The document discusses various types of traumatic injuries to teeth, including classifications and treatment approaches. It covers injuries such as enamel fractures, crown fractures with and without pulp exposure, crown-root fractures, root fractures, and vertical fractures. For each type of injury, the summary discusses typical clinical and radiographic findings and outlines treatment options such as pulpotomy, root canal treatment, splinting fractured segments, and orthodontic or surgical repositioning of fragments. The prognosis depends on factors like the distance between fractured segments and their immobilization after injury. Healing may involve calcified tissue, connective tissue, or granulation tissue formation between fragments.

1. TRAUMA MAXILLO
FACIALAREA:
TRAUMATIC INJURIES
OF TEETH
BY,
ROUF ABDUR
GROUP NO 7
8th SEMESTER

2. INTRODUCTION
 Trauma of the oral and maxillofacial region occur frequently
 Dental injuries are common among facial injury
 Can occur at any age
 Child groups – while learning to walk, falling from chair, child
abuse
 Teenagers & young adult – sports accident
 Other age groups –automobile accident

3. CAUSE & INCIDENCE
The common causes are
 Direct/indirect trauma
 Sports accident
 Automobile accident
 Fight & assault
 Biting hard items
INCIDENCE
 About 5%
 Boys have 2/3 times as many fracture teeth as girls

4. CLASSIFICATIONS
ELLIS & DAVEY
(1970)
GARCIA & GODOY
(1981)
ANDREAESEN
(1981)
BENNET
(1963)

5. 1.ELLIS & DAVEY (1970)

6. 2.GARCIA AND GODOY(1981)
 Enamel crack
 Enamel fracture
 Enamel Dentin fracture without pulp exposures
 Enamel Dentin fracture with pulp exposure
 Enamel-Dentin-Cementum fracture without pulp exposure
 Enamel-Dentin-Cementum fracture with pulp exposure
 Root fracture
 Concussion
 Luxation
 Lateral displacement
 Intrusion
 Extrusion
 Avulsion.

7. EXAMINATION
OF
PATIENT

8. 1. INFORMATION ABOUT THE INJURY:
The following questions are intended to elicit
essential information about the traumatic event.
 When did the injury occur?
 Where did the injury occur?
 How did the injury occur?
 Are there previous injuries to the teeth?
 Is there a change in the bite?
 Past medical history.

9. 2. CLINICAL EXAMINATION:
SOFT TISSUE WOUNDS
[ presence of impacted foreign bodies]
TEETH
(for fractures or infractions)
(displacement of teeth )
PULP
[the extent of exposure]
BONE

10. 3.DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
 Pulp vitality:
 by electric pulp vitality tester
 When negative- injured nerve bundle
,paralyzed.
o Radiographic examination:
3 recommended angulations are-
 90 degree horizontal angle with
central beam through root
 Occlusal view
 Lateral view from mesial/distal aspect
of tooth

11. ENAMEL INFARCTION
 CLINICALFINDINGS:
Visual examination- by DYES (Methylene Blue)
Tooth is not tender on percussion. If tender on
percussion check for luxation injury/root
fracture
 RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS:-
No radiographic abnormality
Periapical view radiograph is used.
(additional added if any other signs and symptoms
present)
 TREATMENT:
Etching and sealing with resin to prevent
discoloration of infarction line

12. ENAMEL FRACTURE
 CLINICALFINDINGS:-
Visual signs-
loss of enamel without dentin exposure
No tenderness on percussion
Pulp sensitivity test is recommended
 RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS:-
Visible enamel loss
Radiograph of lip ,cheek to find out root fragments or
foreign material
TREATMENT
Smoothening the margins to prevent laceration of soft tissue
 In extensive cases:- recontouring of the roughened margins
followed by esthetic composite restoration
 If fractured segment is available - re positioned and bonded to
the tooth

13. CROWN FRACTURE WITHOUT PULPAL EXPOSURE (E+D)
OBJECTIVES
 Elimination of discomfort
 Preservation of vital pulp
 Restoration of fractured crown
CLINICALFINDINGS:-
 No tender on percussion
 Pulp test is positive
RADIOGRAPH:-
 E+D loss is visible
TREATMENT
 Remaining dentinal thickness of 2mm is sufficient for pulpal protection
 Composite is prefferd- reapproximation and bonding the segments with DBA &
composite
 Another approach is use of indirect
veneering
 Tooth is periodically tested with pulp tester
 If more current is necessary to elicit pulpal response for vitality, the prognosis is
unfavorable

