Research is the heartbeat of science
A research problem refers to a difficulty which a researcher or a scientific community or an industry or a government organization or a society experiences
In all field of endeavors, several problems exist which have reference to pure, applied or action research
Problem identification involves spotting and uncovering a phenomenon, understanding its source and crystallizing its implication
Research is the heartbeat of science
A research problem refers to a difficulty which a researcher or a scientific community or an industry or a government organization or a society experiences
In all field of endeavors, several problems exist which have reference to pure, applied or action research
Problem identification involves spotting and uncovering a phenomenon, understanding its source and crystallizing its implication
The presentation describes the phenomenological research in detail. The presentation describes how one can apply phenomenological research in Education
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
It talks about the different types of validity in assessment.
* Face Validity
* Content Validity
* Predictive Validity
* Concurrent Validity
* Construct Validity
Types of Variables - Independent, Dependent ,Extraneous ,Intervening ,ModeratorSahin Sahari
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Types of Variables
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Intervening/Mediating Variable
Extraneous Variable
Moderator variable
Independent Variable
Variable that is presumed to influence other variable
It is the presumed cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed effect.
Dependent Variable
Variable affected by the independent variable
It responds to the independent variable.
Example
âHow stress affects mental state of human beings?â
Independent variable ----- Stress
Dependent variable ---- mental state of human
beings You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those stress levels change mental state.
Intervening/Mediating Variable
It is a variable whose existence is inferred but it cannot be measured.
Example
âHigher education typically leads to higher incomeâ
Higher education----(independent variable)
Higher income----(dependent variable)
Better occupation---- intervening variable
It is causally affected by education and itself affects income.
Extraneous Variable
Extraneous variables are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables an experimenter is examining.
Example
âAn educational psychologist has developed a new learning strategy and is interested in examining the effectiveness of this strategyâ
The experimenter randomly assigns students into two groups. All of the students study text materials on a biology topic for thirty minutes.
One group uses the new strategy and the other uses a strategy of their choice.
Then all students complete a test over the materials.
Extraneous variable ------ pre-knowledge of the biology topic
Moderator variable
It is a type of an independent variable that may not be the main focus of the study
It is a characteristics of individuals or of treatment variables that may result in an interaction between an independent variable and other variables
It may modify the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
Example
when dealing with any research question, gender may affect them.
Test Assembling (writing and constructing)Tasneem Ahmad
Â
Test Assembling (writing and constructing)
Sentence completion
Short answer questions
True false, alternate choice and matching questions
Directions for the test
WWW.TASNEEMKHOKHAR1280@GMAIL.COM
hypothesis and type of hypothesis is explained with appropriate examples
Hypotheses and type of hypotheses are explained with appropriate examples
Research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis etc
The presentation describes the phenomenological research in detail. The presentation describes how one can apply phenomenological research in Education
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
It talks about the different types of validity in assessment.
* Face Validity
* Content Validity
* Predictive Validity
* Concurrent Validity
* Construct Validity
Types of Variables - Independent, Dependent ,Extraneous ,Intervening ,ModeratorSahin Sahari
Â
Types of Variables
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Intervening/Mediating Variable
Extraneous Variable
Moderator variable
Independent Variable
Variable that is presumed to influence other variable
It is the presumed cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed effect.
Dependent Variable
Variable affected by the independent variable
It responds to the independent variable.
Example
âHow stress affects mental state of human beings?â
Independent variable ----- Stress
Dependent variable ---- mental state of human
beings You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those stress levels change mental state.
Intervening/Mediating Variable
It is a variable whose existence is inferred but it cannot be measured.
Example
âHigher education typically leads to higher incomeâ
Higher education----(independent variable)
Higher income----(dependent variable)
Better occupation---- intervening variable
It is causally affected by education and itself affects income.
Extraneous Variable
Extraneous variables are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables an experimenter is examining.
Example
âAn educational psychologist has developed a new learning strategy and is interested in examining the effectiveness of this strategyâ
The experimenter randomly assigns students into two groups. All of the students study text materials on a biology topic for thirty minutes.
One group uses the new strategy and the other uses a strategy of their choice.
Then all students complete a test over the materials.
