Binocular optical defects
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Anisometropia is an unequal refractive state between the two eyes. It can be congenital or acquired later in life. Anisometropia above 4 diopters is not well tolerated and can cause issues. Aniseikonia refers to unequal image size between the two eyes, which can result from high anisometropia. It can cause symptoms like asthenopia. Treatment options include glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or aniseikonic lenses.
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Amblyopia
This document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, etiology, neurological mechanisms, types, and treatment. It defines amblyopia as a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to structural eye abnormalities. The main types are strabismic, anisometropic, isoametropic, and deprivation amblyopia. Treatment involves full optical correction, occlusion of the better eye, and sometimes penalization of the better eye to encourage use of the amblyopic eye. Proper treatment is important during early childhood for amblyopia to be effectively reversed.
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This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including:
- Amblyopia is diminished vision not caused by eye pathology. It is classified by cause such as strabismic, anisometropic, and deprivation amblyopia.
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- Amblyopia is diminished vision not caused by eye pathology. It is classified by cause such as strabismic, anisometropic, and deprivation amblyopia.
- Treatment involves eliminating vision obstructions, correcting refractive errors, and encouraging vision development in the amblyopic eye through occlusion therapy or penalization of the strong eye.
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Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, is an impairment of vision that occurs when the nerve pathway from one eye to the brain does not develop normally in childhood, usually caused by an eye turning inward or outward or one eye having significantly better focus than the other. It is the most common vision problem in children affecting ages 1-10. While full recovery is difficult after age 8, treatment through patching the good eye or applying eye drops can improve vision.
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Amblyopia, commonly known as a "lazy eye", is a reduction in vision that occurs in one or both eyes due to abnormal visual development during childhood. There are several causes of amblyopia including unequal refractive errors between the eyes (anisometropia), misaligned eyes (strabismus), visual deprivation from conditions like cataracts, and high amounts of uncorrected refractive errors. Amblyopia is assessed through visual acuity tests, refractive error checks, and examinations for eye alignment and movement. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors, wearing an eye patch over the strong eye to encourage use of the weak eye, atropine eye drops to blur vision in the strong eye, or active visual stimulation therapies
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Amblyopia
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2. The main types of amblyopia are strabismic from squinting, stimulus deprivation from blocked vision, anisometropic from unequal refractive errors, isoametropic from high refractive errors in both eyes, and meridional from uncorrected astigmatism.
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- Diagnosis is usually made through routine screening between ages 3-5 years. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy using adhesive skin patches, and sometimes supplemental medications like levodopa.
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DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
Dear viewers, to download this presentation visit___ https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/
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Summary
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Proper optical correction alone is necessary for short period of time (6-8 weeks)
before initiation of other therapy
Part time occlusion of better eye is mainstay of treatment since 18th century to till
now
For severe and moderate amblyopia, 6 hrs and 2 hrs of patching is advised
respectively
Atropine is also used in children with poor compliance
Trial of patching can be given in patients as old as 17 yrs
Perceptual learning and pharmacological manipulation have shown areas of
amblyopia treatment beyond the critical period of visual development
Binocular stimulation, software based treatments and other methods do not have
promising result to replace the patching therapy till date
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This document provides information on amblyopia, including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. It defines amblyopia as a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to a structural eye abnormality. The main causes are strabismic amblyopia, stimulus deprivation amblyopia, and anisometropic amblyopia. Treatment involves eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion or penalization of the good eye. Occlusion therapy is the most effective amblyopia treatment.
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1) Amblyopia is a developmental defect of spatial visual processing in the central visual pathway of the eye that results in poor vision.
2) It is commonly caused by strabismus, unequal refractive errors between the eyes, high refractive errors in both eyes, or obstruction of vision in one eye.
3) Amblyopia is diagnosed through visual acuity testing which shows reduced vision in one eye that is not correctable by glasses alone.
AMBLYOPIA TREATMENT STUDIES PEDIG
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This document provides guidelines for prescribing glasses in children. It defines various refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It recommends fully correcting refractive errors over ±4 diopters as these can cause amblyopia. For lower refractive errors, it recommends considering the child's age and visual needs. Anisometropia over 1.5 diopters should also be corrected. Special cases like accommodative esotropia may require bifocals. The goal of treatment is to provide a clear retinal image while maintaining proper accommodation and convergence.
