In this study, the green-lipped mussels Perna viridis were collected from a high activity sampling at
Senibong in the Straits of Johore and two relatively clean sites with fi sh aquacultural activity at Bagan
Tiang (Perak) and Sg. Semerak (Kelantan). The mussels were dissected by gender into byssus, crystalline
style, foot, gill, gonad, mantle and muscle.
This document summarizes a study that measured the biomechanical properties of skin and blubber tissue samples from Southern Resident killer whales and Dall's porpoises. The samples were tested to determine their tensile strength and stiffness using a mechanical testing machine. The results will be used to model the potential impacts of a blade strike from tidal turbines being considered for installation in Washington coastal waters. Key findings include that Dall's porpoise skin was significantly stronger than blubber, and killer whale skin strength varied with testing angle but was consistently stronger than blubber. The data will inform risk assessments of the tidal turbine project.
[23] morphometric parameters and total mercury in eggs of snowy egret (egrett...Diana Agudelo Frías
Parámetros morfométricos y mercurio total en huevos de garceta nevada (Egretta thula) de la Bahía de Cartagena y ciénaga del Totumo , al norte de Colombia
This study evaluated human gingival fibroblast and mesenchymal stem cell migration, proliferation, and membrane stiffness using perforated collagen membranes. Cells were cultured from gingival tissue and tested for surface markers. Migration was assessed using transwell assays with membranes perforated at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.7 mm. Proliferation was measured using MTT assays. Membrane stiffness was analyzed by tensile testing. Cell migration increased with larger perforations while proliferation was similar. Membranes remained stiff with perforations up to 0.7 mm. The results suggest perforated membranes could enhance regeneration by allowing cell migration but smaller pores may better prevent tissue ingrowth.
1) The study investigated the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in liquid formulation versus gel formulation on osteoblast and periodontal ligament cell proliferation and differentiation.
2) Results showed that both EMD formulations increased cell proliferation, growth factor expression, and calcium deposition similarly.
3) Future research is needed to evaluate EMD liquid formulation combined with bone grafts for periodontal regeneration compared to the gel formulation.
This study assessed whether biostimulation with a diode laser regulates cementoblast functions such as proliferation and biomineralization. Cementoblasts treated with a diode laser showed increased survival and proliferation over time compared to untreated cells. The laser-treated cells also demonstrated more mineralized nodule formation. While further studies are needed, biostimulating cementoblasts with low-level lasers may positively impact periodontal regeneration by allowing cementoblasts to remain in the area longer to aid in new attachment formation.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Radiofrequency Dielectric Dispersion P...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater ...Taqprimer institute
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based
herbicide to freshwater fishChanna punctatus(Bloch) using
micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis
This document summarizes a study that measured the biomechanical properties of skin and blubber tissue samples from Southern Resident killer whales and Dall's porpoises. The samples were tested to determine their tensile strength and stiffness using a mechanical testing machine. The results will be used to model the potential impacts of a blade strike from tidal turbines being considered for installation in Washington coastal waters. Key findings include that Dall's porpoise skin was significantly stronger than blubber, and killer whale skin strength varied with testing angle but was consistently stronger than blubber. The data will inform risk assessments of the tidal turbine project.
[23] morphometric parameters and total mercury in eggs of snowy egret (egrett...Diana Agudelo Frías
Parámetros morfométricos y mercurio total en huevos de garceta nevada (Egretta thula) de la Bahía de Cartagena y ciénaga del Totumo , al norte de Colombia
This study evaluated human gingival fibroblast and mesenchymal stem cell migration, proliferation, and membrane stiffness using perforated collagen membranes. Cells were cultured from gingival tissue and tested for surface markers. Migration was assessed using transwell assays with membranes perforated at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.7 mm. Proliferation was measured using MTT assays. Membrane stiffness was analyzed by tensile testing. Cell migration increased with larger perforations while proliferation was similar. Membranes remained stiff with perforations up to 0.7 mm. The results suggest perforated membranes could enhance regeneration by allowing cell migration but smaller pores may better prevent tissue ingrowth.
1) The study investigated the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in liquid formulation versus gel formulation on osteoblast and periodontal ligament cell proliferation and differentiation.
2) Results showed that both EMD formulations increased cell proliferation, growth factor expression, and calcium deposition similarly.
3) Future research is needed to evaluate EMD liquid formulation combined with bone grafts for periodontal regeneration compared to the gel formulation.
This study assessed whether biostimulation with a diode laser regulates cementoblast functions such as proliferation and biomineralization. Cementoblasts treated with a diode laser showed increased survival and proliferation over time compared to untreated cells. The laser-treated cells also demonstrated more mineralized nodule formation. While further studies are needed, biostimulating cementoblasts with low-level lasers may positively impact periodontal regeneration by allowing cementoblasts to remain in the area longer to aid in new attachment formation.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Radiofrequency Dielectric Dispersion P...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater ...Taqprimer institute
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based
herbicide to freshwater fishChanna punctatus(Bloch) using
micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis
Edri And Regev 2009 “Shaken, Not Stable”: Dispersion Mechanism and Dynami...edrier
This study examines the dispersion dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. The researchers investigated how BSA properties like charge and conformation affect SWNT exfoliation during sonication and subsequent recovery after centrifugation. They found that bulkier BSA conformations led to faster exfoliation and higher SWNT recovery, while higher BSA-to-SWNT ratios resulted in slower exfoliation dynamics and lower recoveries. The study links the unstable state during sonication to the stable state achieved after centrifugation removal of bundles and impurities.
Status of trace elements in mysore subjects - dr. g. nagarajgnriem
This document summarizes a study on the status of trace elements in subjects from Mysore, India. Blood, urine, scalp hair, fingernails, and teeth samples were collected from 100 male and 76 female subjects. The samples were analyzed for levels of 9 trace elements using techniques like AAS and ICP-AES. The results found lower levels of lead, copper, and iron compared to references, but higher cobalt levels, possibly due to occupational and dietary factors. Most other elements like cadmium, nickel, chromium, manganese and zinc were within normal ranges. The study provides insight into trace element levels and potential exposures and deficiencies in this population.
This document provides biographical and career information about David S. Moore. It includes his education history, with PhD and MS degrees in Pharmacology & Toxicology from the University of Kansas. It lists his appointments including director of microscopy laboratories and various research positions. It also provides details of his patents, teaching experience, and publications.
