keys and spines.
3.1.10 Lever arrangement
A lever is a rigid rod or bar capable of turning about a fixed point called fulcrum. It is used as a machine to lift a
load by the application of a small effort. The ratio of load lifted to the effort applied is called mechanical
advantage. Sometimes, a lever is merely used to facilitate the application of force in a desired direction. A lever
may be straight or curved and the forces applied on the lever (or by the lever) may be parallel or inclined to one
another. The principle on which the lever works is same as that of moments.
Consider a straight lever with parallel forces acting in the same plane as shown. The points A and B through
which the load and effort is applied are known as load and effort points respectively. F is the fulcrum about
which the lever is capable of turning. The perpendicular distance between the load point and fulcrum (l1) is
known as load arm and the perpendicular distance between the effort point and fulcrum (l2) is called effort arm.
According to the principle of moments,
W × l 1= P × l 2 or
w/p=l1/l2
i.e. Mechanical advantage,
M.A. = W / P = l2 /l1
The ratio of the effort arm to the load armi.e.l2 /l1 is called leverage.
A little consideration will show that if a large load is to be lifted by a small effort, then the effort arm should
be much greater than the load arm. In some cases, it may not be possible to provide a lever with large effort
arm due to space limitations. Therefore in order to obtain a great leverage, compound levers may be used. The
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compound levers may be made of straight pieces, which may be attached to one another with pin joints. The
bell cranked levers may be used instead of a number of jointed levers. In a compound lever, the leverage is the
product of leverages of various levers. [6 R.S.Kurmi etal 2010]
4. Working principle
Our project works on the same principle as the pelton turbine works with a difference that there is not a
continuous jet striking on multiple blades but there is a high wave impact force striking on a single bladed
oscillating column. We know that in pelton turbine rotate continuously in one direction after the jet strike the
blade but here the impact force applied by high velocity jet will be utilized to rotate the output shaft.
Fig.9 working modal view
Fig. 10 working modal with bevel gear
As in fig.4 when the high velocity waves strike the blade the oscillating column will move with its maximum
velocity in anticlockwise direction at this time the centrifugal clutch on output shaft is engaged with oscillating
column hence the power is transmitted to the output shaft with the help of clutch. As the oscillating column
strike to the compression spring the compression spring will store the energy and during this time the clutch will
also disengage with the output shaft and at the same time bevel gear will be engaged with the output shaft with
the help of lever arrangement. Hence when the compression spring will thrust back the oscillating column the
clutch will disengage and bevel gear will be engaged hence the clockwise rotation will also convert into
anticlockwise rotation hence the output shaft will rotate in one direction.
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Fig. 11 Attachments
Hence this mechanical energy produced with the help of sea wave can be utilized to produce electrical energy or
for pumping water. We know that there are several other methods utilizing the sea wave power but this project
will generate more power. And the problem of silt is also reduced a lot because there is only single blade and can
be easily replaced. Here the utilization of sea wave power is maximum because the sea wave thrust power is
directly converted into mechanical energy with the help of oscillating column.
5. Conclusion
In the present era, conventional energy resources are limited on the earth, these resource are very expensive. So
it is essential to utilize non conventional energy resources for power generation, we know that sea is the large
sources of energy. Sea wave power plant is the technique of utilizing the sea wave energy and converting it into
the electrical energy. We are using oscillating column to convert the wave power to oscillate motion and with the
help of gear and key we convert oscillatory motion into unidirectional rotary motion, this rotational energy into
the electrical energy with the help of alternator. The advantages of sea wave power plant are given below:
It is small in size comparative to the conventional power plant. It does not create the pollution. But there are
some limitations of this plant like establishing the plant at the beach of the sea is very difficult, it need advance
technology which will increase its initial cost. It is also difficult to predict the sea wave generation and interval
of successive sea waves, which is the main limitation of this plant.
6. Future scope
The biggest problem we are facing at the present scenario is development at the cost of hurting our dear
environment, because we need to generate certain alternatives so that we can fight against the odds and also have
sustainable development i:e keeping in view the need for the future. As we know the earth has 2/3rd
of its portion
covered up with water so definitely we too have shore and thus the sea wave power plant comes into play with
certain advantages that stands unique from rest of the power plant.
It has a tremendous scope at low level production n large level production too.
Its non conventional source of energy.
It has great scope for further modification.
Its output can be used for numerous machines for improving efficiency.
The power produced by the project may be directly utilized or stored in the battery.
The power can also be utilized to pump the water from sea to certain height and then this water can
be utilized on conventional turbine to generate power.
We can use two or three oscillating column to have certain angle difference so that
continuous power can be generated. It uses the water power having humungous potential
as known.
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REFERENCES
1. Chong-wei Zheng, Jing Pan, Jia-xun Li , 1988- 2009, “Assessing the China Sea wind energy and wave
energy resources from 1988 to 2009”
2. Japan Meteorogical Agency, 2009.Observed Marine Data. <www.jma.go.jp/jma/ indexe.html>
(accessed 06.03.09).
3. Korea Meteorogical Agency, 2009. Observed Marine Data. <www.kma.go.kr/
weather/warning/status.jsp> (accessed 12.05.09).
4. R.K. Bansal, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines (Laxmi Publications Pvt, New Delhi, 2009).
5. R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta, Machine Design (Eurasia Publishing House Pvt, S.Chand, New Delhi, 2010).
6. R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta, Theory of machines (Eurasia Publishing House Pvt, S.Chand, New Delhi,
2010).
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