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Anisometropia refers to an unequal refractive power between the two eyes. It can be congenital or acquired. A difference of 1 diopter causes a 2% difference in retinal image size, which is generally well tolerated up to 2.5 diopters. Higher amounts may cause issues like amblyopia, strabismus, or diplopia. Treatment depends on the degree and includes glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. For children, full refractive correction is usually prescribed to prevent amblyopia, while adults may be undercorrected to avoid diplopia. Managing anisometropic amblyopia involves full refractive correction, occlusion therapy if needed, and vision therapy.
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Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, is an impairment of vision that occurs when the nerve pathway from one eye to the brain does not develop normally in childhood, usually caused by an eye turning inward or outward or one eye having significantly better focus than the other. It is the most common vision problem in children affecting ages 1-10. While full recovery is difficult after age 8, treatment through patching the good eye or applying eye drops can improve vision.
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Amblyopia, commonly known as a "lazy eye", is a reduction in vision that occurs in one or both eyes due to abnormal visual development during childhood. There are several causes of amblyopia including unequal refractive errors between the eyes (anisometropia), misaligned eyes (strabismus), visual deprivation from conditions like cataracts, and high amounts of uncorrected refractive errors. Amblyopia is assessed through visual acuity tests, refractive error checks, and examinations for eye alignment and movement. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors, wearing an eye patch over the strong eye to encourage use of the weak eye, atropine eye drops to blur vision in the strong eye, or active visual stimulation therapies
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Strabismic amblyopia is caused by suppression of the deviated eye in strabismus. It can range from mild to severe. The mechanism involves constant cortical suppression that degrades neuronal connections in the deviated eye. This leads to reduced responsiveness to input from the non-fixating eye. Strabismic amblyopia is typically unilateral and features include relatively mild vision loss, reduced grating acuity compared to recognition acuity, and the neutral density filter effect where vision differences between eyes are reduced with low illumination. Eccentric fixation is also common in strabismic amblyopia.
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Amblyopia is diminished vision in one or both eyes that cannot be corrected by glasses and is not caused by eye or nerve disease. It is commonly caused by strabismus, unequal refractive error between the eyes (anisometropia), uncorrected high refractive error, or form deprivation. Amblyopia can be treated through occlusion therapy, which involves patching or blurring the better-seeing eye, or penalization therapy, which makes vision harder for the better eye. The goal of treatment is to encourage use of the amblyopic eye and improve its vision.
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Amblyopia: definitions, screening, clinical evaluation and management. This ppt outlines the current management protocols as per studies.
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This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of childhood amblyopia. It defines amblyopia as reduced best corrected visual acuity caused by form vision deprivation or abnormal binocular interaction without an organic cause. Key points include:
- Amblyopia affects 1-5% of the population and has a critical period between ages 4 months to 5 years.
- Diagnosis is usually made through routine screening between ages 3-5 years. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy using adhesive skin patches, and sometimes supplemental medications like levodopa.
- The goal of treatment is to eliminate eccentric fixation and develop foveal fixation in the amblyopic eye. Full-time occlusion of the non-amb
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Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, is a condition where vision is reduced in one or both eyes and cannot be corrected by glasses or contact lenses. It is caused by abnormal visual development during childhood. There are several types of amblyopia including stimulus deprivation, strabismic, anisometric, and isometric amblyopia. Treatment involves patching or blurring the stronger eye to encourage use of the weaker eye, along with refractive correction if needed. Therapy is most effective when started early in childhood.
Amblyopia
This document discusses amblyopia, including its classification, etiology, and diagnosis. It defines amblyopia as a decrease in visual acuity caused by pattern vision deprivation or abnormal binocular interaction that cannot be corrected by optical or surgical means. Amblyopia can be functional, resulting from stimulus deprivation, strabismus, refractive errors, or anisometropia, or organic, caused by retinal diseases, nutritional deficiencies, or toxins. The document covers various types of amblyopia in detail and discusses methods for detecting, investigating, and determining the prognosis of amblyopia.
Amblyopia and it's Management
A detailed presentation covering all aspects of amblyopia, a form of cortical visual impairment, defined clinically as a unilateral or bilateral decrease of visual acuity (VA) that cannot be attributed to structural abnormalities of the eye or visual pathway
Amblyopia
Amblyopia is a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to structural eye abnormalities and results from strabismus, anisometropia, high bilateral refractive error, or visual deprivation. It is primarily a defect in central vision and prevalence is 2-4% in North America. Treatment involves refractive correction, patching or penalizing the better eye to force use of the weaker eye. Prognosis is best when treatment begins early in childhood during the critical period of visual development.
