It gives information regarding indication and different routes adopted for blood transfusion as well as merits and demerits of different routes adopted for blood transfusion in animals.

1. BY:-
Dr. YASMEEN AHMED
Dr. AJAY SRIVASTAVA

2. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring
blood or blood-based products from one patient
into the circulatory system of another.

3. INDICATIONS OF BLOODINDICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSIONTRANSFUSION
ANAEMIA :-ANAEMIA :-
 a)Acute haemorrhagica)Acute haemorrhagic
b)Chronic haemorrhagicb)Chronic haemorrhagic
c)Haemolytic anaemiac)Haemolytic anaemia
BLEEDING DISORDERSBLEEDING DISORDERS
HYPOPROTEINAEMIAHYPOPROTEINAEMIA
BURNSBURNS
To provide specific & non-specificTo provide specific & non-specific
resistance against infection.resistance against infection.

4. Whole blood preferred:- HaemorrhagicWhole blood preferred:- Haemorrhagic
anaemiaanaemia
Packed blood cells:- Haemolytic anaemiaPacked blood cells:- Haemolytic anaemia
Plasma:- Bleeding disorders,Plasma:- Bleeding disorders,
hypoproteinemia , Burns.hypoproteinemia , Burns.
Serum:- Immunity.Serum:- Immunity.

6. 50% of transfused blood entered the50% of transfused blood entered the
circulation within 24 hrs.circulation within 24 hrs.
Max. conc. of transfused cells in circulation :-Max. conc. of transfused cells in circulation :-
2-3 days after injection.2-3 days after injection.
Satisfactory in case of piglets.Satisfactory in case of piglets.
Indicated in shocked & uncooperativeIndicated in shocked & uncooperative
animals.animals.

7.  Valuable in replacement of erythrocytes.Valuable in replacement of erythrocytes.
 Treatment of hemolytic anaemia in lambs.Treatment of hemolytic anaemia in lambs.
 Not satisfactory for treatment of hypovolumicNot satisfactory for treatment of hypovolumic
shock.shock.
 Absorption of RBC is delayed.Absorption of RBC is delayed.
 Not recommended in Ascitis,Peritonitis, AbdominalNot recommended in Ascitis,Peritonitis, Abdominal
distention,Peritoneal adhesion.distention,Peritoneal adhesion.

8.  Best method in large % of cases.Best method in large % of cases.
 Slow I.V. drip usually most desirable method.Slow I.V. drip usually most desirable method.
 Jugular vein is preferred.Jugular vein is preferred.
 Dogs:- Cephalic or Recurrent tarsal vein.Dogs:- Cephalic or Recurrent tarsal vein.

9.  SatiSfactory in treatment ofSatiSfactory in treatment of
hypovolumic Shock.hypovolumic Shock.
 therapeutic effectS of tranSfuSiontherapeutic effectS of tranSfuSion
delivered by i.v. injection aredelivered by i.v. injection are
extremely rapid.extremely rapid.
 Suitable method when large volume ofSuitable method when large volume of
blood iS tranSfuSed.blood iS tranSfuSed.
 uSeful in emergency caSeS.uSeful in emergency caSeS.

10. Administration at too rapid rate:-Administration at too rapid rate:-
a) overloading of circulationa) overloading of circulation
b) acute heart failureb) acute heart failure
Other complications:-Other complications:-
a) Heart rate increases rapidlya) Heart rate increases rapidly
b) Weaknessb) Weakness
c) Dyspnoea precede collapsec) Dyspnoea precede collapse

11. Limited application in kittens & smallLimited application in kittens & small
dogs.dogs.
75.3% of RBC transfuse into75.3% of RBC transfuse into
medullary cavity remain intact.medullary cavity remain intact.
Maximal uptake obtained in 5Maximal uptake obtained in 5
minutes.minutes.

12.  Provide rapid access to centralProvide rapid access to central
compartment of circulatory system.compartment of circulatory system.
 Demonstrate efficacy & onset of action.Demonstrate efficacy & onset of action.

 Contraindicated for placement of BoneContraindicated for placement of Bone
marrow needle :- Skeletal abnormality, skinmarrow needle :- Skeletal abnormality, skin
& wound infection, abscess & fracture.& wound infection, abscess & fracture.
 Contraindicated :- Septic shock.Contraindicated :- Septic shock.

13. Less frequently used.Less frequently used.
Less than 3% of RBCs are absorbed, 97%Less than 3% of RBCs are absorbed, 97%
are destroyed.are destroyed.

14.  HORSE:- 10-20 ml/ kg/ hr.HORSE:- 10-20 ml/ kg/ hr.
 CATTLE:- 4.5 l/ hr.CATTLE:- 4.5 l/ hr.
 100 drops/ min.100 drops/ min.
 Amount of blood required for transfusionAmount of blood required for transfusion
depends on:- a) Size of recepientdepends on:- a) Size of recepient
b) Volume of blood loss.b) Volume of blood loss.

17.  Due to a blood type incompatibility.Due to a blood type incompatibility.
 It is a class II (Ag-Ab) hypersensitivity reaction.It is a class II (Ag-Ab) hypersensitivity reaction.
 Common reaction, particularly in dogs & horses.Common reaction, particularly in dogs & horses.
 Reaction time depends upon the type of antibodyReaction time depends upon the type of antibody
involved (IgM or IgG).involved (IgM or IgG).
 Hemolysis can be :- a) ExtravascularHemolysis can be :- a) Extravascular
b) Intravascularb) Intravascular

18. Result of extravascular hemolysis.Result of extravascular hemolysis.
May occur in dogs :- incompatibleMay occur in dogs :- incompatible
blood on first transfusion.blood on first transfusion.
Usually mild & may not be recognised.Usually mild & may not be recognised.
Common signs are :- fever, anorexia &Common signs are :- fever, anorexia &
jaundice.jaundice.
Minimized by using cross matching orMinimized by using cross matching or
cross-matched blood.cross-matched blood.