Extraneous variable ------ pre-knowledge of the biology topic
Moderator variable
It is a type of an independent variable that may not be the main focus of the study
It is a characteristics of individuals or of treatment variables that may result in an interaction between an independent variable and other variables
It may modify the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
Example
when dealing with any research question, gender may affect them.
Test Assembling (writing and constructing)Tasneem Ahmad
Â
Test Assembling (writing and constructing)
Sentence completion
Short answer questions
True false, alternate choice and matching questions
Directions for the test
WWW.TASNEEMKHOKHAR1280@GMAIL.COM
hypothesis and type of hypothesis is explained with appropriate examples
Hypotheses and type of hypotheses are explained with appropriate examples
Research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis etc
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
Research and experimental development (R&D)
Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications
Research is defined as a systematic and scientific process to answer questions about facts and the relationship between facts. It is an activity involved in seeking answers to unanswered questions.
by Mr. Javaid Ahmad Mir
PPISMP TSLB1124 Topic 5b Preparation for Play.pptxYee Bee Choo
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his course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 5b discusses the preparation needed for staging a play.
PPISMP TSLB1124 Topic 5a Introduction to Play.pptxYee Bee Choo
Â
This course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 5 introduces:
- Types of Play: comedy, tragedy, tragicomedy and melodrama
- Elements of Play: literary, technical and performance
PPISMP TSLB1124 Topic 4 Novella âHeart of Darknessâ.pptxYee Bee Choo
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This course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 4 includes a discussion of the novella "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad.
PPISMP TSLB1124 Topic 3 Short story âThe Yellow Wallpaperâ.pptxYee Bee Choo
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This course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 3 includes a discussion of the short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman.
PPISMP TSLB1124 Topic 2 Poem âHope is the Thing with Feathersâ.pptxYee Bee Choo
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This course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 2c includes a discussion of the poem "Hope is the thing with Feathers" by Emily Dickinson.
This course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 2b includes a discussion of the poem "Suicide Note" by Janice Mirikitani.
This course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 2a includes a discussion of the poem "A Poison Tree" by William Blake.
PPISMP TSLB1124 Topic 1 Overview of Literature.pptxYee Bee Choo
Â
This course "Literary Studies in English" (TSLB1124) is offered in the second semester of the preparatory programme for the students of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) in the Institute of Teacher Education in Malaysia. Topic 1 includes:
- Literary genres
- Literary elements
- Literary devices
PISMP TSLB3193 Topic 4b 21st Century Literacy (Visual).pptxYee Bee Choo
Â
Developing sense of design, ability to create, amendment, reproduction of images, (digital and others)
- Communicating information in a variety of forms
- Appreciating the masterworks of visual communication
PISMP TSLB3193 Topic 4a 21st Century Literacy (Digital).pptxYee Bee Choo
Â
Performing tasks in digital environment
â˘Reading and interpreting media (text, sound, images)
â˘Reproducing data and images through digital manipulation
â˘Evaluating and applying new knowledge gained from digital environments
⢠Reading multiple texts
⢠Reading from a resistant perspective
⢠Examining multiple perspectives
⢠Producing counter texts
⢠Taking social action
⢠Repositing oneself as a researcher of language (i.e. multimodality)
â˘Questioning and problematising texts
This is a KPPB (Kapasiti Pedagogi Pembelajaran Bermakna) presentation by the lecturer on the three intradisciplinary courses: Multiliteracies (TSLB3193), English for Academic Purposes (TSLB3023), and Multicultural Literature (TSLB3203).
Pembentangan ini adalah berkaitan dengan tatacara permohonan Pensyarah Cemerlang IPG. Link YouTube pembentangan ini boleh diakses daripada https://youtu.be/x4BPzd5NKQw
This is a KPPB (Kapasiti Pedagogi Pembelajaran Bermakna) presentation by the lecturer on the three intradisciplinary courses: TSLB3052 (Arts in Education), TSLB3223 (Children's Literature), and TSLB3213 (Speech Communication).
