Passive Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
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Passive Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
. Passive Therapy
The patient experiences a change in visual stimulation without any conscious effort
- Proper refractive correction
- Occlusion
- Penalization
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia (Amblyopia Therapy)/ Amblyopia Treat...Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
Dear viewers, to download this presentation visit___ https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia. Latest as well as old methods of amblyopia management which include active and passive therapies. Amblyopia Therapy/ Amblyopia Treatment
What would be the perfect amblyopia therapy?
Effective
Good compliance
Acceptable to pts. and parent
Quick
Safe
Easy to administer
Cost effective
Well maintained
..............
Summary
Amblyopia occurs due to abnormal visual experience early in life
Proper optical correction alone is necessary for short period of time (6-8 weeks)
before initiation of other therapy
Part time occlusion of better eye is mainstay of treatment since 18th century to till
now
For severe and moderate amblyopia, 6 hrs and 2 hrs of patching is advised
respectively
Atropine is also used in children with poor compliance
Trial of patching can be given in patients as old as 17 yrs
Perceptual learning and pharmacological manipulation have shown areas of
amblyopia treatment beyond the critical period of visual development
Binocular stimulation, software based treatments and other methods do not have
promising result to replace the patching therapy till date
Most of the active therapy methods have good results when used together with
patching therapy
Ever wonder what lazy eye means? What is amblyopia? How do you get it? How do you treat it? This presentation will walk you through this functional vision problem so you can understand what lazy eye is and how you can be successfully treated by your developmental optometrist no matter your age.
Passive Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤
Passive Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
. Passive Therapy
The patient experiences a change in visual stimulation without any conscious effort
- Proper refractive correction
- Occlusion
- Penalization
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia (Amblyopia Therapy)/ Amblyopia Treat...Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
Dear viewers, to download this presentation visit___ https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia. Latest as well as old methods of amblyopia management which include active and passive therapies. Amblyopia Therapy/ Amblyopia Treatment
What would be the perfect amblyopia therapy?
Effective
Good compliance
Acceptable to pts. and parent
Quick
Safe
Easy to administer
Cost effective
Well maintained
..............
Summary
Amblyopia occurs due to abnormal visual experience early in life
Proper optical correction alone is necessary for short period of time (6-8 weeks)
before initiation of other therapy
Part time occlusion of better eye is mainstay of treatment since 18th century to till
now
For severe and moderate amblyopia, 6 hrs and 2 hrs of patching is advised
respectively
Atropine is also used in children with poor compliance
Trial of patching can be given in patients as old as 17 yrs
Perceptual learning and pharmacological manipulation have shown areas of
amblyopia treatment beyond the critical period of visual development
Binocular stimulation, software based treatments and other methods do not have
promising result to replace the patching therapy till date
Most of the active therapy methods have good results when used together with
patching therapy
Ever wonder what lazy eye means? What is amblyopia? How do you get it? How do you treat it? This presentation will walk you through this functional vision problem so you can understand what lazy eye is and how you can be successfully treated by your developmental optometrist no matter your age.
Assessment and Treatment of patients with Amblyopia using interactive binocular computer games
Alexander Foss
Interactive Technologies and Games (ITAG) Conference 2014
Health, Disability and Education
Dates: Thursday 16 October 2014 - Friday 17 October 2014
Location: The Council House, NG1 2DT, Nottingham, UK
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
- Pleoptics
- Near activities
- Active stimulation therapy using CAM vision stimulator
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Role of perceptual learning
- Binocular stimulation
- Software-based active treatments
- Exposure to dark
- Pharmacological Therapy
Assessment and Treatment of patients with Amblyopia using interactive binocular computer games
Alexander Foss
Interactive Technologies and Games (ITAG) Conference 2014
Health, Disability and Education
Dates: Thursday 16 October 2014 - Friday 17 October 2014
Location: The Council House, NG1 2DT, Nottingham, UK
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
- Pleoptics
- Near activities
- Active stimulation therapy using CAM vision stimulator
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Role of perceptual learning
- Binocular stimulation
- Software-based active treatments
- Exposure to dark
- Pharmacological Therapy
There are certain situation, when ophthalmologist is unhappy. He is unhappy when the diagnosis is not obvious. Presentation deals with the situations, when we have completely healthy eye with decreased visual acuity and no signs of pathology.
