Predicting the amount of electricity produced in a power plant is very important for today’s economy.
Oven Power (MW), Boiler Input Gas Temperature, Superheated Steam Amount, ID-Fan Speed, Feeding
Water Tank data affect the electricity production.
The development of solar energy gas coupling system (scada) in buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The system mainly use wall-mounted gas boiler and give priority in use of solar energy in order to maximize the utilization of solar resources. The excess heat will be added to domestic water when the heat for floor radiant heating is enough. The PLC of Siemens is set as slave computer in the monitoring system and it is used to collect thermal parameters such as temperature, flow rate, etc. by temperature sensors, pressure sensors and flow rate sensors. WinCC is set as the host computer to monitor the operating conditions of the entire system. Real-time tracing, monitoring and alarming function can be achieved based on the SQL database, which has realized archive management of the date. The system has been debugged after the whole experiment platform is completed, and the running state of the system shows that this system has high reliability and good stability. Keywords: Solar Energy, Gas, PLC, WinCC, Database
1) A group of students designed and built a solar water heater for a class project with a $30 budget. They built a parabolic trough design out of coroplast and an emergency blanket.
2) Testing of the device found that it reached a temperature of 86°C, lower than the predicted 120°C due to wind and non-ideal conditions not accounted for in the model.
3) The students concluded that the experimental data was more reliable than the theoretical predictions, and that the project provided valuable experience with applying classroom concepts to real-world design constraints.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energypaperpublications3
Abstract: The global increasing demand for refrigeration in field of refrigeration, food preservation, storages, medical services, and cooling of electronic devices, led to production of more electricity and consequently more release of CO2 all over the world which it is contributing factor of global warming on climate change. With the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and disposal of Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Thermoelectric refrigeration is new alternative because it can convert waste electricity into useful cooling, is expected to play an important role in today's energy challenges. It does not require working fluids or any moving parts, which is friendly to the environment and it simply uses electrons rather than refrigerants as a heat carrier. Continuous efforts are given by researchers for development of thermo electric materials with increase figure of merit may provide a potential commercial use of thermoelectric refrigeration system.
In this work it has been identified that there is enormous scope to develop TER system running on solar energy and its performance evaluation along with mathematical modeling. Mathematical results can be correlate by performing experimental test set up. Present paper especially focuses on evaluation of numbers of thermoelectric cooling module; heat sink fan assembly for each module which is used to increase heat dissipation rate and time required for attaining the cooling of heat sink fan assembly after a solar power is applied.
Study of Thermoelectric Air Conditioning for AutomobilesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the study of using thermoelectric air conditioning for automobiles as an alternative to traditional HVAC systems. It begins by introducing thermoelectric modules, which can act as heat pumps using the Peltier effect to produce a temperature difference when current flows through them. Unlike traditional HVAC systems, thermoelectric air conditioning does not require compressors or pumps. The document then discusses the methodology, working principles based on the Peltier and Seebeck effects, configuration of thermoelectric modules, and aims to introduce a new HVAC system using thermoelectric modules to overcome disadvantages of existing systems such as environmental impact, energy efficiency, and cost.
This paper presents the comparison temperature of thermoelectric (Tec1-12708) between the series circuit and parallel circuit by adjusting of water flow rate pump and electrical supplying to thermoelectric, The electrical voltage at 8,10 and 12 V, water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 0.025 kg/s. Experiments perform were 6 hours. The result from the researches, thermoelectric with parallel circuit high temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit. The parallel circuit of thermoelectric can work better than the series circuit in hot side. The different temperature hot side of parallel circuit with the electrical voltage at 8, 10 and 12 V water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s temperature average is 22.44 oC, 22.90 oC, 29.86 oC, and water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s temperature average is 20.67 oC, 26.66 oC, 27.69 oC. Thermoelectric with parallel circuit makes the higher temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit about 33%, 37%, 44% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 30%, 40%, 41% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s.
electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
This document provides contact information for Wattco's offices in Belgium, Canada, Singapore, and the United States. It then summarizes Wattco's immersion heaters, which directly heat liquids with minimal energy loss. Wattco offers custom and pre-built immersion heaters for any industry. Immersion heaters can be configured for different applications and come in models like tank, flanged, circulation, and over-the-side heaters. The document discusses the efficiency and cost advantages of electric immersion heaters over alternatives like gas heaters.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Thermo Acoustic RefrigeratorIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a thermoacoustic refrigerator. Some key points:
1. Thermoacoustic refrigeration uses sound waves to alternately compress and relax gas particles in a tube, transferring heat without moving parts.
2. The refrigerator consists of a resonator tube containing a stack of closely spaced surfaces through which a sound wave oscillates. Heat is transferred between the gas and stack surfaces.
3. Experiments investigated different stack geometries and materials to optimize heat transfer and the refrigerator's performance. Temperature sensors measured the temperature difference created.
The development of solar energy gas coupling system (scada) in buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The system mainly use wall-mounted gas boiler and give priority in use of solar energy in order to maximize the utilization of solar resources. The excess heat will be added to domestic water when the heat for floor radiant heating is enough. The PLC of Siemens is set as slave computer in the monitoring system and it is used to collect thermal parameters such as temperature, flow rate, etc. by temperature sensors, pressure sensors and flow rate sensors. WinCC is set as the host computer to monitor the operating conditions of the entire system. Real-time tracing, monitoring and alarming function can be achieved based on the SQL database, which has realized archive management of the date. The system has been debugged after the whole experiment platform is completed, and the running state of the system shows that this system has high reliability and good stability. Keywords: Solar Energy, Gas, PLC, WinCC, Database
1) A group of students designed and built a solar water heater for a class project with a $30 budget. They built a parabolic trough design out of coroplast and an emergency blanket.
2) Testing of the device found that it reached a temperature of 86°C, lower than the predicted 120°C due to wind and non-ideal conditions not accounted for in the model.
3) The students concluded that the experimental data was more reliable than the theoretical predictions, and that the project provided valuable experience with applying classroom concepts to real-world design constraints.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energypaperpublications3
Abstract: The global increasing demand for refrigeration in field of refrigeration, food preservation, storages, medical services, and cooling of electronic devices, led to production of more electricity and consequently more release of CO2 all over the world which it is contributing factor of global warming on climate change. With the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and disposal of Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Thermoelectric refrigeration is new alternative because it can convert waste electricity into useful cooling, is expected to play an important role in today's energy challenges. It does not require working fluids or any moving parts, which is friendly to the environment and it simply uses electrons rather than refrigerants as a heat carrier. Continuous efforts are given by researchers for development of thermo electric materials with increase figure of merit may provide a potential commercial use of thermoelectric refrigeration system.