Amblyopia : classification & Occlusion therapy
This document discusses amblyopia, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, evaluation, and management. It defines amblyopia and outlines its prevalence. Amblyopia can be classified as functional or organic, and further divided into types such as strabismic, anisometropic, and stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Clinical signs may include reduced visual acuity, abnormal fixation, impaired stereopsis, and altered contrast sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing visual acuity, fixation, binocularity, and refractive error. Management is focused on occlusion therapy to treat the amblyopic eye.
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This document discusses amblyopia, its causes, types, diagnosis, and management. It defines amblyopia as reduced visual acuity without an organic cause that can be reversed by treatment. The major causes are strabismus, anisometropia, isoametropia, and form deprivation. Occlusion therapy of the non-amblyopic eye is the mainstay of treatment, with patching durations depending on the child's age. Proper refractive correction and monitoring of visual acuity are also important for managing amblyopia.
Strabismic ambylopia
This document discusses strabismic amblyopia, including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Strabismic amblyopia is a type of amblyopia or "lazy eye" caused by strabismus or misalignment of the eyes. It occurs when one eye is favored for fixation over the other due to strabismus, leading to reduced visual acuity in the non-fixating eye. Diagnosis involves testing for differences in visual acuity between the eyes. Treatment may include vision therapy, eye exercises, or surgery to correct the strabismus, with the goal of improving visual acuity in the amblyopic eye.
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia (Amblyopia Therapy)/ Amblyopia Treat...
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
Dear viewers, to download this presentation visit___ https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia. Latest as well as old methods of amblyopia management which include active and passive therapies. Amblyopia Therapy/ Amblyopia Treatment
What would be the perfect amblyopia therapy?
Effective
Good compliance
Acceptable to pts. and parent
Quick
Safe
Easy to administer
Cost effective
Well maintained
..............
Summary
Amblyopia occurs due to abnormal visual experience early in life
Proper optical correction alone is necessary for short period of time (6-8 weeks)
before initiation of other therapy
Part time occlusion of better eye is mainstay of treatment since 18th century to till
now
For severe and moderate amblyopia, 6 hrs and 2 hrs of patching is advised
respectively
Atropine is also used in children with poor compliance
Trial of patching can be given in patients as old as 17 yrs
Perceptual learning and pharmacological manipulation have shown areas of
amblyopia treatment beyond the critical period of visual development
Binocular stimulation, software based treatments and other methods do not have
promising result to replace the patching therapy till date
Most of the active therapy methods have good results when used together with
patching therapy
Amblyopia & its management by sivateja challa
This document provides information on amblyopia, including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. It defines amblyopia as a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to a structural eye abnormality. The main causes are strabismic amblyopia, stimulus deprivation amblyopia, and anisometropic amblyopia. Treatment involves eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion or penalization of the good eye. Occlusion therapy is the most effective amblyopia treatment.
Toxic amblyopia
Toxic amblyopia is caused by damage to the optic nerve or retina due to exogenous or endogenous poisons. It can be caused by substances like tobacco, alcohol, methyl alcohol, quinine, and ethambutol. Tobacco and alcohol amblyopia typically affect the central vision and cause fogginess and difficulty with near work. Methyl alcohol amblyopia is usually acute and can cause complete and permanent blindness due to optic nerve damage. Testing is important to differentiate functional and organic amblyopia and guide appropriate treatment.
Amblyopia
1) Amblyopia is a developmental defect of spatial visual processing in the central visual pathway of the eye that results in poor vision.
2) It is commonly caused by strabismus, unequal refractive errors between the eyes, high refractive errors in both eyes, or obstruction of vision in one eye.
3) Amblyopia is diagnosed through visual acuity testing which shows reduced vision in one eye that is not correctable by glasses alone.
AMBLYOPIA TREATMENT STUDIES PEDIG
The document summarizes the objectives, methods, results and conclusions of 13 studies conducted by the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG) on various amblyopia treatments. The studies compared treatments such as patching, atropine, Bangerter filters and optical correction alone. They found that most treatments, including shorter daily patching durations, improved visual acuity in amblyopic eyes, though residual amblyopia often remained. Combining treatments did not provide significantly better outcomes than single treatments.
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Similar to Binocular optical defects
Prescription of glasses in children
This document provides guidelines for prescribing glasses in children. It defines various refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It recommends fully correcting refractive errors over ±4 diopters as these can cause amblyopia. For lower refractive errors, it recommends considering the child's age and visual needs. Anisometropia over 1.5 diopters should also be corrected. Special cases like accommodative esotropia may require bifocals. The goal of treatment is to provide a clear retinal image while maintaining proper accommodation and convergence.