Amblyopia (Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life - final...Jawshan Ara
This slide is made as a part of the final assignment of the course "Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life." The topic of this slide is amblyopia - a developmental disorder which impairs vision.
Most of the times this study confused me...so, i just put some important points in one place to easily keep them in mind..hope it will help other students as well..and inform me, if a reader find anything new to improve it further.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
3. Amblyopia treatment
◦ Eliminate the obstacle to vision (i.e.
cataract etc)
◦ Correct refractive error
◦ Force the poorer eye by limiting use of
the better eye
4. Full time vs Part time occlusion
google.images for amblyopia therapy
5. Gold std for amblyopia Tx
Adhesives work best
Costly
Some skin irritation
Alternative use- felt patch
Easier to peak in non
adhesive patch
Always use specs if
google.images significant Rx
Occasionally covered by
insurance
Use of splints and restraints?
6. Why isn’t patching successful?
Compliance?
How to enhance compliance?
Why are children not
compliant?
social stigma
skin irritation
just don’t like it
sensory abnormality
Awan et al report compliance
rates of 58 and 41% when
patching rx for 3hr or 6hr.
google.images
7. Used daily to weekly
Better with hyperopes
Nearly ineffective in
myopic children
Blurs to about 20/120
Often tolerated better
than patching
Works best to remove
any plus in glasses
google.images
8. Penalization Pearls
•Best used for those with patching
failure
•Hyperopes
•Old enough to watch sound eye
vistakon
•Maybe less regression when stopping
treatment
9. Reduce or eliminate
necessary refractive
power to blur the
sound eye
Mostly used in
hyperopia
Works synergistically
with atropine
Very effective in high
ametropia
10. Occlusive contact
lens
Often used as final
means of treatment
Costly, risks of
infection to sound
eye, easy to rub out
Able to custom make
any base curve or
diameter
google.images
11. Bangerter filter
◦ Degrades image
May allow child
binocularity
Improved tolerance
over complete
occlusion
Unfortunately, many
look over specs in liu
of using specs
coopereyecare
12. Part time occlusion is labor
intensive
Constant monitoring is
sometimes required
Two parents working; who is
monitoring PTO compliance?
Refractive surgery may benefit
children with spectacle non-
compliance
Currently WUSM is one of only a
few centers in North America
offering pediatic refractive
surgery for amblyopia
13. In office and home
based therapy
Utilized for
improvements of
amblyopia
Met with some
debate yet merits
14. Few pediatric specialists in North America offer this
treatment in children
Multiple challenges include fixation, discomfort, long term
changes, testing, compliance
Able to treat refractive error in children intolerant to
glasses and contact lenses
Neurobehavioral abnormalities create increased challenges
15. 14 month old with
eye misaligment X4 -
6 mos
Left eye goes to the
nose
FFM OD FFU OS
30 LET
Cycloplegic refraction
reveals
+3.50 OD and +5.00
OS
volunteer model
16. You have access to
Spatial Sweep
VEP, Flash
VEP, Pattern
VEP,Multifocal
ERG,Traditional ERG
Cardiff, OKN, Plus
Optix, EOG, OKN
recording, OKN
tracing, HRT and google.images
Pupillography
recording
Follow Up? Treatment
?
17. Full cycloplegic RX
6 week follow up
PTO 50% of
waking hours
Spec wear
recommend full
time (>80%)
+3.50 OD and
+5.00 OS
18. Wears specs fairly
well
Patching 5 hours per
day
10 PD LET
Tx option now?
19. Wears specs fairly
well
Patching 5 hours per
day
10 PD LET
Tx option now?