In this work it has been identified that there is enormous scope to develop TER system running on solar energy and its performance evaluation along with mathematical modeling. Mathematical results can be correlate by performing experimental test set up. Present paper especially focuses on evaluation of numbers of thermoelectric cooling module; heat sink fan assembly for each module which is used to increase heat dissipation rate and time required for attaining the cooling of heat sink fan assembly after a solar power is applied.
Study of Thermoelectric Air Conditioning for AutomobilesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the study of using thermoelectric air conditioning for automobiles as an alternative to traditional HVAC systems. It begins by introducing thermoelectric modules, which can act as heat pumps using the Peltier effect to produce a temperature difference when current flows through them. Unlike traditional HVAC systems, thermoelectric air conditioning does not require compressors or pumps. The document then discusses the methodology, working principles based on the Peltier and Seebeck effects, configuration of thermoelectric modules, and aims to introduce a new HVAC system using thermoelectric modules to overcome disadvantages of existing systems such as environmental impact, energy efficiency, and cost.
This paper presents the comparison temperature of thermoelectric (Tec1-12708) between the series circuit and parallel circuit by adjusting of water flow rate pump and electrical supplying to thermoelectric, The electrical voltage at 8,10 and 12 V, water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 0.025 kg/s. Experiments perform were 6 hours. The result from the researches, thermoelectric with parallel circuit high temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit. The parallel circuit of thermoelectric can work better than the series circuit in hot side. The different temperature hot side of parallel circuit with the electrical voltage at 8, 10 and 12 V water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s temperature average is 22.44 oC, 22.90 oC, 29.86 oC, and water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s temperature average is 20.67 oC, 26.66 oC, 27.69 oC. Thermoelectric with parallel circuit makes the higher temperature more than thermoelectric with series circuit about 33%, 37%, 44% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.015 kg/s and 30%, 40%, 41% water flow rate in reservoir was 0.025 kg/s.
electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
This document provides contact information for Wattco's offices in Belgium, Canada, Singapore, and the United States. It then summarizes Wattco's immersion heaters, which directly heat liquids with minimal energy loss. Wattco offers custom and pre-built immersion heaters for any industry. Immersion heaters can be configured for different applications and come in models like tank, flanged, circulation, and over-the-side heaters. The document discusses the efficiency and cost advantages of electric immersion heaters over alternatives like gas heaters.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Thermo Acoustic RefrigeratorIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a thermoacoustic refrigerator. Some key points:
1. Thermoacoustic refrigeration uses sound waves to alternately compress and relax gas particles in a tube, transferring heat without moving parts.
2. The refrigerator consists of a resonator tube containing a stack of closely spaced surfaces through which a sound wave oscillates. Heat is transferred between the gas and stack surfaces.
3. Experiments investigated different stack geometries and materials to optimize heat transfer and the refrigerator's performance. Temperature sensors measured the temperature difference created.
The study is aimed to determine the measurement of sensor tool made in Model Real Time Hybrid LFG-PV-Genset by finding the correction factor produced at TPA Bontang City, East Borneo. The research was conducted by using ampere clammeter, variable voltage regulator, thermometer, odalog7000 series. The calculation results show that the calibration test of Model Real Time Hybrid LFG-PV-Genset from MQ4 sensor data that has been designed capable of having errors of 1,91% and the LM35 temperature sensor is capable of monitoring tempertures of 30°C to 120°C and has an error value of 0,519°C. ZMPT 101B voltage sensor has a linear output change to input changes and has an average error of 1.499V. While the current sensor SCT 013 has an aerage error value of 0,0022A CO2.
This document presents a heat response model for a phase layered topology in a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system. The PVT system is constructed to maximize electrical energy generation through fast removal of heat from PV modules. A new phase layered topology uses combinations of aluminum plates and heatsinks to transfer heat from PV modules to a thermal container. The heat transfer through each layer is investigated with and without water as a coolant. Experimental results show the PV temperature is reduced by around 10 degrees Celsius with this system, which is critical for improving PV performance by reducing wasted thermal energy and increasing electrical energy conversion efficiency.
The document compares the experimental performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator to a vapor compression refrigerator. It finds that for 325 ml of water cooled from 32°C to below 6°C:
- In the commercial refrigerator's freezer compartment, the water temperature decreased linearly with time, taking 61 minutes to reach 6°C.
- In the thermoelectric refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with time, taking 69 minutes to reach 6°C.
- For most of the cooling time, the thermoelectric refrigerator cooled at a faster rate than the commercial refrigerator.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Storage water heaters typically use electricity, natural gas, oil or propane as an energy source. They have large storage capacities of 20-80 gallons that can supply high flow rates of hot water for limited periods. However, they are inefficient due to standby and distribution heat losses. Residential buildings in the US Pacific Northwest were found to have average standby energy consumption of 1200 kWh/yr for storage water heaters. More efficient options include direct vent gas heaters and condensing boilers.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
IRJET- Heat Transfer Enhancement Analysis of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing heat transfer in the receiver tubes of parabolic trough solar collectors. The receiver tubes experience non-uniform heat flux around the periphery from the concentrated solar radiation, resulting in large temperature gradients. The study numerically simulates turbulent flow and heat transfer in receiver tubes with staggered pin fins on the inside surface. It is found that pin fins improve performance over a plain tube by increasing surface area and turbulence. Higher pin fins result in greater heat transfer but also higher pressure drop. The best performing design has pin fins 12mm in height, balancing increased heat transfer with pressure penalties.
Solar air conditioning uses solar power through photovoltaic conversion of sunlight to electricity, geothermal cooling, or passive cooling methods. Photovoltaic systems can power conventional or absorption cooling systems for small residential or commercial buildings. Earth sheltering and cooling tubes can reduce cooling needs by taking advantage of stable underground temperatures. Geothermal heat pumps exchange heat with the ground through water circulating in closed loops to improve air conditioning efficiency. Passive solar techniques like building orientation and shading can reduce cooling loads through natural ventilation and heat transfer principles without active solar thermal systems.
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat pump system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. It first provides background on heat pumps and their operation. It then describes using fuzzy logic to determine thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, which are important for heat pump performance simulation and optimization. Next, it outlines using a genetic algorithm to optimize parameters of an air-source heat pump system with R-404a refrigerant. Fuzzy logic was employed to predict refrigerant properties for use in the genetic algorithm optimization of the heat pump system design. The approach showed potential for simplifying heat pump system optimization.