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Error of refraction
The document discusses different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, hypermetropia, and myopia. It defines these conditions and describes their causes and clinical features. Hypermetropia is refractive error where parallel rays are focused behind the retina. Myopia is where they are focused in front. There are different types of each based on etiology such as axial length changes or curvature of the eye. Treatment options are also discussed including optical corrections with lenses or contacts and surgical procedures.
Aniseikonia [ophthalmology description for medical students ]
concise description of aniseikonia which is a condition wherein the images projected to the visual cortex from the two retinae are abnormally unequal in size and /or shape
Anisometropia
Anisometropia is a condition where the two eyes have unequal refractive power. It can be congenital due to unequal eyeball growth, or acquired such as after cataract surgery. There are different types including simple where one eye is normal and the other myopic or hyperopic, compound where both eyes are myopic or hyperopic but to different degrees, and mixed where one eye is myopic and the other hyperopic. Treatments include spectacles up to 4 diopters of difference, contact lenses for higher degrees, and refractive surgery for high unilateral refractive errors.
Evaluation of squint
- Squint, or strabismus, is a misalignment of the visual axes that leads to loss of binocular single vision. It can be caused by issues in the orbit, eye muscles, motor nerves, or brainstem.
- Strabismus is classified as apparent, latent, or manifest. Manifest strabismus is further divided into concomitant, where the deviation is the same in all gazes, and incomitant, where the deviation varies with gaze.
- Evaluation of strabismus involves assessing history, visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment tests, and binocular vision. Accurately measuring any refractive errors and prescribing corrections as needed is important for diagnosis and treatment of
evaluation of strabismus
This document provides information on evaluating and examining patients with strabismus. The goals of a strabismus evaluation are to determine the cause of misalignment, assess binocular vision status, measure the deviation amount, diagnose amblyopia, and develop a treatment plan. The examination involves testing visual acuity, refractive error, ocular motility, binocular vision, and measuring the deviation. Sensory tests are used to evaluate fusion, suppression, and retinal correspondence. Motor examination includes measuring deviation amounts using cover tests and prism bars to differentiate phorias from tropias.
hypermetropia.pptx
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina. It occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat. Hypermetropia can be classified as physiological, pathological, or functional. It is commonly diagnosed using a retinoscope or autorefractor. Symptoms include blurry vision and eye strain. Treatment options include corrective lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, or intraocular lens implantation.
Amblyopia
This document defines and classifies different types of amblyopia, including strabismic amblyopia, stimulus deprivation amblyopia, anisometropic amblyopia, meridional amblyopia, and bilateral ametropic amblyopia. It discusses the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of amblyopia, noting that visual deprivation during early development can cause changes in visual system neurons. The evaluation, diagnosis, and management of amblyopia are also outlined, including prevention through early vision screening, treatment by eliminating causes of visual deprivation and correcting refractive errors, and occlusion therapy to correct ocular dominance.
Aniseikona , anisometropia & astigmatism
This document discusses various refractive errors including astigmatism, aniseikonia, and anisometropia. It defines astigmatism as a refractive error where light fails to come to a single focus on the retina due to unequal refraction in different meridians. It describes the different types of regular and irregular astigmatism. Aniseikonia is defined as an anomaly of binocular vision where the ocular images are unequal in size or shape. Anisometropia is when the total refraction of the two eyes is unequal. The document discusses the symptoms, investigations, and treatment options for these refractive errors including spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery.
Squint
This document defines and classifies different types of squint, including:
- Latent squint (heterophoria), where the eyes have a tendency to deviate but remain aligned with fusion.
- Manifest squint (heterotropia), where there is a visible misalignment of the eyes. This includes concomitant squint, where the deviation is the same in all directions of gaze, and paralytic squint, where the deviation varies with gaze direction.
- The causes, signs, and treatments of different types of squint are described, including exercises, optical correction, amblyopia therapy
optics.Dr.Mutaz.ppt
This document provides an overview of optics and refraction for 5th year medical students. It defines key terms related to light, refraction, the eye, and refractive errors. It describes how the eye focuses light onto the retina using the cornea and lens. Refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism occur when light is not correctly focused on the retina. Methods for correcting refractive errors include glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures.