Macro–anatomical and morphometric studies of the Grasscutter (thryonomysswind...Premier Publishers
The Forelimb of the Grasscutter (Thryonomysswinderianus) was studied using 12 adult rats of both sexes with mean weights of 5167±0.2023kg and 0.8167±0.1276kg for male and female respectively. Correlation coefficient between length of each bone segment and weight of each animal revealed statistical significance (P < 0.05) in all bone segments except the manus when both sexes (n = 12) were considered signifying a positive relationship between weight of the animal and its bone size. The average total number of bones in the forelimb of the rat is 96 bones. Sexual dimorphism was not noticed. The bones of the forelimb revealed significant differences and similarities in morphology to that of other rodents and domestic animals. The Scapula presented a prominent triangular shaped metacromion and acromion process, the Humerus presented well defined head and distinct deltoid tuberosity protruding from the midshaft. The ulna and radius fuses proximally and distally leaving an expansive interosseus space. There were 8 irregularly shaped carpal bones arranged 3 proximally and 5 distally. Metacarpal and digital bones are 5 on each forelimb with the first and fifth greatly reduced with each digit presenting 3 phalanges.
This CV summarizes the academic and professional background of Paul L. Edmiston. He received his B.S. in Chemistry from Pepperdine University in 1993 and Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Arizona in 1997. He is currently a Professor of Chemistry at the College of Wooster where he conducts research exclusively with undergraduate students. He has founded a company, ABS Materials, and his research focuses on developing new hybrid organic-inorganic materials for applications including water treatment. He has received significant research funding and awards for his work developing swellable organosilica materials.
This document summarizes Jonathan Eisen's presentation on seagrass as a model system for plant microbiome studies. It describes how Eisen initially knew little about seagrasses but connected with colleague Jay Stachowicz, a seagrass expert, to learn more. They collaborated on a proposal to study the microbiomes of seagrasses. Initial studies found the microbial communities varied by tissue type, with more variation below ground. A global study by Eisen's group using the Zostera Experimental Network sampled seagrass microbiomes from sites around the world. The study found seagrass leaf microbiomes resembled local water, while roots had microbial communities enriched in sulfur metabolism.
Minor Planet Evidence for Water in the Rocky Debris of a Disrupted Extrasolar...Carlos Bella
Evidence has been found for water in the debris of a disrupted extrasolar minor planet orbiting a white dwarf star. Spectroscopic analysis of the white dwarf's atmosphere revealed an excess of oxygen that cannot be explained by oxide minerals alone, indicating the parent body was originally composed of about 26% water by mass. This demonstrates that water-bearing planetesimals can form around higher mass stars that eventually become white dwarfs. The disrupted planetesimal is the source of a circumstellar debris disk closely orbiting the white dwarf remnant.
Full Bayesian comparative biogeography of Philippine geckos challenges predic...Jamie Oaks
This document summarizes a presentation on a study that used full Bayesian comparative methods and RADseq genomic data to analyze the phylogeography of two genera of geckos in the Philippines, Cyrtodactylus and Gekko. The study found strong support for independent divergences of Cyrtodactylus populations across islands but weaker support for independent divergences in Gekko. This provides evidence against the "species pump" hypothesis that fragmentation of islands alone promoted diversification in these lizards. However, the study notes limitations including few island pairs analyzed and variation in fragmentation times among islands.
1) Multi-photon microscopy was used to characterize the intrinsic fluorescence of sickle cell disease hemoglobin (HbS). HbS demonstrated broad emission around 510 nm when excited at 800 nm.
2) MPM was able to dynamically induce and image HbS gel formation through photolysis of deoxygenated HbS. Healthy hemoglobin (HbA) remained in solution and did not form fibers under the same conditions.
3) The intrinsic fluorescence of HbS fibers could enable the study of environmental factors that impact HbS polymerization and sickling of red blood cells, which is relevant for understanding sickle cell disease.
Periodontal Regeneration- The right way forwardR Viswa Chandra
This document discusses various approaches to periodontal regeneration, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine techniques. It describes using scaffolds, growth factors, stem cells, and micrografts to promote the reconstitution of damaged periodontal tissues. Specific methods mentioned include using platelet-rich fibrin, titanium granules, or stevia gel as scaffold materials and incorporating cell types like periodontal ligament stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, and gingival mesenchymal stem cells. The document also discusses manufacturing techniques for scaffolds, such as combining collagen with fibroblast growth factor 2 or silver nanoparticles. Finally, it outlines surgical approaches to periodontal regeneration like papilla preservation flaps or using connective tissue grafts.
Comparing the Amount and Quality of Information from Different Sequencing Str...jembrown
This document compares the amount and quality of phylogenetic information from six amniote phylogenomic datasets. It finds that while median support for major relationships is often strong, there is wide variance in support, both for and against known relationships. This suggests a minimum level of systematic error. Support for turtle placement varies the most between datasets, indicating relatively little phylogenetic information about turtles compared to other amniote groups. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that phylogenomic datasets can differ substantially in information content and reliability.
“Periodontal Regeneration- New Vistas”- Guest lecture as a part of Dr NTRUHS Zonal CDE programme at SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, India on 12/3/2013 and at Meghna Dental College, Nizamabad, India on 31/7/2013.
This study compared mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissue samples prepared using three different methods: biopsy plugs, standard left side filets, and New York State DEC left side filets including skin and bone. The study found that plug samples had higher average mercury concentrations than DEC filet samples. A correction factor was developed and validated to allow comparison of mercury data across sample preparation methods. The plug method requires less processing time and maximizes storage space compared to filet methods. Future research should examine how factors like fish size, species, and lake chemistry influence mercury concentrations to support the results of this study.
This study investigated using microribbon (μRB) scaffolds to support chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for cartilage regeneration. The μRB scaffolds were macroporous and gelatin-based, while conventional hydrogel (HG) scaffolds lacked macroporosity. ADSCs encapsulated in μRB scaffolds attached, spread, and proliferated more than in HG scaffolds. After 3 weeks of culture, ADSCs in μRB scaffolds deposited more interconnected type II collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG), and the resulting neocartilage had a higher compressive modulus than ADSCs in HG scaffolds. The enhanced chondrogenesis and mechanical properties of
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Aspects of the biology of african moony, monodactylus sebae from badagry cree...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the biology of the African moony fish (Monodactylus sebae) in Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 267 fish were collected from May 2012 to April 2013. The fish lengths ranged from 56-163 mm and weights ranged from 5.6-151.7 g. The length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth. The condition factor was higher in females than males. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 male to female.
Genetic diversity analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of groupers Epinep...AbdulBasith222525
Basith A, Abinawanto A, Kusrini E, & Yasman Y. 2021. Biodiversitas, 22(10):4282-4290. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d221020
ABSTRACT. Groupers populations in Indonesia, particularly from Madura Island, East Java are indicated to be over-fished, thereby requiring data collection of more accurate genetic resources as an important step for grouper conservation. A total of 14 samples of the Epinepheplus groupers were obtained from the fish landing port on Madura Island. The 617 bp CO1 gene sequence was utilized for genetic diversity analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Genetic diversity is based on the value of haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π). Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree includes neighbor-joining (NJ) implementing K2P substitution model, while maximum likelihood (ML) is conducted by implementing HKY+G+I substitution model, both of which were evaluated by employing a bootstrap of 1000 replications. Analysis of genetic distance between species indicated that the farthest distance between E. heniochus and E. fasciatus was 0.189, while the closest distance between E. erythrurus and E. ongus was 0.099. Intrapopulation genetic diversity indicated a high value with details of Hd=0.978 and π=0.12107. Furthermore, NJ and ML phylogenetic tree demonstrated similar topology in the observed Epinephelus spp. obtained from Madura Island grouped into 7 clades, that is Epinephelus coioides, E. bleekeri, E. areolatus, E. erythrurus, E. heniochus, E. fasciatus, and E. ongus.