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
Building Energy 2014: PV and Heat Pumps by Fortunat Muellerfortunatmueller
Presentation on the possibilities for Net Zero building using a combination of Grid Tied PV and Ductless Mini Split heat pumps. from Building Energy 2014 Tuesday seminar
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Exergy analysis of magnetic refrigerationManoj maurya
The document discusses magnetic refrigeration and exergy analysis of magnetic refrigeration cycles. It explains the magnetocaloric effect and how magnetic fields can be used to achieve cooling via adiabatic demagnetization. Key equations presented include those relating the magnetocaloric effect to changes in magnetic field and temperature. The document also summarizes the reversible Brayton refrigeration cycle used in magnetic refrigeration and equations for the exergy efficiency and exergy destroyed. Major breakthroughs in 1997 that accelerated progress in the field are noted. In closing, the summary states that magnetic refrigeration provides an effective and efficient cooling method and has improved significantly since initial work in the 1920s-1930s.
The document discusses heat pump systems and compares their costs to traditional heating methods. It provides cost comparisons for heating domestic hot water and swimming pools using electric heaters, gas boilers, solar heaters, and air-to-water heat pump systems. The heat pump systems can cut heating and cooling costs by up to 70% and pay for themselves within 3 years through energy savings. They also provide free cooling and heating of domestic water in addition to primary heating/cooling functions. Installation examples of heat pump systems are shown for various projects in Dubai, the UK, and Spain.
This document presents information on a thermoelectric refrigerator. It includes an abstract that describes how thermoelectric modules can be used to produce refrigeration without CFCs. It then discusses the principles of thermoelectric refrigeration including the Peltier effect. It provides descriptions of the key components of the refrigerator like the thermoelectric module, heat sinks, fans, and temperature indicator. It also includes specifications, power calculations, comparisons to normal refrigerators, advantages, applications and concludes that thermoelectric refrigerators are portable, compact and environmentally friendly alternatives for some cooling applications.
The document summarizes an experimental and theoretical study of heat transfer by natural convection of a commercially available heat sink used for cooling an electronic chip. Experiments were conducted where electrical heating was used to supply heat to the heat sink and temperature measurements were taken at different locations. A theoretical 2D model was also developed using finite volume discretization to model heat transfer through the base plate. Heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the experimental temperatures and compared to theoretical predictions. The study aimed to analyze heat transfer of the heat sink and compare experimental and theoretical temperature results.
In present scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some demerits. It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC's which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to existence of earth. Even the percentage of HFCs are emitted into the atmosphere compared to CO2 is negligible but its global warming effect is few thousand times of CO2. The effect of 100 gm of HFC can destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. These HFCs once destroy O3 layer; it takes hundreds of years to recover its thickness as it is formed by complex reactions. This is because as HFCs comes in environment, they remain in atmosphere for 18 years. The capacity of HFCs to increase in earth temperature 10% is contributed by HFC's only. That leads to the emergence of finding an alternative of the conventional HVAC system, i.e. thermo-electric cooling and heating system.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
The document describes a hybrid solar still system that uses both evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC) and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to generate electricity and heat water. Eight ETSCs collect solar energy and heat water in a storage tank. Eight TEG modules are mounted above the ETSCs, with their hot sides facing the heated storage tank and cold sides exposed to air. This creates a temperature difference across the TEGs to generate electricity via the Seebeck effect. The system provides both electric power and hot water from solar energy without emissions. Experimental results showed increasing voltage, current, and power output from the TEGs as the temperature difference increased over the course of a sunny day.
The study is aimed to determine the measurement of sensor tool made in Model Real Time Hybrid LFG-PV-Genset by finding the correction factor produced at TPA Bontang City, East Borneo. The research was conducted by using ampere clammeter, variable voltage regulator, thermometer, odalog7000 series. The calculation results show that the calibration test of Model Real Time Hybrid LFG-PV-Genset from MQ4 sensor data that has been designed capable of having errors of 1,91% and the LM35 temperature sensor is capable of monitoring tempertures of 30°C to 120°C and has an error value of 0,519°C. ZMPT 101B voltage sensor has a linear output change to input changes and has an average error of 1.499V. While the current sensor SCT 013 has an aerage error value of 0,0022A CO2.
This document presents a heat response model for a phase layered topology in a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system. The PVT system is constructed to maximize electrical energy generation through fast removal of heat from PV modules. A new phase layered topology uses combinations of aluminum plates and heatsinks to transfer heat from PV modules to a thermal container. The heat transfer through each layer is investigated with and without water as a coolant. Experimental results show the PV temperature is reduced by around 10 degrees Celsius with this system, which is critical for improving PV performance by reducing wasted thermal energy and increasing electrical energy conversion efficiency.
The document compares the experimental performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator to a vapor compression refrigerator. It finds that for 325 ml of water cooled from 32°C to below 6°C:
- In the commercial refrigerator's freezer compartment, the water temperature decreased linearly with time, taking 61 minutes to reach 6°C.
- In the thermoelectric refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with time, taking 69 minutes to reach 6°C.
- For most of the cooling time, the thermoelectric refrigerator cooled at a faster rate than the commercial refrigerator.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Storage water heaters typically use electricity, natural gas, oil or propane as an energy source. They have large storage capacities of 20-80 gallons that can supply high flow rates of hot water for limited periods. However, they are inefficient due to standby and distribution heat losses. Residential buildings in the US Pacific Northwest were found to have average standby energy consumption of 1200 kWh/yr for storage water heaters. More efficient options include direct vent gas heaters and condensing boilers.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
IRJET- Heat Transfer Enhancement Analysis of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing heat transfer in the receiver tubes of parabolic trough solar collectors. The receiver tubes experience non-uniform heat flux around the periphery from the concentrated solar radiation, resulting in large temperature gradients. The study numerically simulates turbulent flow and heat transfer in receiver tubes with staggered pin fins on the inside surface. It is found that pin fins improve performance over a plain tube by increasing surface area and turbulence. Higher pin fins result in greater heat transfer but also higher pressure drop. The best performing design has pin fins 12mm in height, balancing increased heat transfer with pressure penalties.
Solar air conditioning uses solar power through photovoltaic conversion of sunlight to electricity, geothermal cooling, or passive cooling methods. Photovoltaic systems can power conventional or absorption cooling systems for small residential or commercial buildings. Earth sheltering and cooling tubes can reduce cooling needs by taking advantage of stable underground temperatures. Geothermal heat pumps exchange heat with the ground through water circulating in closed loops to improve air conditioning efficiency. Passive solar techniques like building orientation and shading can reduce cooling loads through natural ventilation and heat transfer principles without active solar thermal systems.