Reduce PTO to 2 hrs
day and follow up 3
months
20. FFM OD and OS
NO Longer
crossing
Patching 3 hrs a
day
Clinical Follow up
demonstrates
good alignment
and tracking
Washington University School of
Medicine and Barnes Jewish
Hospital
21. So D/C PTO and
order SSVEP
(is VA better with
grating charts
than letter charts?)
google.images for amblyopia
therapy
22. SSVEP reveals 20/50 and 20/85
Regression noted
Treated with 2 hours a day PTO and 4
month follow up
23. 20/20 and
20/25++
9/9 circles
(Titmus)
Wears+2.50,+3.7
5
Still esotropic sin
Rx
24. Patch 2 hrs a day or Atropine
Not
Resolved
Improved Not Improved Switch
Treatment
Amblyopia Good
Resolved Compliance Poor
Compliance
Increase
INTENSITY
+/- Taper
then D/C
Not Improved
(residual
amblyopia) Consider
Not Improved final push
25. Spectacles are widely accepted form of
amblyopia treatment
Visual acuity improves in some amblyopic
children
This improvement in vision is now referred
to as refractive adaptation; PEDIG refers to
this as ‘optical treatment’
Most ECP Rx glasses then follow up VA after
few months of spec wear (PEDIG 18 weeks)
google.images for amblyopia
therapy
26. 7y/o wm referred
because he often
closes one eye
UCVA 20/20 and
20/160
+fly and orthophoria
(no refractive ET)
Cycloplegic refraction
is +1.00 and +6.00 -
0.75 X 063 20/160++
Tx options: ?????
Patients evidence of patching
27. Specs rx -1D over
cyclo
PTO: 2 hours OD
4 month f/u VA
◦ 20/50+
◦ Continue as previous
◦ 4 mo later 20/40+
◦ 4 mo later 20/30-
◦ 4 mo later 20/30+
◦ Pt cuts PTO 20/40+2
Happily shows his work!
28.
29. Eligibility
Age 10 to <18 years
Amblyopic eye acuity of 20/40 to 20/160
Treatment
>2 hours daily patching
At least one hour of near activities during
patching
Outcome: Visual acuity after two months of
treatment
Results: Visual acuity improved >2 lines in 18
(27%)
of 66 patients
30. PEDIG ATS studies
include:
6 hours vs full
time for severe
(20/100 to
20/400)
Or in older
children 2 to 6
hours per day
+Atropine + near
google.images for amblyopia
therapy
31. CLs are well tolerated in anisometropia
More equal retinal image sizes
Improved binocularity and stereopsis
Improved compliance if sound eye has refractive
error
32. Infants with high amounts of
anisometropia require contact lenses to
reduce risk of dense amblyopia
CJ Roberts study shows successful use of
CL for 6 diopters of myopic aniso
improved 3-4 lines. Not as successful in
>10 diopters of anisometropia.
Improvement in VA w/in 6 months
33. Occasionally sound eye is reduced
Mostly at risk if child is very young
Skin irritation is typically temporary
Cholinergic side effects of A1%
Hypothetical increase in UV rays (A1%)
Decreased academics (?) due to reading
dysfunction or struggles associated with
reading through amblyopic eye
34. PEDIG ATS 3
◦ Children 7-18 yo
◦ Optical correction alone
◦ Optical correction plus patching
◦ And Daily A1% <12 yo
◦ 53% improved at least 2 lines
◦ 47% of 13-17 yo improved if no
prior tx
35. Isoametropia Diopters
◦ Astigmatism >2.50 D
◦ Hyperopia >5.00 D
◦ Myopia >8.00 D
Anisometropia
◦ Astigmatism >1.50 D
◦ Hyperopia >1.00 D
◦ Myopia >3.00 D
google.images for amblyopia
therapy
36. Animals with early onset
amblyopia have
predominately
monocular connections
Cytochrome oxidase
highlights metabolic
activity in ocular
dominance columns
which is reduced in
amblyopia
google.images for amblyopia
therapy
37. Mosaic of ocular
dominance columns
in striate cortex
revealed by
processing the tissue
for cytochrome
oxidase in a patient
who lost sight in one
eye prior to his death
Jonathan horton’s lab pub at ucsf
38. Many children left with 20/30 or worse
Regression is common in >40% of amblyopic
treatments
Prescribe Polycarbonate lenses
Caution with soft contact lenses
◦ Especially extended wear
39. Probably two-thirds of
amblyopes are purely
refractive and probably one
third are associated with
microtropia
Microtropia likely results in
poorer vision at the time of
presentation
Does anisometropia create
loss of bifoveal fixation or
does loss of foveal fixation
cause the secondary
amblyopia?