14. CROWN FRACTURE WITH PULP EXPOSURE (E+D+P)
CLINICALFINDINGS:
 Tooth is not tender on percussion
RADIOGRAPHIC:
 Loss of tooth structure is visible
4 kinds of treatment
 Direct Pulp Capping
 Pulpotomy (pulp is vital)
 Apexification (pulp is necrotic)
 Pulpectomy (endodontic treatment)

15. E+D+C with no pulpal
involvement
E+D+C with pulpal
involvement
CROWN
ROOT
FRACTURE

16. CROWN-ROOT FRACTURE WITH NO PULPAL INVOLVEMENT
 Oblique line # ,begins incisal to marginal gingiva and extend beyond
the gingival crevice
 # segments are held by the PDL
 Tooth is tender on percussion
 Coronal fragment is mobile
 Sensibility pulp test is positive for apical fragment
RADIOGRAPH
Radiograph recommended are Periapical, Occlusal, & Eccentric exposures to
detect fracture lines of root
TREATMENT
 Localization of fracture line-
CBCT reveals whole fracture extension
 Emergency treatment-
Temporary stabilization of loose segment to adjacent teeth
 Definitive treatment-
Removal/reattachment of fractured segment
Removal is indicated in superficial /chisel fractures Subgingival extension is converted
into supra gingival fracture by gingivectomy / ostectomy

17. CROWN-ROOT FRACTURE WITH PULPAL INVOLVEMENT
 # line is single
 Symptoms are mild and pain is due to mobility of fractured segment
 Tooth is tender on percussion
 Coronal fragment is mobile
RADIOGRAPH
 Recommended are periapical and occlusal
TREATMENT
 With pulpal exposure and immature roots-
Partial Pulpotomy to preserve pulp
 Pulp exposure with mature roots-
Perform Endodontic Treatment
Use Fiber-Reinforced Composite Post for retention of the fractured segment if
reapproximation is proper

18. ORTHODONTIC EXTRUSION OF APICAL FRAGMENT
 This was first advocated by HEITHERSAY in 1973
 The coronal fragment is unrestorable & remaining
radicular portion is partly below the gingiva
 This procedure is indicated in case where C:R ratio is
compromised
 Subgingival portion is made to supra gingival position

19. SURGICAL EXTRUSION OF APICAL FRAGMENT
 Surgical movement of apical fragment to supra
gingival position
 Indicated where tooth is long enough to
accommodate a post retained crown after surgical
extrusion
 This method is faster than orthodontic extrusion

20. • Forms about 3% of
dental injuries
• Results from
horizontal impact
• Usually transverse to
oblique in nature
• Clinically coronal is
mobile and
displaced with
tender on percussion
ROOT
FRACTURE

21. RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESMENT
 HORIZONTALFRACTURE
90 degree placement of film with central beam through tooth
 DIAGONALFRACTURE
Occlusal view radiograph

22. CORONAL
MIDDLE
APICAL

23. CORONAL THIRD FRACTURE
 Prognosis is LESS FAVOURABLE
(because of difficulty in immobilizing the
root)
 Repair does not occur due to movement
of tooth & exposure of pulp to oral
environment
 Tooth become loose or exfoliated due to
resorption
 Apical fragment is retained

24. MIDDLE THIRD ROOT FRACTURE
 Prognosis depend on :
1. Position of the tooth after root
fracture
2. Mobility of the coronal segment
3. Status of pulp
4. Position of fracture line
TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE ARE:
 RCT of both segments
1. Indicated where the segment are not separated
2. Allow passage of instruments from coronal to apex
 RCT of coronal segment and removal of apical segment
1. Apex has separated from coronal
 Use of intra radicular splint
1. After endodontic, a post space is prepared in canal to extend from coronal segment to
apical one, allowing placement of rigid-type post to stabilize root segments
 RCT of coronal segment and no treatment of apical one
1. The apical segment is vital healthy pulp tissue.Apexification of the coronal segment.
2. Most effective is to employ MTAto form apical barrier in coronal segment and
backfill the canal with thermoplasticized GP