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat pump system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. It first provides background on heat pumps and their operation. It then describes using fuzzy logic to determine thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, which are important for heat pump performance simulation and optimization. Next, it outlines using a genetic algorithm to optimize parameters of an air-source heat pump system with R-404a refrigerant. Fuzzy logic was employed to predict refrigerant properties for use in the genetic algorithm optimization of the heat pump system design. The approach showed potential for simplifying heat pump system optimization.
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
Building Energy 2014: PV and Heat Pumps by Fortunat Muellerfortunatmueller
Presentation on the possibilities for Net Zero building using a combination of Grid Tied PV and Ductless Mini Split heat pumps. from Building Energy 2014 Tuesday seminar
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Country Sectors - Advanced ThermodynamicsMostafa Ghadamyari
This document outlines sectoral energy and exergy analysis procedures. It discusses how energy, exergy, and entropy concepts apply to thermodynamic systems and can be used to analyze macrosystems like societies. The document then provides an example of analyzing Turkey's residential/commercial sector, showing the steps to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies for applications like space heating and cooking. Finally, it discusses analyzing Turkey's industrial sector, dividing energy usage into process categories and examining industries like iron-steel production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Exergy analysis of magnetic refrigerationManoj maurya
The document discusses magnetic refrigeration and exergy analysis of magnetic refrigeration cycles. It explains the magnetocaloric effect and how magnetic fields can be used to achieve cooling via adiabatic demagnetization. Key equations presented include those relating the magnetocaloric effect to changes in magnetic field and temperature. The document also summarizes the reversible Brayton refrigeration cycle used in magnetic refrigeration and equations for the exergy efficiency and exergy destroyed. Major breakthroughs in 1997 that accelerated progress in the field are noted. In closing, the summary states that magnetic refrigeration provides an effective and efficient cooling method and has improved significantly since initial work in the 1920s-1930s.
The document discusses heat pump systems and compares their costs to traditional heating methods. It provides cost comparisons for heating domestic hot water and swimming pools using electric heaters, gas boilers, solar heaters, and air-to-water heat pump systems. The heat pump systems can cut heating and cooling costs by up to 70% and pay for themselves within 3 years through energy savings. They also provide free cooling and heating of domestic water in addition to primary heating/cooling functions. Installation examples of heat pump systems are shown for various projects in Dubai, the UK, and Spain.
This document presents information on a thermoelectric refrigerator. It includes an abstract that describes how thermoelectric modules can be used to produce refrigeration without CFCs. It then discusses the principles of thermoelectric refrigeration including the Peltier effect. It provides descriptions of the key components of the refrigerator like the thermoelectric module, heat sinks, fans, and temperature indicator. It also includes specifications, power calculations, comparisons to normal refrigerators, advantages, applications and concludes that thermoelectric refrigerators are portable, compact and environmentally friendly alternatives for some cooling applications.
The document summarizes an experimental and theoretical study of heat transfer by natural convection of a commercially available heat sink used for cooling an electronic chip. Experiments were conducted where electrical heating was used to supply heat to the heat sink and temperature measurements were taken at different locations. A theoretical 2D model was also developed using finite volume discretization to model heat transfer through the base plate. Heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the experimental temperatures and compared to theoretical predictions. The study aimed to analyze heat transfer of the heat sink and compare experimental and theoretical temperature results.
In present scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some demerits. It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC's which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to existence of earth. Even the percentage of HFCs are emitted into the atmosphere compared to CO2 is negligible but its global warming effect is few thousand times of CO2. The effect of 100 gm of HFC can destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. These HFCs once destroy O3 layer; it takes hundreds of years to recover its thickness as it is formed by complex reactions. This is because as HFCs comes in environment, they remain in atmosphere for 18 years. The capacity of HFCs to increase in earth temperature 10% is contributed by HFC's only. That leads to the emergence of finding an alternative of the conventional HVAC system, i.e. thermo-electric cooling and heating system.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
The document describes a hybrid solar still system that uses both evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC) and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to generate electricity and heat water. Eight ETSCs collect solar energy and heat water in a storage tank. Eight TEG modules are mounted above the ETSCs, with their hot sides facing the heated storage tank and cold sides exposed to air. This creates a temperature difference across the TEGs to generate electricity via the Seebeck effect. The system provides both electric power and hot water from solar energy without emissions. Experimental results showed increasing voltage, current, and power output from the TEGs as the temperature difference increased over the course of a sunny day.
Analysis of Induction Generator for Geothermal Power Generation Systemijtsrd
Nowadays, renewable energy sources contribute approximately twenty five percent of the world electricity supply. The challenge is the inevitable increase in energy consumption in the world with the risk of a major environmental impact and climate change as a results of the combustion of fossil fuels. Therefore, renewable energy has a very important role to play in the near future. Geothermal Power is one of the renewable energy sources, but it is largely ignored in favor of wind and solar energy. However, geothermal power is reliably predictable years in advance for power generation unlike wind and solar energy. Besides, it is convenient to supply the electricity sufficiently for rural and coastal areas which are far from national grid. The appropriate steam turbine to use in geothermal power plant is carefully selected. More importantly, the design calculation of a 0.5 MW, 6 poles induction generator is calculated in detail in order to generate electrical power concerned with the geothermal ranges of coastal areas in Myanmar. Geothermal power plant operations tend to be of three general kinds dry stream plants and flash plants, applied to high energy resources, and binary plants. Aung Myo Naing "Analysis of Induction Generator for Geothermal Power Generation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26756.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26756/analysis-of-induction-generator-for--geothermal-power-generation-system/aung-myo-naing
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck EffectIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The document discusses a waste heat recovery system for sinter coolers in steel plants. Sinter coolers produce large amounts of exhaust heat during the steel production process. The proposed system recovers sensible heat from the exhaust gases of sinter machines and coolers through heat recovery hoods. The captured heat is used to generate steam in a heat recovery boiler, which then generates electricity through a turbine and generator. Recovering waste heat in this way improves energy efficiency, reduces carbon emissions, and can help meet increasing global energy demands.
This document provides a summary of Maneeshkumar Shukla's 4-week summer training at the 3x210 MW Anpara 'A' Thermal Power Station in Anpara, Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It includes an acknowledgement of those who supported the training, a certificate of completion signed by the supervising engineer, and sections describing the power production process involving coal handling, combustion, steam generation, turbine operation, and water management at the facility.