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar âDigital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?â on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus âManaging screen time: How to protect and equip students against distractionâ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective âStudents, digital devices and successâ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using âinvisibleâ attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
3. Types of Research
Criteria Types
On the basis of
Objectives
Basic/
Fundamental
Research
Applied
Research
Action Research Evaluation
Research
On the Basis of
Nature of Data
Quantitative Research Qualitative research
On the basis of
Nature of
Findings
Explanatory
Research
Exploratory
Research
Descriptive Research
On the basis
Experimental
manipulations
Experimental Research Non-Experimental Research
On the basis of
approach
involved
Longitudinal Research Cross Sectional Research
4. Types of Educational Research
Basic
Research
Applied
Research
Action
Research
Evaluation
Research
5. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
Basic (aka fundamental or pure or experiment ) research is
driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific
question. The main objective is to expand man's knowledge,
not to create or invent something. The questions are not easily
answered. There is no obvious commercial value to the
discoveries that result from basic research.
It is the process of collecting and analysing information to
develop or enhance a theory.
For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to
questions such as:
⢠How did the universe begin?
⢠What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
⢠What motivates an offender to change?
⢠Why do some young people join gangs while others do not â
and why do some of those who join leave while others stay?
6. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
Salient Features:
⢠Based on the belief âKnowledge for the knowledgeâs
sakeâ.
⢠Collection and analysis of data to develop or enhance
theory
⢠Advancement of knowledge.
⢠Understanding of theoretical relationship between
variables
Examples of Learning Theories:
⢠Pavlovâs (1902) Classical Conditioning theory
(Behaviourism)
⢠Piagetâs (1958) Theory of Cognitive Development
⢠Brunerâs (1960) Constructivist Theory
⢠Vygotskyâs (1978) Theory of Sociocultural
⢠Gardnerâs (1983) Multiple Intelligences
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
Applied research refers to scientific study and research that
seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to
find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop
innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for
knowledge's sake.
It is conducted for the purpose of applying or testing theory
and evaluating its usefulness for solving problems.
As such, applied research establishes connections among
goals and objectives, actions taken and results obtained:
⢠How can we improve agricultural crop production?
⢠How to improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices?
⢠What criminal justice policies will help us reduce crime in
our area and improve public safety?
⢠How much money can we save by implementing a jail
diversion program?
13. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
Salient Features:
⢠Solve specific, practical questions
⢠Can be exploratory, but usually descriptive
⢠Involves precise measurement of the characteristics
and describes relationships between variables of a
studied phenomenon
⢠Collection and analysis of data to examine the
usefulness of theory in solving practical educational
problems
Examples:
⢠Developing a seventh grade social studies curriculum
around a problem-solving approach to learning
⢠Examining the effectiveness of a computer-based
algebra program developed around a mastery
learning approach
⢠Accommodating varied learning styles when teaching
lessons in modern literature
14. ⢠Basic / Fundamental Research â type of
research that may have limited direct
application but in which the researcher has
careful control of the conditions
⢠Applied research â type of research that has
direct value to practitioners but in which the
researcher has limited control over the
research setting
APPLIED VS APPLIED RESEARCH
15. ⢠The interaction of basic and applied research
â Basic research provides the theory that
produces the concepts for solving educational
problems
â Applied research provides the data to help
support, guide, and revise the development
theory
â Doing basic research ensures that applied
researchers do not need to reinvent the wheel
every time they start on a new project, because
the groundwork has been done.
APPLIED VS APPLIED RESEARCH
16. APPLIED VS APPLIED RESEARCH
Basic Research Applied Research
Domain- driven - intended to
lead theoretical development
Demand-driven â intended to
solve specific problems
Justified in terms of gaining
knowledge for its sake â they
focus on making things better
and creating a more humane
society
Designed to solve practical
problems of the modern
world
The main motivation is to
expand man's knowledge
Can take the research basic
research further based on the
results, where applicable
17. Basic Research Applied Research
Done for the intellectual
pleasure of learning
Done to test theories in the
field to achieve better validity.
Mainly concerned with
generalisations and with the
formulation of a theory
Aims at finding a solution for
an immediate problem facing
a society
Directed towards finding
information that has broad
base of applications
The central aim is to discover
a solution for some pressing
practical problem
APPLIED VS APPLIED RESEARCH
18. Basic Research Applied Research
No commercial value
attached to the discoveries
that result from basic
research.
There is commercial value,
e.g. research to improve
agricultural crop production
Analytic Synthetic
Involves a search for enduring
or general truths
Entails a search for
pragmatics solutions to
particular problems
Exploration Entirely a pursuit of social
concerns
APPLIED VS APPLIED RESEARCH
19. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
Action Research focuses more on procedures useful in
addressing practical problems in schools and the classrooms.