Carrying Capacity for Pinctada maxima (Jameson 1901) Farming in Sathean Bay, ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sathean Bay is a small, semi-enclosed waters which have been utilized as an area for pearl oyster farming using floating long line method. The growth of pearl oysters are affected by the availability of food (phytoplankton) in the waters. The phytoplankton own self is highly affected by N and P in the waters. This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the Sathean Bay for pearl oysters farming for three different size group pearl oyster based on the nutrient balance which was the ratio between N and P are available in the waters and in the pearl oyster tissue. The study was conducted from April to September 2016 in nine sampling sites of Sathean Bay, Southeast Maluku. The result showed the smallest group size of pearl oyster(5 ± 2 cm) had the highest carrying capacity among the other two size group (13 ± 2 cm, 18 ± 2 cm). The carrying capacity of pearl oyster based nitrogen level(DIN) in the waters was always greater than the carrying capacity based on DIP level for all size groups of pearl oyster.
This document summarizes a study on the accumulation of mercury in marine biota in Buyat Bay, Indonesia. The study found mercury in all sampled organisms, with concentrations varying by species and trophic level. Mercury concentrations were lowest in primary producers like seaweed and sea grass, and highest in carnivorous fish like the honeycomb grouper, with levels over 350 parts per billion. The results indicate biomagnification of mercury up the food chain, especially in the form of methylmercury, the most toxic and bioaccumulative form, posing risks to human health.
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern ...robert peranginangin
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by operating a trawl in the assigned stations. The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
This document discusses using environmental DNA (eDNA) to analyze zooplankton distribution in Monterey Bay, California from 2010-2015. Water samples were collected and eDNA was extracted and sequenced to identify species. Results found copepods but little krill DNA. This could be due to methodological errors or krill DNA being misidentified as flies. While eDNA has potential, improvements are needed as it is a new technique prone to errors. Climate change is reducing biodiversity, making monitoring important for conservation.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
Edri And Regev 2009 “Shaken, Not Stable”: Dispersion Mechanism and Dynami...edrier
This study examines the dispersion dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. The researchers investigated how BSA properties like charge and conformation affect SWNT exfoliation during sonication and subsequent recovery after centrifugation. They found that bulkier BSA conformations led to faster exfoliation and higher SWNT recovery, while higher BSA-to-SWNT ratios resulted in slower exfoliation dynamics and lower recoveries. The study links the unstable state during sonication to the stable state achieved after centrifugation removal of bundles and impurities.
Status of trace elements in mysore subjects - dr. g. nagarajgnriem
This document summarizes a study on the status of trace elements in subjects from Mysore, India. Blood, urine, scalp hair, fingernails, and teeth samples were collected from 100 male and 76 female subjects. The samples were analyzed for levels of 9 trace elements using techniques like AAS and ICP-AES. The results found lower levels of lead, copper, and iron compared to references, but higher cobalt levels, possibly due to occupational and dietary factors. Most other elements like cadmium, nickel, chromium, manganese and zinc were within normal ranges. The study provides insight into trace element levels and potential exposures and deficiencies in this population.
This document provides biographical and career information about David S. Moore. It includes his education history, with PhD and MS degrees in Pharmacology & Toxicology from the University of Kansas. It lists his appointments including director of microscopy laboratories and various research positions. It also provides details of his patents, teaching experience, and publications.
Macro–anatomical and morphometric studies of the Grasscutter (thryonomysswind...Premier Publishers
The Forelimb of the Grasscutter (Thryonomysswinderianus) was studied using 12 adult rats of both sexes with mean weights of 5167±0.2023kg and 0.8167±0.1276kg for male and female respectively. Correlation coefficient between length of each bone segment and weight of each animal revealed statistical significance (P < 0.05) in all bone segments except the manus when both sexes (n = 12) were considered signifying a positive relationship between weight of the animal and its bone size. The average total number of bones in the forelimb of the rat is 96 bones. Sexual dimorphism was not noticed. The bones of the forelimb revealed significant differences and similarities in morphology to that of other rodents and domestic animals. The Scapula presented a prominent triangular shaped metacromion and acromion process, the Humerus presented well defined head and distinct deltoid tuberosity protruding from the midshaft. The ulna and radius fuses proximally and distally leaving an expansive interosseus space. There were 8 irregularly shaped carpal bones arranged 3 proximally and 5 distally. Metacarpal and digital bones are 5 on each forelimb with the first and fifth greatly reduced with each digit presenting 3 phalanges.
This CV summarizes the academic and professional background of Paul L. Edmiston. He received his B.S. in Chemistry from Pepperdine University in 1993 and Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Arizona in 1997. He is currently a Professor of Chemistry at the College of Wooster where he conducts research exclusively with undergraduate students. He has founded a company, ABS Materials, and his research focuses on developing new hybrid organic-inorganic materials for applications including water treatment. He has received significant research funding and awards for his work developing swellable organosilica materials.
This document summarizes Jonathan Eisen's presentation on seagrass as a model system for plant microbiome studies. It describes how Eisen initially knew little about seagrasses but connected with colleague Jay Stachowicz, a seagrass expert, to learn more. They collaborated on a proposal to study the microbiomes of seagrasses. Initial studies found the microbial communities varied by tissue type, with more variation below ground. A global study by Eisen's group using the Zostera Experimental Network sampled seagrass microbiomes from sites around the world. The study found seagrass leaf microbiomes resembled local water, while roots had microbial communities enriched in sulfur metabolism.
Minor Planet Evidence for Water in the Rocky Debris of a Disrupted Extrasolar...Carlos Bella
Evidence has been found for water in the debris of a disrupted extrasolar minor planet orbiting a white dwarf star. Spectroscopic analysis of the white dwarf's atmosphere revealed an excess of oxygen that cannot be explained by oxide minerals alone, indicating the parent body was originally composed of about 26% water by mass. This demonstrates that water-bearing planetesimals can form around higher mass stars that eventually become white dwarfs. The disrupted planetesimal is the source of a circumstellar debris disk closely orbiting the white dwarf remnant.
Full Bayesian comparative biogeography of Philippine geckos challenges predic...Jamie Oaks
This document summarizes a presentation on a study that used full Bayesian comparative methods and RADseq genomic data to analyze the phylogeography of two genera of geckos in the Philippines, Cyrtodactylus and Gekko. The study found strong support for independent divergences of Cyrtodactylus populations across islands but weaker support for independent divergences in Gekko. This provides evidence against the "species pump" hypothesis that fragmentation of islands alone promoted diversification in these lizards. However, the study notes limitations including few island pairs analyzed and variation in fragmentation times among islands.