Explore the dynamic world of #PowerPlants with this comprehensive presentation. Delve into the various types of power plants, including fossil fuel, renewable energy, and nuclear. Gain insights into the processes that generate electricity to power our modern world. From turbines to transformers, understand the key components that make these plants efficient sources of energy. Discover the environmental considerations and technological advancements shaping the future of power generation.
Hardware Implementation of Steam Power PlantIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: There is a silent revolution throughout the world in energy sector. There is a trend towards decentralized and distributed generation of renewable energy. The steam power plants are highly capital intensive and suitable for generation of electricity. The work of establishing the steam power plant is really revolutionary and it will create history of total change of transforming highly centralized capitalist tool beneficial to the entire world. Steam power plant consists of Boiler, Turbine and generator which can be used for electrification of village and community. Steam power can be used directly exhaust steam of the steam turbine can be used for heating in the process. So steam power plants give double benefits. The steam power plant is using steam as working fluid. Steam is produced in a boiler using LPG as fuel and is used to drive the prime motor, namely, the steam turbine. In the steam turbine, heat energy is converted into mechanical energy which is used for generating electric power. Generator is an electro-magnetic device which makes the power available in the form of electrical energy. The temperature, pressure and output voltage are monitored by using lab view software programming, and the controlling can be done by DAQ cord. The parameters interface with the Data acquisition card MCC DAQ for monitoring purpose by means of graphical programming. The resulting models allow the implementation of various system of plant configuration.
This document discusses thermoelectric generators (TEGs) and their ability to directly convert thermal energy into electric power through the Seebeck effect. It describes how TEGs work using three key elements: a heat exchanger to absorb heat, thermoelectric modules to generate electricity from a temperature difference, and a heat sink to dissipate additional heat. The document also examines common TEG materials like bismuth telluride and challenges like low thermal efficiency around 4%, as well as applications in recovering waste heat from power plants, automobiles, and other systems.
IRJET - An Experimental Evaluation of Automobile Waste Heat Recovery System u...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated an automobile waste heat recovery system using a thermoelectric generator. The study aimed to recover waste heat from two-wheeler vehicle silencers, which are typically dissipated as heat to the environment. A proof-of-concept model was developed using thermoelectric generators and heat pipes to convert the simulated hot air into electrical power. The results indicate that waste heat from vehicle exhausts, which currently contributes to pollution and energy inefficiency, can be harnessed via thermoelectric generators to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.
EXPERMENTATIONAL DATA ANALYSIS OF CHIMNEY OPERATED SOLAR POWER PLANTIAEME Publication
Now a days because of high amount environmental pollution, energy production based on nonconventional energy sources is on top priority. Solar energy is the most import energy source which is available in abundant but not explored much. Among the various solar technology available, solar chimney is one of the novel technology which is simple technology with very few number of parts. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a small scale model of solar chimney power plant in central India. Solar chimney power plant consist of three parts which are chimney, collector and generator. The input parameters considered in this work are chimney height, chimney diameter, collector diameter, inlet and out air flow height from collector. The density variation, air velocity, temperature distribution and mass flow rate are considered as output parameters for the analysis of flow in solar chimney. The maximum value of mass flow rate recorded inside the chimney was 16.o4kg/s. It is determined that there is much variation of temperature and mass flow rate as compared to density of air inside the solar chimney.
IRJET- Comparsion of Heat Transfer Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger wit...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study comparing heat transfer in a double pipe heat exchanger with and without a phase change material (PCM). Cynamide, which melts at 44°C, was used as the PCM. Hot water at 33°C and cold water at 20°C were circulated through the heat exchangers. Temperatures were recorded every 15 minutes. With the PCM, heat transfer increased when its melting temperature was reached, as the PCM absorbed heat during its phase change. The maximum heat transfer and effectiveness occurred in the setup with the PCM pipe, showing around a 20% increase in effectiveness compared to the setup without PCM. Equations for determining the heat transfer rate, maximum
IRJET- Review on Electric Power Generation by use of IC Engine Exhaust Therma...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using thermoelectric modules to convert waste heat from internal combustion (IC) engine exhaust into electrical energy. Thermoelectric modules utilize the Seebeck effect to directly convert temperature differences into electricity.
2) An experimental setup was designed where thermoelectric generators were attached to the exhaust manifold of an IC engine. The hot side of the generators was in contact with the hot exhaust gases, while the cold side was attached to an aluminum heat sink. This generated a small amount of electricity.
3) Different materials are used for thermoelectric generators depending on the desired operating temperature range. Bismuth telluride alloys can be used to convert lower temperature waste heat from IC engines into electricity.
Battery charging using thermoelectric generation module in automobileseSAT Journals
Abstract
The idea of this project is to utilise the waste heat energy being generated in automobiles. It involves the trapping of heat energy being generated from the heat source in vehicles and convert to electrical energy which can be used for many appliances. The heat energy and the temperature from the heat source is being sensed by the thermocouple and is converted to electrical energy by a device called Thermoelectric Generator which works on Seebeck effect. The electric potential produced in thermoelectric generator is boosted by the boost converter thereby increasing the magnitude of voltage, required for charging battery. Further, the battery is connected to run the auxiliary appliances in the system.
Keywords: Thermocouple; Thermoelectric Generator; Seebeck effect, Boost converter
performance evaluation of mhd renewable energy source for electric power gene...EECJOURNAL
Electrical energy is very vital in recent times and modern living. In the day-to-day running of businesses and homes, we need energy at least to power our appliances. In south-eastern geopolitical zone of Nigeria, we have coal, oil and gas in abundance. MHD electrical power generation technology is one the technologies many developing countries apply to alleviate electrical power problems. This work therefore studied some MHD configurations that will perform optimally best with reference to the available coal and gas in southern Nigeria. These naturally available resources can be harnessed towards boosting electrical power generation. The study investigated the performance of different plant configurations based on open-cycle MHD generators fed with coal and gas. The power plants analysis has been performed by developing an integrated model required to characterize mass and energy balances of each system component and the electro-magnetic equations needed to solve the energy balance in the MHD generator. System efficiency was achieved by considering the IG-MHCC, B plant configuration where a high temperature heat recovery level has been introduced.
Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of particles in a substance. Thermal energy increases with temperature and mass. Thermal power plants convert heat energy from combustion of fuels like coal into electrical energy. They are major sources of electricity but also pollute the environment. Improving efficiency and using techniques like flue gas heat recovery and dry coal can reduce their environmental impact.