Evaluation of squint - The Basics
Gives a very brief review of how to evaluate a case of squint in day to day clinical practice. How to diagnose a basic abnormality of the movement of eye.
paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus
This document discusses the anatomy and innervation of the extraocular muscles, as well as some common pediatric ophthalmological conditions. It describes the origins and insertions of the six extraocular muscles, and provides their actions and nerve supply. It then covers topics such as cranial nerve palsies, examining visual acuity in children, amblyopia, squints, leucocoria, retinopathy of prematurity, congenital defects, and infections.
Assesssment of strabismus
The document defines and describes various types of strabismus including tropia, phoria, comitant and incomitant deviations. It outlines the assessment of strabismus including taking a patient history, testing visual acuity, and performing an examination of motor and sensory status. The examination involves evaluating ocular alignment using tests such as cover testing, evaluating eye movements and fusion, and identifying suppression or abnormal retinal correspondence.
Lecture on amblyopia for 4th year mbbs undergraduate students by prof. dr. hu...
Lecture on amblyopia for 4th year mbbs undergraduate students by prof. dr. hu...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
This document discusses amblyopia, or lazy eye. It defines amblyopia as a developmental defect in visual processing that occurs in the central visual pathways. There are three main types of amblyopia: strabismic (caused by misaligned eyes), anisometropic (caused by unequal refractive errors between the eyes), and stimulus deprivation (caused by conditions that obscure vision in one eye). The document outlines the causes, clinical features, workup, and treatment of amblyopia, which involves correcting refractive errors, patching or otherwise penalizing the non-amblyopic eye, and protecting the good eye for those outside the treatment age range.Strabismus-Clinical Examinations
This document discusses strabismus, which is a misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. It defines key terms like phoria, tropia, intermittent tropia, and provides details on the anatomical and visual axes. It describes various types of strabismus like concomitant, incomitant, horizontal, vertical, and torsional deviations. It also discusses the mechanisms, causes, adaptations, and evaluations of strabismus, including cover tests, versions, ductions, fusional amplitudes, stereopsis tests, and diplopia evaluation methods.
Hypermetropia and Aphakia
Hypermetropia, or farsightedness, occurs when the eye is too short, causing light rays to focus behind the retina. There are several types of hypermetropia based on its cause, including axial hypermetropia due to a short eyeball, and index hypermetropia which occurs in older patients due to changes in the lens. Hypermetropia is classified by severity and can range from asymptomatic to causing blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to optically shift the focal point of light rays to the retina.
Anisometropia
Anisometropia is a condition where there is unequal refraction between a person's eyes, with a difference greater than 1 diopter clinically significant. It can be absolute, where the total refraction differs between eyes, or relative, when the eyes have different axial lengths but similar refractive power. Causes include trauma, keratoplasty, asymmetric aging, or aphakia from cataract surgery. Diagnosis involves retinoscopy and tests of binocular vision. Anisometropia is managed optically with spectacle correction or contact lenses, or surgically with refractive corneal surgery, lens removal and implantation, or phakic intraocular lenses.
myopia & hypermetropia.pptx
This document discusses myopia and hypermetropia. It defines myopia as a refractive error where light focuses in front of the retina. There are different types and grades of myopia. Simple myopia progresses during childhood while pathological myopia is a degenerative condition. Treatment includes optical correction, contact lenses, and surgery. Hypermetropia is a refractive error where light focuses behind the retina. It has different etiologies and types. Simple hypermetropia results from normal eyeball variations while pathological hypermetropia is outside normal variations. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses.
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Binocular optical defects
- 1. 𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗔 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗘𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗔 𝗕𝗬 – MUSHAHID RAZA B. Optom
- 2. 𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗔 • The optical state with equal refraction in two eyes is termed ‘ɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ ’. When the total refraction of the two eyes is unequal the condition is called ‘ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ ’. • An anisometropia up to 2.5 D is well tolerated and that between 2.5 and 4 D can be tolerated depending upon the individual sensitivity. However, if it is more than 4D , it is not tolerated and is a matter of concern.
- 3. 𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝟭- 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 𝟮- 𝗔𝗰𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 𝟭- 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 – occurs due to differential growth of the two eyeballs. 𝟮- 𝗔𝗰𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 – it may occur due to asymmetric age change, Uniocular Aphakia aftet removal of cataractous lens or due to implantation of IOL of wrong power.