1) Multi-photon microscopy was used to characterize the intrinsic fluorescence of sickle cell disease hemoglobin (HbS). HbS demonstrated broad emission around 510 nm when excited at 800 nm.
2) MPM was able to dynamically induce and image HbS gel formation through photolysis of deoxygenated HbS. Healthy hemoglobin (HbA) remained in solution and did not form fibers under the same conditions.
3) The intrinsic fluorescence of HbS fibers could enable the study of environmental factors that impact HbS polymerization and sickling of red blood cells, which is relevant for understanding sickle cell disease.
Periodontal Regeneration- The right way forwardR Viswa Chandra
This document discusses various approaches to periodontal regeneration, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine techniques. It describes using scaffolds, growth factors, stem cells, and micrografts to promote the reconstitution of damaged periodontal tissues. Specific methods mentioned include using platelet-rich fibrin, titanium granules, or stevia gel as scaffold materials and incorporating cell types like periodontal ligament stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, and gingival mesenchymal stem cells. The document also discusses manufacturing techniques for scaffolds, such as combining collagen with fibroblast growth factor 2 or silver nanoparticles. Finally, it outlines surgical approaches to periodontal regeneration like papilla preservation flaps or using connective tissue grafts.
Comparing the Amount and Quality of Information from Different Sequencing Str...jembrown
This document compares the amount and quality of phylogenetic information from six amniote phylogenomic datasets. It finds that while median support for major relationships is often strong, there is wide variance in support, both for and against known relationships. This suggests a minimum level of systematic error. Support for turtle placement varies the most between datasets, indicating relatively little phylogenetic information about turtles compared to other amniote groups. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that phylogenomic datasets can differ substantially in information content and reliability.
“Periodontal Regeneration- New Vistas”- Guest lecture as a part of Dr NTRUHS Zonal CDE programme at SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, India on 12/3/2013 and at Meghna Dental College, Nizamabad, India on 31/7/2013.
This study compared mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissue samples prepared using three different methods: biopsy plugs, standard left side filets, and New York State DEC left side filets including skin and bone. The study found that plug samples had higher average mercury concentrations than DEC filet samples. A correction factor was developed and validated to allow comparison of mercury data across sample preparation methods. The plug method requires less processing time and maximizes storage space compared to filet methods. Future research should examine how factors like fish size, species, and lake chemistry influence mercury concentrations to support the results of this study.
This study investigated using microribbon (μRB) scaffolds to support chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for cartilage regeneration. The μRB scaffolds were macroporous and gelatin-based, while conventional hydrogel (HG) scaffolds lacked macroporosity. ADSCs encapsulated in μRB scaffolds attached, spread, and proliferated more than in HG scaffolds. After 3 weeks of culture, ADSCs in μRB scaffolds deposited more interconnected type II collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG), and the resulting neocartilage had a higher compressive modulus than ADSCs in HG scaffolds. The enhanced chondrogenesis and mechanical properties of
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Aspects of the biology of african moony, monodactylus sebae from badagry cree...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the biology of the African moony fish (Monodactylus sebae) in Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 267 fish were collected from May 2012 to April 2013. The fish lengths ranged from 56-163 mm and weights ranged from 5.6-151.7 g. The length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth. The condition factor was higher in females than males. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 male to female.
Genetic diversity analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of groupers Epinep...AbdulBasith222525
Basith A, Abinawanto A, Kusrini E, & Yasman Y. 2021. Biodiversitas, 22(10):4282-4290. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d221020
ABSTRACT. Groupers populations in Indonesia, particularly from Madura Island, East Java are indicated to be over-fished, thereby requiring data collection of more accurate genetic resources as an important step for grouper conservation. A total of 14 samples of the Epinepheplus groupers were obtained from the fish landing port on Madura Island. The 617 bp CO1 gene sequence was utilized for genetic diversity analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Genetic diversity is based on the value of haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π). Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree includes neighbor-joining (NJ) implementing K2P substitution model, while maximum likelihood (ML) is conducted by implementing HKY+G+I substitution model, both of which were evaluated by employing a bootstrap of 1000 replications. Analysis of genetic distance between species indicated that the farthest distance between E. heniochus and E. fasciatus was 0.189, while the closest distance between E. erythrurus and E. ongus was 0.099. Intrapopulation genetic diversity indicated a high value with details of Hd=0.978 and π=0.12107. Furthermore, NJ and ML phylogenetic tree demonstrated similar topology in the observed Epinephelus spp. obtained from Madura Island grouped into 7 clades, that is Epinephelus coioides, E. bleekeri, E. areolatus, E. erythrurus, E. heniochus, E. fasciatus, and E. ongus.
Carrying Capacity for Pinctada maxima (Jameson 1901) Farming in Sathean Bay, ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sathean Bay is a small, semi-enclosed waters which have been utilized as an area for pearl oyster farming using floating long line method. The growth of pearl oysters are affected by the availability of food (phytoplankton) in the waters. The phytoplankton own self is highly affected by N and P in the waters. This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the Sathean Bay for pearl oysters farming for three different size group pearl oyster based on the nutrient balance which was the ratio between N and P are available in the waters and in the pearl oyster tissue. The study was conducted from April to September 2016 in nine sampling sites of Sathean Bay, Southeast Maluku. The result showed the smallest group size of pearl oyster(5 ± 2 cm) had the highest carrying capacity among the other two size group (13 ± 2 cm, 18 ± 2 cm). The carrying capacity of pearl oyster based nitrogen level(DIN) in the waters was always greater than the carrying capacity based on DIP level for all size groups of pearl oyster.
This document summarizes a study on the accumulation of mercury in marine biota in Buyat Bay, Indonesia. The study found mercury in all sampled organisms, with concentrations varying by species and trophic level. Mercury concentrations were lowest in primary producers like seaweed and sea grass, and highest in carnivorous fish like the honeycomb grouper, with levels over 350 parts per billion. The results indicate biomagnification of mercury up the food chain, especially in the form of methylmercury, the most toxic and bioaccumulative form, posing risks to human health.
Spatial Mapping: Diversity and Distribution of Demersal Fish in the Southern ...robert peranginangin
In the future, fisheries management must not be based on biomass measure only, but must use an integrated ecosystem approach. This study was aimed to discover the species diversity level of demersal fish resources in spatial distribution and its relation to the environment. The study was conducted in May and June 2015 by operating a trawl in the assigned stations. The spatial distribution was based on the Bray-Curtis index which divided the distribution of demersal fish resources into three clusters. Inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) was dominated by Leognathidae, inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI) was dominated by Lutjanidae, and offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) was dominated by Nemipteridae. Offshore sites of the southern of South China Sea (SSCS) had a much better community stability level than that of inshore sites of Kalimantan’s western waters (KLBR) and inshore sites of the eastern of Riau Islands waters (KPRI). This study also demonstrated that environmental factors such as depth, sediment type, salinity, and temperature, affect the distribution and species diversity of demersal fish communities in the southern of South China Sea.