EVALUATION OF ENERGY LOSS IN GEOTHERMAL PIPING SYSTEM [IIGCE 2016] (Repaired)Mahendra Kuntoaji
This document summarizes a study evaluating heat loss in the piping system of the Wayang Windu Geothermal Field in Indonesia. The study found that insulation on the steam pipes is damaged, allowing heat to escape and reducing electricity production. Calculations were done to determine the heat loss and potential generation losses at different air velocities and insulation conditions. The financial loss from reduced electricity production due to heat loss through damaged insulation was estimated to be around $99,781 per year based on the selling price of electricity.
This document is a project report submitted by Sushant Kumar summarizing his one month vocational training at the Kanti Bijlee Utpadan Nigam Limited power plant. The report provides an overview of the plant's operations including the processes of generating electricity from coal, the main boiler and turbine components, and control systems used. It also describes the milling system for pulverizing coal and the light up process for initially igniting the coal furnace.
Internship Report on thermal power station in vizag steel plantAbhishek Kumar
This document provides information about a study of power generation and distribution at a thermal power plant in Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. It discusses the key components of the thermal power plant including five water tube boilers that produce steam at 101 atmospheres of pressure and 540 degrees Celsius. The steam powers five steam turbines coupled to generators with a total installed capacity of 286.5 MW. The document outlines the processes of coal combustion in the boilers, steam generation, power generation using steam turbines, and distribution of power within the steel plant. It also discusses operational aspects like load management and limits of the turbo generators.
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Recent Advancement and Patents of the Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticlespeertechzpublication
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in
pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specifi city with adherence of ligands has now become
the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
release of drug at lymphatic system, entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in lipoidal core led to the
avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic
polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal
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accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer
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Vibrational Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Newly Synthesized Ga...peertechzpublication
The gallium(III) complex of orotic acid (HOA) was synthesized and its structure was determined
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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Nitro-Mannich Bases Derived fr...peertechzpublication
The present work focused on exploring the reactivity of β-nitrostyrene towards Mannich reaction
with different approaches. The synthesized nitro-Mannich bases were tested as antimicrobial agents
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Recent Structure Activity Relationship Studies of 1,4-Benzodiazepinespeertechzpublication
Structure activity relationship studies of 1,4-benzodiazepines have been discussed especially
with their effects as antianxiety and anticonvulsants. The currently available benzodiazepines are
associated with various side effects. Nowadays the purpose of these studies is to minimize side effects
with these drugs. A very little alteration is possible on the benzene ring while the modification can be
done on the diazepine ring. It can adopt the different conformations and in some cases some aromatic
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Microwave Irradated Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation for their Antibacterial and Larvicidal Activities of some Novel Chalcone and Isoxazole Substituted 9-Anilino Acridines
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scientists to leave their experimental results all over the years
as footsteps for followers to walk on.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis cause severe disease of lungs known as Tuberculosis. It is a major cause
of morbidity and mortality even in the emerging countries also. However, to prepare an antibiotics drug against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major challenge
Mini tablets are solid dosage forms with a diameter ≤ 3 mm and separated into subunits of conventional
tablets. Production methods are similar to standard tablets, but the only difference is the use of multiple
punches. They have advantageous for use in patients suffering from swallowing difficulty and receiving multiple drug treatment.
Drug-Drug interactions (DDI) is a serious clinical issue. An important mechanism underlying of DDI, is
induction or inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters that mediate metabolism, cellular uptake and efflux of xenobiotics. DDI cannot be avoided in many cases, as they belong to routine medical practice.
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specificity with adherence of ligands has now become the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
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avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal In vitro and In vivo results are highlighted in this paper. In this review most advanced researches and accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer hybrid particles under one umbrella.
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
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This document summarizes an exploratory modeling study of mega-tsunamis that could have been triggered by giant submarine landslides in the Mediterranean Sea during the Late Pleistocene period. The study models three specific landslide events: the BIG'95 landslide which deposited 26 km3 off the Ebro continental slope 11.5 thousand years ago, the Herodotus Basin Megaturbidite which deposited 400 km3 in the eastern Mediterranean around 27.1 thousand years ago, and the Nile delta fan landslide SL2 which deposited around 500 km3 around 110 thousand years ago. The modeling uses numerical simulations based on shallow water equations to study the potential tsunamis generated by these landslide events, including propagation
This document presents a new method for detecting corrosion in pipelines based on measuring natural frequencies. The method uses Rayleigh's Law to relate changes in natural frequency to the location and degree of corrosion damage. Finite element models are used to validate the method. The models show that measuring the first and second natural frequencies can accurately determine both where corrosion is located and how severe it is, as indicated by the reduction in bending stiffness. The accuracy depends on having a reasonable estimate of the length of the corroded region. This new natural frequency method provides a simple way to detect pipeline corrosion compared to existing techniques.
In this study, the green-lipped mussels Perna viridis were collected from a high activity sampling at
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The current study examines the generation and propagation of a Third order solitary water wave along
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wave propagation problem, here, fi rstly the meshless Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
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The growth of data and its effi cient handling is becoming more popular trend in recent years bringing
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The document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the cross-section of cold-rolled steel beams. A genetic algorithm mimics natural evolution to find optimal solutions to problems. The authors developed an adaptive genetic algorithm approach to optimize steel beam profiles that addresses three key challenges: 1) adaptive mutation control to balance exploration vs exploitation, 2) mating strategies to maintain diversity, and 3) flexible restriction handling to avoid getting stuck in local optima. Their algorithm was able to find cost-efficient beam profiles that met mechanical stability requirements.
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
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Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the
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geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110
ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP). This
paper presents an exploratory study on the tsunamigenic potential of these slides by using a numerical
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Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate, within the scope of an experimental design, to
what extent the assessment of two different settings of prepared cavities, based on video sequences,
containing digital analysis tools of the prepCheck software, as well as to what extent they deviate from one another and are reliable. Materials and Methods: For
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Milan J. Anadkat, MD, and Dale V. Reisner discuss generalized pustular psoriasis in this CME activity titled "Supporting Patient-Centered Care in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Communications Strategies to Improve Shared Decision-Making." For the full presentation, please visit us at www.peervoice.com/HUM870.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
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Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology
1. Trends in Computer Science and
Information Technology
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Citation: Szyszkowicz M (2016) Squaring the Circle Using Modified Tartaglia Method. Peertechz J Comput Sci Eng 1(1): 001-04.
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Citation: Esmeray F, Korkmaz SA (2018) Classification by Artificial Neural Network according to the values affecting Electricity Generation. Trends Comput Sci
Inf Technol 3(1): 001-004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/tcsit.000006
http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/tcsit.000006DOI
Abstract
Predicting the amount of electricity produced in a power plant is very important for today’s economy.