- 4. 𝗖𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗬𝗣𝗘𝗦 𝟷- sɪᴍᴘʟᴇ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ 𝟸- ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ 𝟹- ᴍɪxᴇᴅ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ 𝟺- sɪᴍᴘʟᴇ ᴀsᴛɪɢᴍᴀᴛɪsᴍ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ 𝟻- ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴀsᴛɪɢᴍᴀᴛɪsᴍ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ
- 5. 𝟭. 𝗦𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 – In this conditions, one eye is normal ( emmetropic) and the other either myopic ( sɪᴍᴘʟᴇ ᴍʏᴏᴘɪᴄ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ) or hypermetropic ( sɪᴍᴘʟᴇ ʜʏᴘᴇʀᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴄ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ) . 𝟮. 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 - In this conditions, both eyes are either hypermetropic ( ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ʜʏᴘᴇʀᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴄ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ) or myopic ( ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴍʏᴏᴘɪᴄ ᴀɴɪsᴏᴍᴇᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴀ) , but one eye is having higher refractive error than the other.
- 6. 𝟯. 𝗠𝗶𝘅𝗲𝗱 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 – In this conditions, one eye is myopic and the other eye is hypermetropic. This is called also “ 𝘼𝙉𝙏𝙄𝙈𝙀𝙏𝙍𝙊𝙋𝙄𝘼 „ . 𝟰. 𝗦𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗔𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗴𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗺 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 – In this conditions, one eye is normal and the other eye has either simple myopic or hypermetropic astigmatism. 𝟱. 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗴𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗺 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 – In this conditions, both eyes are asthmatic but of unequal degree.
- 7. 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘂𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗮 𝟭. 𝗕𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 - is present in small degree of anisometropia ( 𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 3𝘿 ) 𝟮. 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻- when refractive error in one eye is of high degree, that eye is suppressed and develops Anisometropia Amblyopia thus the pt. Has Only uniocular vision. 𝟯. 𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 – one eye is hypermetropic and other myopic The hypermetropic eye is used for distant vision and myopic for near vision.
- 8. 𝗗𝗜𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗦 1- Retinoscopic examination 2- Testing for state of binocular vision a- FRIEND test b- Worth’s four – dot test
- 9. 𝗧𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝟭. 𝗚𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝟮. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘀 𝟯. 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗴𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝟰. 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝟱. 𝗣𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗰 𝗿𝗲𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝘀 ( 𝗣𝗥𝗟) 𝟭- 𝗚𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗦 – the corrective spectacles can be tolerated up to a maximum difference of 4D . After that there occur Diplopia.
- 10. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝘀- are advised for higher degree of anisometropia. Contact lenses may be very useful in young children with high anisometropia. 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗴𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀 – are also available, but their clinical results Are often disappointing. 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘆 - for unilateral high myopia, astigmatism And hypermetropia.
- 11. 𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗘𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗔 ANISEIKONIA is defind as a Condition wherein the image projected to the visual cortex from the two retinae are abnormally unequal size or shape. Aniseikonia = Unequal images ANAMOLY OF BINOCULAR VISION, WHERE OCULAR IMAGES ARE UNEQUAL IN SIZE OR SHAPE OR BOTH.
- 12. 𝗘𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝘆𝗽𝗲𝘀 𝟭. 𝗢𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮 – May occur due to either inherent Or acquired anisometropia of high degree. 𝟮. 𝗥𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮 - May develop due to – • Displacement of retinal elements towards the nodal point in the one eye and • Stretching or Oedema of the retina. 𝟯. 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮 -
- 13. 𝗖𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗬𝗣𝗘𝗦 𝟭. 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮 a. Spherical – image may be magnified or minified equally in both meridians. b. Cylindrical – image is magnified or minified symmetrical in one meridians. 𝟮. 𝗔𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮 a. Prismatic . b. Pin- cushion . c. Barrel distortion . d. Oblique distortion.
- 14. A. PRISMATIC – difference increases progressively in one direction B. PIN- CUSHION – distortion increases progressively in both direction C. BARREL DISTORTION – distortion decrease progressively in both direction as seen with high (-) correction. Oblique DISTORTION –the size of image is same but there occurs an oblique distortion of shape.
- 16. 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗼𝗺𝘀 Asthenopia – eyeache browache and tiredness of eyes. Diplopia - due to difficult binocular vision when the difference in Images of two eyes is more than 5% . Difficulty in depth perception is often noticed.
- 17. 𝗧𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 • 1 optical - Aniseikonia may be corrected by aniseikonic glasses, Contact lenses, Intraocular lenses or other refractive Surgery depending upon the situation. • 2 Retinal Aniseikonia may be corrected by treating the cause. • 3 Cortical Aniseikonia is very difficult to treat.