25. APICAL THIRD ROOTFRACTURE
 Prognosis is favourable,provided that the tooth is immobilized and
not placed under pressure of mastication
TREATMENT
•Opposing teeth should be grinded to minimize
incisal – occlusal stress
•Tooth with its root fracture at apical segment
has excellent prognosis because pulp at the
apex is vital & firm in the socket. Mobile tooth
should be ligated
•If pulp in coronal fragment is vital and tooth is stable with/without
ligation, no additional treatment is indicated
•If pulp is dead in coronal fragment, endodontic treatment can be done
•If tooth fails to recover the apical part, then it is surgically removed

27. HEALING DEPENDS ON 3 CRITERIA
 Distance between fragments
 Degree & Duration of immobilization
 Presence or absence of infection
ANDREASEN & HJORTING-HANSEN DESCRIBED 4 TYPES
OF REPAIR FOLLOWING ROOT FRACTURE
 Calcified tissue
 Connective tissue
 Connective tissue and bone
 Granulomatous tissue

28. Tissue replaced with
cementum by
cementoblast & cover
the # root surface
Following # complete
union does not occur
Healing depends on
PDL
Pulp is vital, blood clot
forms & macrophages
dispose damaged tissue
Meshwork of
granulation tissue
develops
Fibroblast appear and
lay down fibrous tissue

29. Pulp is vital
Odontoblast covers the
medial # root surface
with dentin like tissue
Cementum extends into
the canal, & covers the
irregular dentinal
surface for short
distance
CT fills the space
between cementum
covered fragments
Fibrous tissue replaced
by bone
If treatment fails,
granulation tissue
replaces bone between #
segments

30. VERTICAL FRACTURE
 Diagnosis is often difficult to establish by radiograph
 Patient c/o sensitivity ,may/ may not able to locate the
affected tooth
 Tooth react normally to EPT or may be hypertensive
 Chew on tooth slooth,cotton applicator helps in identifying
the tooth
 Common causes are:-
• Traumatic occlusion
• Excessive load on endodontically treated tooth
• Bruxism

31. VERTICAL
FRACTURE
CROWN
FRACTURE
ROOT
FRACTURE

32. VERTICAL CROWN FRACTURE
 Prognosis depends on location
Favorable prognosis-
#passes through clinical crown of
multirooted tooth & through its
furcation(provided tooth can be
hemisected)
 If vertical fracture occurs through the crown furcation of maxillary molars in
M-D plane, endodontic treatment is done following :
1. Section the crown into two segments- buccal & palatal and extract the less
strategic of the two
2. Restore the remaining segment with full coverage restoration that has
narrower contoured occlusal table to limit the occlusal forces to long axis
of the root of retained segment
3. Segment the crown into two and move the segment with ortho
appliance & splinted by full coverage restoration

33. VERTICAL ROOT FRACTURE
 Longitudinal fracture of the root,
the prognosis is hopeless
 Fracture segments are extracted,
and recememted with cyanoacrylate
 Endodontic treatment is completed
extra orally within 30min and tooth is
replanted into the socket
 First the tooth recovered but later
failure happened by pocket
formation, root resorption and
finally extraction is recommended

34. LUXATED TOOTH
INTRUSIVE
LUXATION
LATERAL
LUXATION
EXTRUSIVE
LUXATIONSUBLUXATIONCONCUSSION

35. CONCUSSION
 Injury to supporting structure of tooth, without abnormal
loosening/displacement of tooth but significant reaction
to percussion
 Tooth may feel numb shortly after blow.
 No bleeding & no radiographic changes
 Tooth respond normal to sensitivity
 Treatment confines to occlusal adjustment of opposing
teeth and repeated periodic vitality testing

36. SUBLUXATION
 Injury to supporting tissue with abnormal loosening of
tooth without displacement
 Tooth is in normal position in arch, but exhibit
horizontal mobility and have pain on percussion
 Bleeding from the gingival crevice indicating
damage to periodontal tissue
 Teeth respond normally to sensitivity test
 Treatment similar to concussion. Splinting might be
required for multiple tooth injuries

37. EXTRUSIVE LUXATION
 Partial displacement of tooth from its alveolar socket
 Teeth appear elongated with lingual deviation of crown
 Dull sound on percussion and bleeding from PDL

38.  Extruded tooth is forced back into
socket done after anaesthetizing the
region and by means of gentle finger
pressure or pressure exerted on a
wooden tongue blade against the
incisal surface of adjacent teeth to
force them back in their socket
 Affected tooth is splinted for 2-3
week
 Vitality is tested once in month
 If more current is required for pulp
testing and response to cold test
become weaker “dying pulp” is
expected
 If pulp is dead RCT is indicated
TREATMENT