Oven Power (MW), Boiler Input Gas Temperature, Superheated Steam Amount, ID-Fan Speed, Feeding
Water Tank data affect the electricity production. In this article, Etikrom A.Ş. The electricity production
amount to be produced in Elazığ Etikrom A.Ş. was estimated by using the data of Oven Power (MW),
Water Inlet Gas Temperature, Steam Vapor Volume, ID-Fan Speed, Feeding Water Tank data. Electricity
generation amount is used as verification data. That is, by the k-means clustering method, the electricity
generation amount is divided into 3 classes (low, medium, and high). 3621 data including Oven Power
(MW), Boiler Input Gas Temperature, Superheated Steam Amount, ID-Fan Speed, and Feeding Water Tank
data were used after class 3 separation. With the K-means clustering method, 2742 of these data were
clustered as low electricity, 296 as medium electricity and 583 as high electricity. This clustered data was
given to the Artifical Neural Network classifier. The success rate obtained as a result of this classification
is 85.81%. Classified data were analyzed by ROC curve.
Research Article
Classification by Artificial Neural
Network according to the values
affecting Electricity Generation
Furkan Esmeray1
and Sevcan Aytaç
Korkmaz2
*
1
Electric and Energy Department, Munzur University,
Tunceli, Turkey
2
Electronic and Automation Department, Fırat
University, Elazığ, Turkey
Received: 03 April, 2018
Accepted: 12 April, 2018
Published: 18 April, 2018
*Corresponding author: Sevcan Aytaç Korkmaz,
Electronic and Automation Department, Fırat
University, Elazığ, Turkey,
E-mail:
Keywords: Classification; Artificial neural network;
K-means; Electricity generation
https://www.peertechz.com
Introduction
Nowadays, various sources are used to meet the need for
electricity. One of the ways to meet energy needs is electricity
generation with steam . Steam is the passage of water through
various stages and from liquid to gas. In this article, we describe
the transformation of electricity to electricity by generating
steam and we have examined and classified the variables
that affect the electricity production values and production
values. The data belong to the year 2017 and are registered for
every hour. We have ETİKROM A.Ş. by observing the data we
have observed in the cogeneration plant, we have observed
by classifying variables affecting electricity generation and
electricity generation. In a steam power unit; high pressure
steam boiler, high pressure steam turbine, condenser, feed
water tank, superheater. In the demineralization unit, water
with a maximum of 0.2 μS conductivity and a minimum pH of
9.4 is sent to the feed water tank.
The water temperature in the feed water tank is increased a
little. Burning of the arc furnaces with 23 MW installed power,
which is used to melt the chrome, is taken into the boiler by
vacuuming with the help of the resulting flue gas ID-Fan.
Water is circulated through the boiler with the help of pipes.
Boiler; high pressure economizer, high pressure evaporator,
high pressure superheater, high pressure steam drum. The
water in the pipes is interacted with the reverse flow by the gas
taken in. The steam obtained as hot steam in the boiler is taken
to the high pressure steam drum. The pressurized steam is
sent from the high pressure steam drum to the steam turbine.
The steam sent to the steam türbine is hot. Steam with 300 °
C and 30 bar pressure is hot and steam turbine is sent to these
specifications. Convection steam is condensed in the condenser
and the condensate is pumped back to the feed water tank by
the condenser pumps and the closed cycle is completed.
In addition, the feed water tank is kept warm continuously.
This is possible by constant steam heating from the high
pressure steam boiler. The harmful and suspended substances
in the system are taken out by the bluff tank. Synchronized
generator with steam turbine is operated and electricity
generation is provided. The amount of electricity produced
depends on some variables, from steam production, steam to
the steam turbine, and the synchronous generator connection
of the steam turbine with the help of reducers. These variables
are the oven power, the boiler gas inlet temperature, the total
amount of steam produced, the feed water tank temperature
elevated water temperature, the ID fan speed, and the ambient
temperature. If these variables are to be explained, the working
power of the furnace is directly proportional to the outlet
temperature of the furnace. That is, when the oven power is
high, the flue gas temperature is also high. Therefore, the flue
2. 002
Citation: Esmeray F, Korkmaz SA (2018) Classification by Artificial Neural Network according to the values affecting Electricity Generation. Trends Comput Sci
Inf Technol 3(1): 001-004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/tcsit.000006
gas temperature directly refers to the boiler inlet temperature,
that is, the temperature of the gas heating the water. The higher
this temperature, the better the evaporation will be. It is easier
to evaporate the water with high temperature because the
feed water is heated by preheating the water in the tank. This
means that the steam that needs to be created is easier to build.
Because the heat required to evaporate cold water is higher
than the heat that must be supplied to heat the hot water. The
higher the amount of steam produced, the higher the amount of
electricity produced. The number of active stages of the turbine
will increase and the force generated will increase in direct
proportion to the amount of steam. The ID-Fan devride affects
steam production. If the ID-Fan cycle is not adjusted according
to the flow of the flue gas, the steam production amount will
decrease. If the gas flow is low, and the ID-Fan cycle is not at
the proper value and the gas passes quickly through the boiler,
the flue gas heat will leave the boiler without passing the water
heat through the pipes, which will reduce the amount of steam.
It also affects the amount of steam production and the amount
of electricity generated at the outside temperature. When the
outdoor temperature is low, the temperature of the flue gas
in the flue gas channels will decrease. This will cause the
boiler inlet gas temperature to decrease. In addition, when the
ambient temperature is low on the steam transmission lines,
the transmission will be condensed at the surface of the line,
and the steam temperature and steam amount will decrease
accordingly.
Even if the transmission lines are not drained, the
türbine will be dismantled. On the other hand, when there
is a malfunction in the steam turbine or generator, the
superheated steam auxiliary condenser is transferred to the
hot steam generator system so that it does not stop. It does
not lose the hot steam feature on this. That is to say, electricity
is produced as a result of the closed cycle with the steam
produced depending on these variables. In addition to all these,
dust and harmful residues in the gas taken from the flue are
trapped by the filter bags. The dust and harmful debris carried
by the conveyor system to the powder silos are removed by
passing through the chemical process. At this point, the facility
becomes an environmentally friendly facility at the same time.
Also in the cogeneration plant belonging to Eti Krom A.Ş., since
there are two furnaces, there are two boilers. For this reason,
the amount of steam generated from the boiler, which is the
same, is twice as much.
There are many studies about electricity production [1-8].
However, Elazığ Etikrom A.Ş. does not have any studies that
classified by artificial neural network according to the values
affecting electricity generation. The purpose of this article is
to classification by artificial neural network according to the
values affecting electricity generation of the Etikrom A.Ş.