It is used by teachers (or other individuals in an educational
setting) to gather data to address improvements in their
educational setting, their teaching and the learning of their
students.
âThe basic cycle of activities is identifying a general idea,
reconnaissance, general planning, developing the first action
step, implementing the first action step, evaluation, revising
the general planâ (Kurt Lewin Model: Spiral of Cycles).
For example, educators may seek to:
⢠address and solve local, practical problems, such as a
classroom-discipline issue.
⢠empower, transform, and emancipate individuals in
educational settings.
20. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
Action research is any systematic inquiry done by teacher
researchers, principals, school counselors, or other
stakeholders in the teaching/learning environment to gather
information about how their particular schools operate, how
they teach, and how well their students learn (Mills, 2014).
âAction research is simply a form of self-reflective enquiry
undertaken by participants in social situations in order to
improve the rationality and justice of their own practices, their
understanding of these practices, and the situations in which
the practices are carried outâ (Carr and Kemmis 1986).
21. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
⢠It is a process for studying practical problems of social
studies.
⢠It is a scientific procedure for finding out a practical solution
of current problem.
⢠The practitioner can only study his problem.
⢠It is a personal research for clinical research work.
⢠The focus is to improve and modify the current practices.
⢠The individual and group problems studied by action
research.
⢠It does not contribute to the fund of knowledge.
22. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
ACTION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
EVALUATION RESEARCH
Evaluation research sometimes is referred to as assessment or
appraisal research, and even as social accounting. It provides
an evaluation on an on-going programme.
Evaluation is concerned with answering questions about issues
that arise in everyday practice. It is concerned with making
decisions about the quality, effectiveness, or value of
programmes, products, processes, practices, systems,
organisations, personnel, and policies.
Evaluation therefore answers questions like:
⢠Does it work?
⢠Does it do what we want it to?
⢠How well does it work?
⢠Does it work for the reasons we think it does?
⢠How much does it cost per benefit gained?
⢠Does it have side effects?
23. Basic Research Applied Research Evaluation
Research
Nature of
the
problem
New knowledge of a
phenomenon is being
sought so as to
establish general
principles with which
it can be explained.
Application of
scientific knowledge
to understand
phenomenon and
developing remedial
strategies.
Assessing
outcome of
intervention, or
the outcome of
current practice.
Goal of
research
To produce new
knowledge or
discover relationships
and the capacity to
predict outcome
under various
conditions.
To secure the
information that can
be immediately
applicable.
To provide
cost/benefit
accounting of an
intervention,
programme or
policy.
FOCUS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
24. Basic Research Applied Research Evaluation Research
Guiding
theory
Hypothesis testing to
provide
reinforcement for a
theory under
investigation.
Selection of
theory or intuitive
hunches to
explore the
phenomenon.
Selection of a theory
to fit the problem
under investigation.
At times findings may
be related to a new
theory or an
established one.
Appropriate
technique
Theory formulation,
hypothesis testing,
sampling, data
collection, statistical
treatment of data,
validation of
rejection of
hypothesis.
Experiment or
non-experimental
techniques for
data collection,
analysis of data,
and drawing
inferences.
Use of conventional
technique as
appropriate to the
problem.
FOCUS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
27. 27
Research generates knowledge in
order to:
action change
within a
system
pave the
way for
change
build
broader
understanding
Basic
or pure
research
Action researchApplied /
evaluative
research
participatory/
emancipatory
technical/
practical
emancipate
through
action
28. TUTORIAL 2
⢠In groups, discuss on a topic you can work for one of
the following types of research:
1. Basic research
2. Applied research
3. Action research
4. Evaluation research
⢠Explain why you want to carry out the research
according to the topic you have selected.
29. ⢠Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Education,
knowledge and action research. London: Falmer Press.
⢠Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple
intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
⢠Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of
Social Studies, 2(4), 34-46.
⢠Mills, G.E. (2014). Action research: A guide for the teacher
researcher. (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
⢠Pavlov, I. P. (1897/1902). The work of the digestive glands. London:
Griffin.
⢠Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking from childhood to
adolescence. AMC, 10, 12.
⢠Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher
psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
References
Editor's Notes
When students discover learning by themselves, it increases their responsibility to learn on their own and motivation to learn more.