This document discusses using environmental DNA (eDNA) to analyze zooplankton distribution in Monterey Bay, California from 2010-2015. Water samples were collected and eDNA was extracted and sequenced to identify species. Results found copepods but little krill DNA. This could be due to methodological errors or krill DNA being misidentified as flies. While eDNA has potential, improvements are needed as it is a new technique prone to errors. Climate change is reducing biodiversity, making monitoring important for conservation.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
Population structure, fecundity and morphological characteristics of M. vollenhovenii were studied around Lower Volta River, Ghana subject to dirt of information on this prawn species around the study location. The most prominent morphological characteristics already documented for identification of this species was rostrum bearing 13-15 continuous teeth dorsally and 4-5 teeth on its ventral part. These morphological traits formed the principal components for identification in this study. Results showed that morphological traits on second pereiopods such as presence of spines, spinules, teeth borne within the fingers, and dense projections of setae-like features on telson and uropod were observed relevant for identification purposes. Other results revealed that maximum total length recorded in this study (150-155mm) was higher than total length ranges (≤125mm) documented for this species in earlier studies. Consequently, two adult’s classes of prawns were identified (old adult class 81-120mm; and young adults 31-80mm) and older class was observed to be more in catches than the younger prawns. Absolute fecundity revealed that oocytes estimation varied with respect to seasons, ages of prawns and body sizes of specimens examined. In conclusion, this study observed that M. vollenhovenii fishery is operating in a sustainable manner at the time of this study around the study location.
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of the seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium. Key findings include:
1) The seaweed extract reduced gold ions (Au+) to gold nanoparticles (Au0) in solution, indicated by a color change to ruby red and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD.
2) FTIR analysis showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the seaweed mediated reduction and stabilization of the gold nanoparticles.
3) TEM images showed the produced gold nanoparticles were monodisperse and spherical, ranging in size from 2 to 30 nm.
1) A mass mortality event of over 30% occurred in blood cockles farmed in Selangor, Malaysia in mid-February 2012.
2) Field surveys before and after found a decrease in blood cockle population density and many individuals after had empty digestive ducts, suggesting low food availability.
3) Heavy rainfall in mid-February may have impacted the farmed blood cockles by flooding their habitat when they were reproductively active and vulnerable, combined with low food availability.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
APPLICATION OF DNA ANALYSIS APPROACH CONTRIBUTES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEV...nguyenxuanhung16
DNA barcoding has been widely used to assess species diversity in a variety of ecosystems, including
temperate, subtropical, and tropical rain forests. However, due to the difficulties associated with field
exploration, most of the species in Truong Sa archipelago have never been barcoded. The purpose of this study
is to barcode five species of plants from the Truong Sa archipelago and to provide valuable evolutionary
information that will aid in future understanding of the plant community assembly on those particular islands.
Using DNA markers (ITS-rDNA), this study created a DNA barcode database for five plant species found on
the Truong Sa archipelago. We used the sequence similarity and a phylogenetic based method to the identify 15
samples from five plant species collected in Truong Sa archipelago, Vietnam. Results showed that the PCR
success rate for ITS-rDNA region was 100%. The success rate of bidirectional sequencing of PCR product was
100% for 650 bp long the ITS-rDNA region fragment. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML)
indicated that five plant species (PB, BT, BV, NH and TR) had a close relationship with T. argentea, S.
taccada, B. asiatica, M. citrifolia, M. citrifolia and C. uvifera, respectively. The current study provided further
evidence for ITS-rDNA region as a useful molecular marker for species identification found on other tropical
coral islands
This study analyzed genetic diversity and population structure of the striped snakehead fish (Channa striata) across populations in Malaysia and Sumatra, Indonesia using mitochondrial DNA analysis. Twenty-five populations totaling 345 individuals were sampled and divided into six regions based on physiogeography. High genetic diversity was found in four populations, suggesting they could be good candidates for selective breeding programs. Two major phylogenetic lineages were detected, separated by the Bintang Mountain Range. Most population pairs showed significant genetic differentiation, though some distant populations were closely related likely due to ancient dispersal and human translocation. The findings provide an important basis for conservation and selective breeding of genetically distinct populations.
- The document summarizes a study that used environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to assess the biodiversity of restored bivalve populations at two sites in New York City - Soundview Park and Freshkills Park.
- eDNA was extracted from water and sediment samples to identify eukaryotic organisms without directly observing them. This allows for a more efficient biodiversity analysis compared to traditional methods.
- The study aims to compare biodiversity between restored areas with bivalves and control sites without bivalves to evaluate the impact of restoration efforts. Preliminary results from Soundview Park found over 270 eukaryotic orders present based on eDNA sequencing.
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, the effect of zeolite types LTX and LTA, assisted by laser light transmission experiment on the physico-chemical parameters of drinking water samples have been investigated. Water samples were collected from rivers, streams, and wells from Central and Volta regions of Ghana, and zeolite masses of 0.2 and 0.5 g were added to 100 ml portions of the samples in turn. Laser light intensities transmitted through the samples before and after zeolite addition were measured and recorded. The results obtained showed raw water turbidity of 33.8 NTU and treated water turbidity of 3.0 NTU (WHO recommends the limit of 5 NTU for drinking water); transmitted light intensity for the raw and treated water samples of 0.3122 AU and 0.3345 AU, respectively. Our results also showed that water turbidity highly correlates the transmitted light intensity, and water conductivity depends on dissolved metal concentrations and temperature. Key Words: Zeolite LTX, Zeolite LTA, turbidity, light transmission, colour
Determination of mercury level in rana esculenta (frog), sediment and water f...Alexander Decker
1) The study measured mercury levels in edible frogs (Rana esculenta), sediment, and water from the River Guma in Benue State, Nigeria over three months.
2) Mercury levels were highest in frog livers, followed by intestines and muscles. No mercury was detected in the water.
3) Mercury concentrations in frog tissues were above the recommended WHO value but below levels that would pose health risks. The results indicate bioaccumulation of mercury in the food chain.
Freshwater gastropod diversity in the selected lotic environment, Betong, Sar...AbdullaAlAsif1
Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Similar to Annals of Limnology and Oceanography (20)
Recent Advancement and Patents of the Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticlespeertechzpublication
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in
pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specifi city with adherence of ligands has now become
the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
release of drug at lymphatic system, entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in lipoidal core led to the
avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic
polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal
In vitro and In vivo results are highlighted in this paper. In this review most advanced researches and
accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer
hybrid particles under one umbrella.