The novelty of this study, when studies in the literature are
examined, it is seen that k-means and Artificial neural network
are not used in together to classification Oven Power (MW),
Boiler Inlet Gas Temperature, Amount of Steaming Steam,
ID-Fan Speed, and Feeding Water Tank Datas taken from
Etikrom A.Ş. Also, Analysis Oven Power (MW), Boiler Inlet Gas
Temperature, Amount of Steaming Steam, ID-Fan Speed, and
Feeding Water Tank Datas taken from Etikrom A.Ş have been
done with ROC curve.
Theory and Method of the study are described in Section 2.
Experiment results and conclusions are explained in Section 3
and Section 4, respectively.
Theory and Method
Obtaining the data
Electricity generation datas in this article have been taken
from Etikrom A.Ş. The electricity generation datas are valid for
the first four months of 2017. It consists of total and instant
values for each hour. It consists of total and instant values for
each hour. The k-means clustering method is defined as low
electricity level between 0-2.33 MW, medium electricity level
between 2.333-2.39 MW, and high electricity level between
2.391-3.39 MW.
In this article, the proposed system for classification by
artificial neural network according to the values affecting
electricity generation taken from Elazığ Etikrom A.Ş. is shown
in figure 1.
In this article, according to the figure 2, Etikrom A.Ş. den
Furnace Power, Boiler Inlet Gas Temperature, Superheated
Steam Amount, ID-Fan Speed Speed, Feeding Water Tank,
Electricity production values were taken.
Later, only electricity generation values were clustered by
the k-means method. The values of kiln power, boiler inlet gas
temperature, superheated steam, ID-Fan speed, feeding water
tank values which are used to generate electricity by using
cluster data as verification data are used as a classification
feature. Artificial Neural Network was used as a classifier.
Then, the classification of ROC curve was analyzed.
K-means clustering algorithm
The k-means algorithm uses it intuitively to find the
center seeds for the k-median clusters. According to Arthur
Figure 1: Suggested System.
3. 003
Citation: Esmeray F, Korkmaz SA (2018) Classification by Artificial Neural Network according to the values affecting Electricity Generation. Trends Comput Sci
Inf Technol 3(1): 001-004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/tcsit.000006
and Vassilvitskii [9,10], k-means improves the working time
of the Lloyd algorithm and the quality of the final solution [9-
13]. The k-means ++ algorithm chooses the seeds as follows,
assuming that the number of clusters is k.
Step 1: Select a random observation of Z from the data 1a
set. The selected observation is the first center, designated as
. ( , )b fd z a
Step 2: Calculate 1a distances from each observation. Let
be the distance between and observation b.
Step 3: Select the next centroid, a2
at random from Z with
probability.
2
1
2
11
( , )
( , )
be
n
ff
d z a
d z a
Step 4: To choose center f: Calculate the distance of each
observation to each center and assign each observation to the
nearest center. For b = 1,...,n and p = 1,...,f – 1, select centroid p at
random from Z with probability
2
2
{ ; }
( , )
( , )
l p
b p
l pl z a
d z a
d z a
Where Ap
is the set of all observations closest to
centroid ap
and ab
belongs to Ap
.
That is, a probabilistic distance from each center must be
selected that is proportional to the distance to the nearest se-
lected center.
Step 5: Repeat step 4 until K centroids are selected. Using
a simulation study of several cluster orientations, Arthur and
Vassilvitskii [9,10] show that k-tools provide a faster conver-
gence of cluster-centric distances from square points to the
sum of a cluster set lower than Lloyd’s. algorithm [9-13].”
Experimental Results and Discussion
Electricity production amount to be produced in Elazığ
Etikrom A.Ş. was estimated by using Furnace Power (MW)
obtained from Etikrom A.Ş., Boiler Input Gas Temperature,
Superheated Steam Quantity, ID-Fan Speed Rate, Feeding.
Water Tank data. Electricity generation amount is used as
verification data. That is, by the k-means clustering method,
the electricity generation amount is divided into 3 classes (low,
medium, and high). 3621 data including Furnace Power (MW),
Boiler Input Gas Temperature, Superheated Steam Amount,
ID-Fan Speed, and Feeding Water Tank data were used after
class 3 separation. With the k-means clustering method, 2742
of these data were clustered as low electricity, 296 as medium
electricity and 583 as high electricity. This clustered data was
given to the Artifical Neural Network classifier. The success rate
obtained as a result of this classification is 85.81%. Classified
data were analyzed by ROC curve.
In table 1 is seen examples of data affecting electricity
generation. This values is determined as low-level classification
with k-means method.
Conclusion
Predicting the amount of electricity produced in a power
plant is very important for today’s economy. To date, there
are many field work for classification or clustering [14-28].
Electricity generation datas in this article have been taken from
Etikrom A.Ş. The electricity generation datas are valid for the
first four months of 2017. The k-means clustering method is
defined as low electricity level between 0-2.33 MW, medium
electricity level between 2.333-2.39 MW, and high electricity
level between 2.391-3.39 MW. Furnace Power (MW), Boiler Input
Gas Temperature, Superheated Steam Amount, ID-Fan Speed,
Feeding Water Tank data affect the electricity production. In
this article, Etikrom A.Ş. The electricity production amount to
be produced in Elazığ Etikrom A.Ş. was estimated by using the
data of Furnace Power (MW), Water Inlet Gas Temperature,
Steam Vapor Volume, ID-Fan Speed, Feeding Water Tank data.
Electricity generation amount is used as verification data.
That is, by the k-means clustering method, the electricity
generation amount is divided into 3 classes (low, medium, and
high). 3621 data including Furnace Power (MW), Boiler Input
Gas Temperature, Superheated Steam Amount, ID-Fan Speed,
and Feeding Water Tank data were used after class 3 separation.
With the k-means clustering method, 2742 of these data were
clustered as low electricity, 296 as medium electricity and
Figure 2: Display of data affecting electricity generation by ROC curve
Table 1: Examples of data affecting electricity generation taken from elaziğ
etikorom a.ş.
Furnace
Power
Boiler Inlet Gas
Temperature
Amount of
Steaming Steam
ID-Fan
Speed
Feeding Water
Tank
21 484 7,5 451 106
21,2 500 7,65 451 106
21,4 501 8,6 451 106
21,1 518 7,85 456 106
21,6 434 9,09 456 106
21,1 457 7,4 456 106
20,7 506 9,45 448 106
20,4 489 7,95 448 106
21,8 493 7 448 106
21,2 515 6,9 448 106
21,2 514 7,92 448 106