39. LATERAL LUXATION
 Eccentric displacement of tooth other
than axial direction
 Associated with comminution
or fracture of alveolar socket
 Crown is displaced in lingual
direction along with # of alveolar
socket wall
TREATMENT
• Reposition of tooth back into its normal
position
• Difficult and painful and has to be done with
forceps under infra-orbital regional anesthesia
• Teeth is stabilized with splint for 3 weeks
(longer fixation for marginal bone break down)

40. INTRUSIVE LUXATION
 Intrusion into the alveolar socket along the long axis of tooth & accompanied by fracture of
socket
 Only small amount of tooth visible due to swelling of soft tissue
 Occur greater in primary teeth than in permanent
 Diagnosed by history and radiographic examination
 Not sensitive to percussion
TREATMENT
 Immediate treatment is not needed unless its not primary teeth(because permanent
tooth bud present at apex)
 Apply cold to alleviate swelling, pain & stop bleeding
 Spontaneous re-eruption is treatment of choice & varies from
2-14 months
 Surgical extrusion is done in case of multiple teeth intrusion

41.  Complete and total displacement
of tooth from socket
 Incidence varies from .5 to 3% in
permanent teeth and 7 to 13% in
primary teeth
 ETIOLOGY
Sports & fight injuries
 Maxillary central is most
affected
AVULSION

42. (b)Administer systemic antibiotics. Tetracycline is the
first choice( doxycycline 1-0-1 x7days)
Tetracycline is not recommended for patient under age of
12yrs
Penicillin v is given to children under age 12 as an alternative to
tetracycline
1.Tooth has been replanted at the site of
avulsion
(a)Clean the area with water spray, saline or chlorhexine.verify
the normal position clinically and radiographically .apply
flexible splint for a period of 2 weeks

43. IF AVULSED TOOTH CONTACTED SOIL
Patient recommended on soft diet for 2 weeks and brush with soft
tooth brush
Use chlorhexidine (0.1%) for 1 week
(ii)Tooth with open apex
The goal of replanting in still developing teeth in children is to allow for possible
revascularization of the tooth pulp.
If that does not occur RCT may be recommended
(i)Tooth with a closed apex
Root canal treatment done after 7-10 days of replantation and before splint removal.
Calcium is placed as intra canal medicament until filling of the root canal

44. 2.TOOTH KEPT IN SPECIAL STORAGE MEDIA WITH
EXTRA ORAL DRY TIME LESS THAN 60MIN
Tooth with
closed apex
• If contaminated, clean the root surface and apical foramen
with stream of saline and place the tooth in saline. Remove
the coagulum in stream of saline
• If fracture occurs in alv.socket,reposition with suitable
instrument and replant tooth with digital pressure and
continue the previous treatment for replantation
Tooth with
open apex
• Clean tooth with saline and remove the coagulum.
• Cover the root surface with minocycline hydrochloride
microsphere before replanting
• Continue same procedure as replanting

45. 3. EXTRA ORAL DRY TIME LONGER THAN 60 MIN
• Remove attached necrotic soft tissue with gauze
• .RCT done prior to replantation
• .Remove coagulum with saline stream
• Examine the alveolar socket and reposition with
suitable instrument
• Immerse tooth in 2% sodium fluoride for 20min
• Replant tooth slowly with digital pressure .suture
gingival laceration
• Verify the position clinically and radiographically
• Stabilize the tooth for 4 weeks using flexible splint
• Administer systemic antibiotics
Tooth with a
closed apex
(delayed
replantation- poor
long term
prognosis.
The PDL will be
necrotic and not
expected to heal)
•Treatment is similar like
the one with closed apex
Tooth with open
apex

46. FOLLOW- UP PROCEDURES
 ROOT CANALTREATMENT:
Teeth with closed apex: RCT to be done 7-10days after
replantation
Teeth with open apex : replanted immediately , chances of
vascularization is possible. RCT should be avoided
unless there is clinical and radiographic evidence of
pulpal necrosis
RCT should be done prior to replantation in a tooth that has
been dry for >60min

47. RESPONSE OF PULP TOTRAUMA
TRAUMA
PULP HEALING
PULPAL
NECROSIS
PULP CANAL
OBLITERATION
AFFECTED TOOTH