Vibrational Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Newly Synthesized Ga...peertechzpublication
The gallium(III) complex of orotic acid (HOA) was synthesized and its structure was determined
by means of analytical and spectral analyses. Detailed vibrational analysis of HOA, sodium salt of HOA
(NaOA) and Ga(III)-OA systems based on both the calculated and experimental spectra confi rmed the
suggested metal-ligand binding mode. Signifi cant differences in the IR and Raman spectra of the complex
were observed as compared to the spectra of the ligand and confi rmed the suggested metal-ligand
binding mode.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Nitro-Mannich Bases Derived fr...peertechzpublication
The present work focused on exploring the reactivity of β-nitrostyrene towards Mannich reaction
with different approaches. The synthesized nitro-Mannich bases were tested as antimicrobial agents
that showed high activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Recent Structure Activity Relationship Studies of 1,4-Benzodiazepinespeertechzpublication
Structure activity relationship studies of 1,4-benzodiazepines have been discussed especially
with their effects as antianxiety and anticonvulsants. The currently available benzodiazepines are
associated with various side effects. Nowadays the purpose of these studies is to minimize side effects
with these drugs. A very little alteration is possible on the benzene ring while the modification can be
done on the diazepine ring. It can adopt the different conformations and in some cases some aromatic
and heterocyclic rings have been fused with this part in order to see the effect of these conformation
blockers on the pharmacological activity. The structure activity studies are also linked to molecular
modeling studies. This is important in adding some information for the interaction of these drugs with
the receptors and how this interaction can be improved.
Microwave Irradated Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation for their Antibacterial and Larvicidal Activities of some Novel Chalcone and Isoxazole Substituted 9-Anilino Acridines
drug delivery and formulation sciences in the most intelligent
way. This should be attained to fulfi l the ultimate goal for all
scientists to leave their experimental results all over the years
as footsteps for followers to walk on.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis cause severe disease of lungs known as Tuberculosis. It is a major cause
of morbidity and mortality even in the emerging countries also. However, to prepare an antibiotics drug against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major challenge
Mini tablets are solid dosage forms with a diameter ≤ 3 mm and separated into subunits of conventional
tablets. Production methods are similar to standard tablets, but the only difference is the use of multiple
punches. They have advantageous for use in patients suffering from swallowing difficulty and receiving multiple drug treatment.
Drug-Drug interactions (DDI) is a serious clinical issue. An important mechanism underlying of DDI, is
induction or inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters that mediate metabolism, cellular uptake and efflux of xenobiotics. DDI cannot be avoided in many cases, as they belong to routine medical practice.
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specificity with adherence of ligands has now become the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
release of drug at lymphatic system, entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in lipoidal core led to the
avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal In vitro and In vivo results are highlighted in this paper. In this review most advanced researches and accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer hybrid particles under one umbrella.
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
ecotoxicological assays. In the case of sediment assessment, there are only two amphipod species
(Tiburonella viscana and Grandidierella bonnieroides) standardized protocols for toxicity test in South
Atlantic region
This document summarizes an exploratory modeling study of mega-tsunamis that could have been triggered by giant submarine landslides in the Mediterranean Sea during the Late Pleistocene period. The study models three specific landslide events: the BIG'95 landslide which deposited 26 km3 off the Ebro continental slope 11.5 thousand years ago, the Herodotus Basin Megaturbidite which deposited 400 km3 in the eastern Mediterranean around 27.1 thousand years ago, and the Nile delta fan landslide SL2 which deposited around 500 km3 around 110 thousand years ago. The modeling uses numerical simulations based on shallow water equations to study the potential tsunamis generated by these landslide events, including propagation
This document presents a new method for detecting corrosion in pipelines based on measuring natural frequencies. The method uses Rayleigh's Law to relate changes in natural frequency to the location and degree of corrosion damage. Finite element models are used to validate the method. The models show that measuring the first and second natural frequencies can accurately determine both where corrosion is located and how severe it is, as indicated by the reduction in bending stiffness. The accuracy depends on having a reasonable estimate of the length of the corroded region. This new natural frequency method provides a simple way to detect pipeline corrosion compared to existing techniques.
The current study examines the generation and propagation of a Third order solitary water wave along
the channel. Surface displacement and wave profi le prediction challenges are interesting subjects in the
fi eld of marine engineering and many researchers have tried to investigate these parameters. To study the
wave propagation problem, here, fi rstly the meshless Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
(ISPH) numerical method is described. Secondly,
The growth of data and its effi cient handling is becoming more popular trend in recent years bringing
new challenges to explore new avenues. Data analytics can be done more effi ciently with the availability of
distributed architecture of “Not Only SQL” NoSQL databases.
The document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the cross-section of cold-rolled steel beams. A genetic algorithm mimics natural evolution to find optimal solutions to problems. The authors developed an adaptive genetic algorithm approach to optimize steel beam profiles that addresses three key challenges: 1) adaptive mutation control to balance exploration vs exploitation, 2) mating strategies to maintain diversity, and 3) flexible restriction handling to avoid getting stuck in local optima. Their algorithm was able to find cost-efficient beam profiles that met mechanical stability requirements.
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
ecotoxicological assays. In the case of sediment assessment, there are only two amphipod species
(Tiburonella viscana and Grandidierella bonnieroides) standardized protocols for toxicity test in South
Atlantic region.
Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the
Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose
geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110
ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP). This
paper presents an exploratory study on the tsunamigenic potential of these slides by using a numerical
model based on the 2D depth-averaged non-linear barotropic shallow water equations.
Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate, within the scope of an experimental design, to
what extent the assessment of two different settings of prepared cavities, based on video sequences,
containing digital analysis tools of the prepCheck software, as well as to what extent they deviate from one another and are reliable. Materials and Methods: For
Predicting the amount of electricity produced in a power plant is very important for today’s economy.
Oven Power (MW), Boiler Input Gas Temperature, Superheated Steam Amount, ID-Fan Speed, Feeding
Water Tank data affect the electricity production.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Annals of Limnology and Oceanography
1. vv
Annals of Limnology and Oceanography
DOI CC By
022
Citation: Yap CK, Eugene Ng YJ, Edward Thomas FB, Cheng WH, Ong GH (2016) The Use of Foot of the Green-Lipped Mussel is Perna Viridis as an Alternative
Method to Reduce the Gender Effect on the Bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn in the Mussel. Ann Limnol Oceanogr 1(1): 022-025.
Life Sciences Group
Abstract
In this study, the green-lipped mussels Perna viridis were collected from a high activity sampling at
Senibong in the Straits of Johore and two relatively clean sites with fish aquacultural activity at Bagan
Tiang (Perak) and Sg. Semerak (Kelantan). The mussels were dissected by gender into byssus, crystalline
style, foot, gill, gonad, mantle and muscle. By gender, these pooled and dissected soft tissues and total
soft tissues were determined for Cu and Zn. The variabilities of both metals between male and female
were investigated by using coefficient of variation (CV). It is found that the low CV values among all the
dissected soft tissues was foot, indicating a more accuracy in the biomonitoring of Cu and Zn using P.
viridis’s foot. This suggests that foot of P. viridis can be used as an alternative method to reduce the
gender effect on the bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn.