40. Factors thought to affect treatment outcomes
◦ Compliance: significant role in outcome
◦ Age at commencement of treatment
◦ Density of the amblyopia
Severity of vision loss at time of presentation
Specs or CLs and 2-3 hours of daily patching
should solve a great deal of amblyopic needs
If specs or contact lenses fail then consider
non traditional treatments
google.images for amblyopia
therapy
41. Horton, J. Stryker, M. Amblyopia induced by anisometropia without shrinkage of
ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol.
90. p. 594-5498, June 1993 Neurobiology
Braverman, R. Diagnosis and treatment of refractive errors in the pediatric
population. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology Vol 18 (5) September 2007. 379-
383.
Steinman, S. Steinman, B. Garzia, R. Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical
Perspective. 2000 McGraw Hill Publishing
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigational Group (2005) Randomized trial of treatment of
amblyopia in children aged 7-17 years. Arch Ophthalmol 123: 437-447.
Donahue, S. The Relationship between anisometropia, patient, age, and the
development of amblyopia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005; 103:313-336.
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of patching regimens
for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 2003; 110:2075-
87.
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Randomized trial of treatment of
amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123:437-47.
Sakatani, K. Jabbur, N. O’Brien, T. Improvement in best corrected visual acuity in
amblyopic adult eyes after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg
2004; 30:2517-2521.
42. Wallace, D. ( 2009)Pediatric Ophthalmology: Current
Thought and a Practical Guide. Springer. M. Edward
Wilson ed. Pp33-46.
Awan M, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I (2005) A
randomized controlled trial of unilateral strabismic
and mixed amblyopia using occlusion dose monitors
to record compliance. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 46:
1435-1439.
Editor's Notes
Oto et al reported non compliance rate of 47% with patching programs
Inconspicuous in some children and frighteningly obvious in others.Generally well tolerated
In our office this language translates as discontinue part time occlusion and order spatial sweep visual evoked potential. Some believe due to motor control component, gratings are redundant and so make less demands on gaze control. Some severe amblyopes like those of congenital cataracts may have a difficult time holding steady vision
Pattern of ocular dominance columns along the medial face of the right human occipital lobe. The dashed line
Figure 20: Mosaic of ocular dominance columns in striate cortex revealed by processing the tissue for cytochromeoxidase in a patient who lost sight in one eye prior to his death. The image above shows the actual tissue montage; the image below is a sketch of the columns. Note the partial reconstruction of dark and pale cytochromeoxidase stripes in V2. BS = blind spot; MC = monocular crescent.We have examined the ocular dominance columns in a patient with strabismic amblyopia and in a patient with anisometropic amblyopia (see: Horton JC & Stryker MP, Anisometropia induces amblyopia without shrinkage of ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci, 90:5494-5498, 1993 and Horton JC & Hocking DR, Pattern of ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex in strabismic amblyopia. Visual Neuroscience, 13:787-795, 1996). Neither case showed evidence of shrinkage of the amblyopic eye’s ocular dominance columns. From these findings, we conclude that amblyopia is not always associated with reduction in the size of ocular dominance columns. It is possible that when amblyopia begins at a later age it is not accompanied by a change in the dimensions of ocular dominance columns. Presumably abnormalities in intracortical wiring, yet to be revealed, are responsible for amblyopia in these cases.From our studies, it is apparent that many anatomical features of the macaque visual cortex are also present in the human visual cortex. Their similarity gives us confidence that our research findings in the macaque are applicable to the human. This is gratifying, because our ultimate goal is to understand how the human visual system functions. Continuing studies in the macaque, therefore, will allow us to make further advances in understanding the human visual system. In turn, human studies will continue to help shape our experiments in the macaque.