19. ICTERUS OF SCLERA & MUCUS
MEMBRANE

20. Reported in cats, dogs, cows, pigs & horses.Reported in cats, dogs, cows, pigs & horses.
Clinical signs :- weaknessClinical signs :- weakness
failure to thrivefailure to thrive
haemoglobinuriahaemoglobinuria
deathdeath
Neonatal immune-mediated thrombocytopenia reported.Neonatal immune-mediated thrombocytopenia reported.
Occur when a female animal of one blood type is mated to aOccur when a female animal of one blood type is mated to a
male of another.male of another.

22. Usually due to Anaphylactic reaction.Usually due to Anaphylactic reaction.
Mediated by IgE antibody which activateMediated by IgE antibody which activate
Mast cells.Mast cells.
Frequently seen with infusion of plasma.Frequently seen with infusion of plasma.
Can occur on first transfusion.Can occur on first transfusion.
Minimize by pre-treatment withMinimize by pre-treatment with
Antihistaminics & slow transfusion rate.Antihistaminics & slow transfusion rate.

23. MINOR SKIN REACTIONSMINOR SKIN REACTIONS:-:-
PruritisPruritis
Facial edemaFacial edema
WhealsWheals
UrticariaUrticaria
SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONSSEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS:-:-
Broncho-constrictionBroncho-constriction
Cardiopulmonary arrestCardiopulmonary arrest

24. Produces mild & transient fever.Produces mild & transient fever.
Most common type:- observed with wholeMost common type:- observed with whole
blood.blood.
Suspected:- when temperature increase ofSuspected:- when temperature increase of
atleast 1˚C with no other cause.atleast 1˚C with no other cause.
Can occur on first transfusion.Can occur on first transfusion.
Vomiting & tremor may be seen.Vomiting & tremor may be seen.

25. Reported in Dogs with Haemophilia A.Reported in Dogs with Haemophilia A.
Occur due to development of plateletOccur due to development of platelet
specific Antibody.specific Antibody.
Platelet count may normalized within 4-6Platelet count may normalized within 4-6
days of Corticosteroid therapy.days of Corticosteroid therapy.

26. Similar to Neonatal Isoerythrolysis.Similar to Neonatal Isoerythrolysis.
Recognised in Pigs.Recognised in Pigs.
Develop Thrombocytopenia.Develop Thrombocytopenia.
Clinical signs:- Cutaneous haemorrhageClinical signs:- Cutaneous haemorrhage..

27. TRANSFUSION REACTION BY
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
PRODUCT CONTENT REACTION
Whole blood RBCs, WBCs,
Plasma,
Platelets,
Anticoagulant
 Fever
 Acute
hemolytic rxn
 Vol. overload
Packed RBCs RBCs  Acute
hemolytic rxn
 Fever
Fresh frozen
plasma
Plasma,
Anticoagulants,
All clotting
factors,Ig’s
 Vol. overload
 Allergic rxn
 Fever

28. Platelet richPlatelet rich
plasmaplasma
Platelets,Platelets,
PlasmaPlasma  Allergic rxnAllergic rxn
 FeverFever
Frozen plateletsFrozen platelets 1×10¹¹1×10¹¹
platelets,platelets,
PlasmaPlasma
 BradycardiaBradycardia
Cryo poorCryo poor
plasmaplasma
Factors II, IV,Factors II, IV,
IX, XIX, X
 Allergic rxnAllergic rxn
 FeverFever
Cryo pptCryo ppt Factors VIII,Factors VIII,
XIII,FibrinogenXIII,Fibrinogen
 Allergic rxnAllergic rxn
 FeverFever

29.  Reasons :-Reasons :-
A)Failure to administer sufficient blood.A)Failure to administer sufficient blood.
B)Irreversible changes occur in patient.B)Irreversible changes occur in patient.
C)Short survival of transfused RBCs.C)Short survival of transfused RBCs.
 In Horses, survival of RBCs:- 60-100% at 4 daysIn Horses, survival of RBCs:- 60-100% at 4 days
 In Cattle RBCs remain in recepient circulation:-In Cattle RBCs remain in recepient circulation:-
upto 24 hr.upto 24 hr.
 Main site of RBC destruction:- Lung & Spleen.Main site of RBC destruction:- Lung & Spleen.

30.  CURRENT VETERINARY THERAPY-IX SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE:-CURRENT VETERINARY THERAPY-IX SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE:-
ROBERT W. KIRKROBERT W. KIRK
 VETERINARY HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:-VETERINARY HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:- MARYMARY
ANNAL THRALL, DALE C, BAKER, E DUAVEANNAL THRALL, DALE C, BAKER, E DUAVE
 VETERINARY MEDICINE-A TEXTBOOK OF DISEASE OFVETERINARY MEDICINE-A TEXTBOOK OF DISEASE OF
CATTLE,SHEEP,PIG,GOAT AND HORSES:-CATTLE,SHEEP,PIG,GOAT AND HORSES:- OTTO M. RADOSTITS,OTTO M. RADOSTITS,
CLIVE C. GRAY, DOUGLAS C. BLOOD, KENNETH W. HINCHCLIFF.CLIVE C. GRAY, DOUGLAS C. BLOOD, KENNETH W. HINCHCLIFF.
 SCHALM’S VETY. HEMATOLOGY:-SCHALM’S VETY. HEMATOLOGY:- NEMI C. JAIN.NEMI C. JAIN.
 HANDBOOK FOR VETY. CLINICIANS:-HANDBOOK FOR VETY. CLINICIANS:- BHIKANEBHIKANE