Research Article
The Use of Foot of the Green-
Lipped Mussel is Perna Viridis as an
Alternative Method to Reduce the
Gender Effect on the Bioaccumulation
of Cu and Zn in the Mussel
Chee Kong Yap1
*, Yew Jeng Eugene
Ng1
, Franklin Berandah Edward
Thomas2
, Wan Hee Cheng3
and Ghim
Hock Ong3
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor,
Malaysia
2
Natural Resources and Environment Board, Petra
Jaya, Locked Bag 2103, 93050 Kuching, Sarawak,
Malaysia
3
Inti International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Dates: Received: 12 December, 2016; Accepted: 28
December, 2016; Published: 30 December, 2016
*Corresponding author: Chee Kong Yap, Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malay-
sia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, E-mail:
Keywords: Dender/sex effects; Metal accumulation;
Mussels; Foot
https://www.peertechz.com
Introduction
In biomonitoring studies of heavy metals using marine
mussels, the use of soft tissues without mentioning the
ratios of male and female in a mussel population is always
reported. For instance, Kljakovic´-Gašpic´ et al., Benali et al.
[1,2] determined the trace metals in Mytilus galloprovincialis
from eastern Adriatic and Algerian west coast, respectively,
without differentiating the male and female individuals during
analysis. If the number of female individuals analyzed is
significantly higher than the male, the comparison of metal
concentrations among the different populations would become
low in accuracy. Furthermore, the ratios of male and female
in the mussel populations collected are unknown during
sampling until they are shucked from the shells and gender is
usually revealed (although not accurately) from the color of the
gonadal tissues. It has been widely reported in the literature
[3-5], that gender is one of the intrinsic factors that could
potentially cause variability of metal bioaccumulation in the
body tissues of marine mussels including the green-lipped
mussel Perna viridis [6].
In the study of metal concentrations of bivalves, it is very
often that both genders are not separated and they are pooled
and later analyzed for heavy metals. Regardless of the ratio of
gender in the pooled samples, the results obtained will be used
to compare different geographical mussel populations. Thus,
these data used for comparison would become somewhat not
convincing and needs further investigations. According to Yap
et al. [7], in P. viridis, the background concentrations of metals
in the females were generally higher than those in the males
but the differences are not significant (P> 0.05).
Even if the mussels are separated and analyzed for metals
by gender, the workload for the whole procedures are time
consuming and complicated in terms of metal data obtained. In
this study, coefficient of variation (CV) was used to determine
the metal variability between male and female of P. viridis.
It is hypothesized that selection of a particular tissue in P.
viridis based on the lowest variability of metal concentrations
between male and female can reduce the gender effect on the
biomonitoring data. This would eventually increase the validity
of biomonitoring data regardless of what genders of mussels
are analyzed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to
select a particular dissected soft tissue with the lowest CV
and to propose its use as an alternative method to reduce the
gender effect on the bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn.
2. Yap et al. (2016)
023
Citation: Yap CK, Eugene Ng YJ, Edward Thomas FB, Cheng WH, Ong GH (2016) The Use of Foot of the Green-Lipped Mussel is Perna Viridis as an Alternative
Method to Reduce the Gender Effect on the Bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn in the Mussel. Ann Limnol Oceanogr 1(1): 022-025.
Materials and Methods
Mussel samples were collected from Senibong, Bagan Tiang
and Sungai Semerak (Figure 1). The reason why these sites were
selected in this study because Senibong is an busy shipping site
and potentially receiving industrial and domestic in the Straits
of Johore while Bagan Tiang and Sg. Semerak are relatively
unpolluted sites in Perak and Kelantan, respectively, with no
observable human activities in the surroundings except for
fish aquaculture (Table 1). All collected samples were kept in a
cool box compartment until transportation to laboratory. In the
laboratory, all the mussels from each site were separated into
males and females based on the colour of the gonadal tissues
(Figure 2). The gonadal contents after differentiation through
visual inspection were further scrutinized by microscopic
examination [6]. About 15 individual of one gender from one
population were then dissected into different soft tissues
namely muscle, crystalline style (CS), foot, mantle, gills, gonad
and byssus. The size of mussels was selected from similar
shell lengths between male and female individuals from each
sampling site.
By gender, three replicates of each pooled dissected soft
tissues and the total soft tissue of mussels were dried in 105°C
until constant dry weights for at least 72 hours.
In detail, each individual of dried tissue of mussels was
digested in concentrated HNO3
(AnalaR grade, BDH 69%). They
were placed in a hot-block digester first at low temperature for
1 hour and then they were fully digested at high temperature
(140°C) for at least 3 hours. The digested samples were then
diluted to a certain volume with double distilled water. After
filtration, the prepared samples were determined for Cu
and Zn by using an air-acetylene flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS) Perkin-Elmer Model Analyst 800.
The data were presented in μg/g of sample dry weight. To
avoid possible contamination, all glassware and equipment
used were acid-washed and procedural blanks were analyzed
once for every five samples. Quality control samples made from
standard solutions of Cu and Zn were analyzed in every five
samples to check for the metal recoveries. The metal recoveries
were being satisfactory (90-110%). The T-test between any
two variables was conducted by using the STATISTICA software
package.
Coefficient of variation
The coefficient of variation (CV) value is a well-known
unitless index of ‘relative’ variation [8]. It is useful to relate
the arithmetic means and the standard deviation together. The
CV value is most useful in comparing the variability of several
different samples, each with different arithmetic means. This
is because a higher variability is usually expected when the
standard deviation increases, and the CV value is a measure
that accounts for the variability [9,10]. In each tissue, the CV
value was calculated from the untransformed data as:-
CV (%) =
standard deviation
mean
100
Results and Discussion
Results of T-tests for shell lengths between male and female
mussels are given in Tables 2 and 3. Apparently, the differences
of shell lengths between male and female mussels in all the
Figure 1: Map showing the sampling sites for Perna viridis in Peninsular Malaysia
(1 = Sg. Semerak; 2= Bagan Tiang; 3= Senibong).
Figure 2: Picture showing the different soft parts, including foot, of female (left;
gonadal tissues in orange colour) and male (right; gonadal tissues in creamy
colour) individuals of Perna viridis.
Table 1: Sampling locations, sampling dates, shell lengths of Perna viridis and
descriptions of sampling sites.
Sampling sites GPS
Sampling
dates
Shell lengths (cm) Site description
Sungai
Semerak,
Kelantan
N 05°51.560’;
E 102°30.270’
13 May
2008
1) 6.22 ± 0.24
(5.57-6.87
2) 6.65 ± 0.18
(6.20-7.13)
A jetty and
fishing village
Bagan Tiang,
Perak.
