Transmissiontechniques

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TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
Presentation · February 2016
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3533.8005
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Ayat Zaki Hindi
Aalborg University
9 PUBLICATIONS 16 CITATIONS
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Nizar Zarka
Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology
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TRANSMISSION
TECHNIQUES
Ayat Zaki Hindi
Supervisor: Dr. Nizar Zarka
1
Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology
Telecommunication Department
Fifth year 2015-2016
Ayat Zaki Hindi & Dr. Nizar Zarka 2/24/2016

CONTENT
 Introduction to Transmission
 Transmission Technologies
 PDH
 SDH
 ATM
2

Introduction to Transmission
 Transmission: It means transport amount of data
with kind of encapsulation from location to another
location using a suitable media of transportation by
supported hardware.
3

Introduction to Transmission
4

Transmission Technologies
 transmission technology: It means how the
transmission media will deal with transmitted data,
and on which criteria it will depend on to forward the
packet.
(switch, route, add, drop, … )
(MAC address, VLAN, IP , label)
5

 transmission technologies depend basically on the encapsulation of data.
 Types of data encapsulation are:
I. Layer1 : PDH, SDH.
II. Layer2 : Ethernet, ATM, Frame relay.
III. Layer2.5 : MPLS.
IV. Layer3 : IP.
6

Plesio-Chronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
 The term Plesio-chronous is derived from Greek plēsios, meaning
near, and chronous meaning time.
 It refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where
different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly
synchronized.
 which means work at same data rate with slight difference.
7

Transmission Technologies – PDH
 Types of PDH:
PDH types are : E1, E2, E3, E4.
 E1:
I. It is a standard bit speed which equal to: 2048 kbps.
II. It could be carried over : Cable, MW, FO, VSAT,…etc.
III. It is Layer 1 connection (Connection oriented, reserved from end to
end).
8

 Multiplexing 32 channels of (64Kbps)
9

 Structure of E1:
 Each Time slot is representing 64 kbps.
 TS0 : used for synchronization.
 TS16 : used for Signaling, like: Control, Call setup,…etc.
 TS1 - TS15, TS17 - TS31 : used for user data.
10

 E2:
11

 E3:
12

 Positives:
I. Layer1 Connection oriented.
II. Easy to configure it.
III. Widely used especially at STE.
 Negatives:
I. Totally reserved for a certain data center (not sharing).
II. Not Secured.
III. When using E2, E3, E4 and need to extract a certain E1, we have to drop all
E2, E3, E4 to origin components (E1s), and then get the needed E1.
13

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
 It is a standardized transport protocol defined by ETSI that
transfer multiple digital bit streams (many different services)
synchronously over physical media like optical fiber or
electrical interface cables, Microwave,...
 This protocol was developed to replace the (PDH) system.
 The system works on a one Global Master Clock.
 Types of SDH: STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64.
(Synchronous Transport Module)
14

Transmission Technologies – SDH
 STM-1: consists of 63 E1s.
15

 Physical network supervision
16

 STM1 frame:
17

 STM-4: It is formed by multiplexing of four STM-1, (622 Mbps)
 STM-16: It is formed by multiplexing of four STM-4, (2.5 Gbps)
 STM-64: It is formed by multiplexing of four STM-16, (~ 10 Gbps)
STM-1 could be Channelized or Non-channelized.
18

 Positives:
I. Layer1 Connection oriented.
IV. Synchronized transport media.
V. Could carry many type of data using specific hardware.
VI. Widely used especially at STE and Fiber Optics Networks.
VII. Could be used as channelized and non-channelized STM.
 Negatives:
I. Totally reserved for a certain data center (not sharing).
II. Not Secured.
19

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 It is a switching technique that uses asynchronous time-division
multiplexing.
 It encodes data into small, fixed-sized cells (53 bytes = 48 payload +
5 header). Payload carrying different types of traffic.
 This differs from networks such as the Internet or Ethernet LANs
that use variable sized packets or frames.
20

Transmission Technologies – ATM
 ATM is both circuit switched and packet switched network.
 Virtual Path, (VP):
• VPI : Identifies which path the ATM cell belongs to.
• Virtual path contains several VC
• Simplifies addressing and switching
 Virtual Channel (VC).
• Virtual connection between two endpoints Carrying the actual
traffic.
• VCI: Identifies which channel the ATM cell belongs to.
21

 ATM encapsulation:
22

 Positives:
I. Connection oriented.
IV. Circuit switched and packet switched networking.
V. Could carry many type of data using specific hardware.
 Negatives:
I. Path is reserved (not sharing).
II. Not Secured.
23

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