N 05°08.517';
E 100°22.459’
19 April
2005
1) 8.51 ± 0.27
(6.49-10.22)
2) 8.76 ± 0.26
(7.04-10.57)
An offshore,
fishes and
mussel
aquacultural
area
Senibong,
Johore.
N 01°28.001´;
E 103°43.618´ 3 May 2008
1) 7.37 ± 0.16
(6.90-7.82)
2) 6.97 ± 0.25
(6.31-7.64)
A busy shipping
lane. Potentailly
receiving
Industrial
effluents
Note: Under shell lengths- 1= Male; 2= Female.
3. Yap et al. (2016)
024
Citation: Yap CK, Eugene Ng YJ, Edward Thomas FB, Cheng WH, Ong GH (2016) The Use of Foot of the Green-Lipped Mussel is Perna Viridis as an Alternative
Method to Reduce the Gender Effect on the Bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn in the Mussel. Ann Limnol Oceanogr 1(1): 022-025.
three sampling sites are not significant (P> 0.05). Therefore,
the mussel body size may not contribute significantly to the
variation of metal accumulation in the mussels.
The CV values of Zn and Cu between male and female in the
different soft tissues of P. viridis collected from three sites are
presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. For Zn, the lowest CV
values among all the soft tissues investigated are consistently
found in foot of P. viridis in Sg. Semerak (2.0%), Bagan Tiang
(8.0%) and Senibong (4.4%) populations. For Cu, the lowest CV
values are found in Sg. Semerak population (1.3%). In Bagan
Tiang population, there are three soft tissues namely CS, foot
and gill are recorded to have CV values below 5% while in
Senibong population, foot and gills are found to be among the
lowest CV found (6.6-6.7%).
Among foot, CS and gills, the mussel’s foot is a more
practical tissue to reduce the gender variations of Cu and Zn
because gills are more related to ambient dissolved metals in
the seawater (hence, more variable since it is the first organ
to connect with the metal entry) [6], while is more difficult to
be dissected when compared to foot. For gonad and mantle,
both tissues are highly influenced by spawning condition of the
mussels [4]. Therefore, the variation of metal concentrations
in these tissues is high and therefore the accuracy of metal data
based on these tissues is low.
In term of practicality, foot is much more feasible and
easily dissectable since it is located in the outside of the mussel
body (Figure 2) when compared to CS and gills in which CS and
gills are harder to dissect out of the mussel body. In addition,
the function of foot is protrusion to outside the mussel shell in
search of suitable substratum in time of unfavorable conditions
occur. Thus, foot is important in making new byssal threads
in a new substratum. The metal levels found in the foot are
believed to have been fully assimilated. According to a review by
Table 2: Comparison of shell lengths, and Zn concentrations (μg/g dry weight) with
their coefficients of variations (CVs) in the different tissues, between male and
female of Perna viridis. (N= 15).
Sites Tissues Female Male SD mean CV
1. Semerak Shell length 6.65a
6.22a
- - -
Byssus 31.6a
27.0a
3.20 29.3 11.0
CS 38.0a
35.0a
2.10 36.5 5.80
Foot 61.2a
62.9a
1.20 62.0 2.00
Gill 182b
119a
44.3 150 29.4
Gonad 132a
127a
4.00 129 3.10
Mantle 117a
181b
45.2 149 30.3
Muscle 120b
72.3a
34.0 96.4 35.3
TST 73.5a
60.9a
8.90 67.2 13.2
2. B. Tiang Shell length 8.76a
8.51a
- - -
Byssus 122b
85.3a
26.3 104 25.3
CS 24.8a
41.2b
11.6 33.0 35.1
Foot 51.3a
57.4a
4.30 54.3 8.00
Gills 76.9a
127b
35.4 102 34.8
Gonad 52.3a
62.2a
7.00 57.3 12.2
Mantle 69.4a
61.1a
5.80 65.2 8.90
Muscle 65.4b
45.2a
14.3 55.3 25.9
TST NA NA - - -
3. Senibong Shell length 6.97a
7.37a
- - -
Byssus 58.8b
24.1a
24.5 41.5 59.2
CS 71.1a
61.8a
6.60 66.4 9.90
Foot 88.2a
82.8a
3.80 85.5 4.40
Gill 192b
152a
28.6 172 16.6
Gonad 123a
101a
15.6 112 14.0
Mantle 133b
99.5a
23.8 116 20.5
Muscle 138b
105a
23.5 121 19.4
TST 107a
97.8a
6.60 103 6.50
Note: TST= total soft tissues. Values in bold are those tissues with low CV values.
NA= data not available. Similar (a, a) and different (a, b) letters in superscript indicate
the difference between male and female of any parameters are not significant (P>
0.05) and significant (P< 0.05), respectively.
Table 3: Comparison of shell lengths, and Cu concentrations (μg/g dry weight) with
their coefficients of variations (CVs) in the different tissues, between male and
female of Perna viridis. (N= 15).
Sites Tissues Female Male SD mean CV
1. Semerak Shell length 6.65a
6.22a
- - -
Byssus 24.5b
15.8a
6.10 20.1 30.4
CS 37.2a
32.7a
3.20 35.0 9.10
Foot 6.59a
6.71a
0.10 6.70 1.30
Gill 15.9b
73.5a
40.7 44.8 90.9
Gonad 36.4b
93.8a
40.6 65.1 62.3
Mantle 19.7a
18.2a
1.10 18.9 5.60
Muscle 11.7a
12.8a
0.80 12.3 6.70
TST 5.71a
5.12a
0.40 5.40 7.70
2. B. Tiang Shell length 8.76a
8.51a
- - -
Byssus 22.2a
34.4b
8.60 28.3 30.4
CS 39.9a
38.9a
0.70 39.4 1.90
Foot 6.93a
6.47a
0.30 6.70 4.80
Gills 7.44a
7.59a
0.10 7.50 1.40
Gonad 7.03a
9.33b
1.60 8.20 19.9
Mantle 7.17a
7.88a
0.50 7.50 6.70
Muscle 8.46a
7.04a
1.00 7.70 13.0
TST NA NA - - -
3. Senibong Shell length 6.97a
7.37a
- - -
Byssus 62.2b
10.9a
36.3 36.6 99.1
CS 47.9b
35.3a
8.90 41.6 21.3
Foot 10.3a
11.3a
0.70 10.8 6.70
Gill 13.9a
12.7a
0.90 13.3 6.60
Gonad 11.7b
7.45a
3.00 9.6 31.4
Mantle 22.2b
14.9a
5.20 18.5 27.9
Muscle 10.3a
8.34a
1.40 9.30 14.7
TST 17.7a
15.0a
1.90 16.3 11.5
Note: TST= total soft tissues. Values in bold are those tissues with low CV values.
NA= data not available. Similar (a, a) and different (a, b) letters in superscript indicate
the difference between male and female of any parameters are not significant (P>
0.05) and significant (P< 0.05), respectively.