1. SHOCKSHOCK
By Dr Sneha KhobragadeBy Dr Sneha Khobragade
Guided by Dr Deepak RuparelGuided by Dr Deepak Ruparel
GMC NagpurGMC Nagpur
2. Definition of ShockDefinition of Shock
Inadequate tissue perfusion to meet tissueInadequate tissue perfusion to meet tissue
demandsdemands
Usually result of inadequate blood flowUsually result of inadequate blood flow
and/or oxygen deliveryand/or oxygen delivery
16. Cardiac outputCardiac output
C.O. = Heart rate x stroke volumeC.O. = Heart rate x stroke volume
To improve Cardiac outputTo improve Cardiac output
Increase Heart rateIncrease Heart rate
Increase Stroke VolumeIncrease Stroke Volume
Preload – volume of blood in the ventriclePreload – volume of blood in the ventricle
Afterload – resistance to contractionAfterload – resistance to contraction
Contractility – force appliedContractility – force applied
17. ManagementManagement
Goal :Goal :
1. control the source of hemorrhage1. control the source of hemorrhage
2. administer adequate intravascular volume2. administer adequate intravascular volume
replacementreplacement
Clinical picture:Clinical picture:
- SBP <90 mm hg- SBP <90 mm hg
- MAP <60 mm hg- MAP <60 mm hg
- lactate > 4 mmol/L- lactate > 4 mmol/L
18. simultaneouslysimultaneously
- control source of bleeding- control source of bleeding
- establish vascular access- establish vascular access
(8.5 fr central venous catheter/(8.5 fr central venous catheter/
two 14 G peripheral vein catheter)two 14 G peripheral vein catheter)
19.
20. Measure hemoglobinMeasure hemoglobin
- > 9 g/dl- > 9 g/dl administer 0.9 NaCl / RLadminister 0.9 NaCl / RL
- < 9 g/dl- < 9 g/dl RBC transfusion until Hg >RBC transfusion until Hg >
9g/dl and correct any9g/dl and correct any
identified coagulation oridentified coagulation or
platelet abnormalitiesplatelet abnormalities
21. In on going hemorrhage:
- administer 2 – 4 l of crystalloid
- group ‘0’ blood should be given
Rh - positive - men and women who are in non
childbearing age
Rh - negative – women in childbearing age
- Type specific blood administered after first four
units of non-typed blood are given
- Goal – maintain hemoglobin > 9 g/dl
22.
23. Adjunctive TherapiesAdjunctive Therapies
Therapy Rationale
Airway control -To provide appropriate gas exchange
- to prevent aspiration
Cardiac/hemodynamic monitoring -To identify dysrhythmias and inadequate fluid
resuscitaion
Platelet/fresh frozen plasma
adminsitration
- required because of dilutional effect
of crystalloid and blood
- Consumption due to ongoing bleeding
- Platelet count > 50,000 /mm3
Calcium chloride
Magnesium chloride
-To reverse ionized hypocalcemia and
hypomagnesemia resulting from administration
of citrate with transfused blood
Antibiotics -When open and contaminated wounds are
present
Corticosteroids -For patients presumed to have adrenal injury
and unable to mount stress response
24. Cardiogenic ShockCardiogenic Shock
Cardiac dysfunctionCardiac dysfunction
Inadequate circulationInadequate circulation
Compromised organ perfusionCompromised organ perfusion
25. when to say?when to say?
Prolonged hypotension (SBP< 90 mmhg) inProlonged hypotension (SBP< 90 mmhg) in
settings of decreased cardiac output (< 1.8settings of decreased cardiac output (< 1.8
L/min/m2 without support and <2.2 L/min/m2L/min/m2 without support and <2.2 L/min/m2
with support) despite adequate intravascularwith support) despite adequate intravascular
volume (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure >volume (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure >
18 mm Hg and/or pulmonary artery occlusion18 mm Hg and/or pulmonary artery occlusion
pressure >15 mm Hg)pressure >15 mm Hg)
26. EtiologyEtiology
Acute myocardial infarctionAcute myocardial infarction
Mechanical causesMechanical causes
Severe cardiomyopathy /congestive heart failureSevere cardiomyopathy /congestive heart failure
Acute myocarditisAcute myocarditis
Calcium channel or beta blocker overdoseCalcium channel or beta blocker overdose
Acute /severe valvular insufficiencyAcute /severe valvular insufficiency
Obstruction to left ventricular outflowObstruction to left ventricular outflow
Obstruction to ventricular filling
30. Suspected cardiogenic shockSuspected cardiogenic shock
SBP< 90 mm HgSBP< 90 mm Hg
Signs of low cardiac output stateSigns of low cardiac output state
Initial evaluation & rapid stabilizationInitial evaluation & rapid stabilization
Immediate ECGImmediate ECG
Look for evidence of AMILook for evidence of AMI
32. Supplement oxygen/mech ventilation (for hypoxia)Supplement oxygen/mech ventilation (for hypoxia)
BP supportBP support
SBP< 90 mm Hg - dopamine (5 – 15 mcg/kg/min)SBP< 90 mm Hg - dopamine (5 – 15 mcg/kg/min)
SBP< 80 mm Hg – add norepinephrineSBP< 80 mm Hg – add norepinephrine
(1 – 20 mcg/kg/min)(1 – 20 mcg/kg/min)
Goal MAP> 65 mm HgGoal MAP> 65 mm Hg
(all pt should have intra-arterial monitoring)(all pt should have intra-arterial monitoring)
33.
34. Suitable for revascularization
-PCI (Infarct artery only)
-emergent CABG
(3V dz, L main dz, PCI not
possible)
No revascularization
possible
-ct medical support
If BP stable
Consider inotropic support
-dobutamine
(2.5- 10 mcg/min)
-milrinone
(0.375-0.75 mcg/kg/min)
Avoid in hypotension, renal
failure (milrinone)
REFRACTORY SHOCK
consider left ventricular assist device, transplantation evaluation
37. Diminished or absent sympathetic toneDiminished or absent sympathetic tone
Reduce peripheral vascular toneReduce peripheral vascular tone
Peripheral pooling of blood volumePeripheral pooling of blood volume
Inadequate venous returnInadequate venous return
Decreased perfusion, acidosis, hypotensionDecreased perfusion, acidosis, hypotension
38. Septic ShockSeptic Shock
Terminology in SepsisTerminology in Sepsis
Infection = response to micro organismInfection = response to micro organism
Bacteremia = bug in bloodBacteremia = bug in blood
Systemic Inflammatory Response SyndromeSystemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
(SIRS)(SIRS)
Sepsis = SIRS as response to a knownSepsis = SIRS as response to a known
infectioninfection
39. Terminology in SepsisTerminology in Sepsis
severe sepsis - acute organ dysfunctionsevere sepsis - acute organ dysfunction
secondary to documented or suspectedsecondary to documented or suspected
infectioninfection
septic shock - severe sepsis + hypotension notseptic shock - severe sepsis + hypotension not
reversed with fluid resuscitationreversed with fluid resuscitation
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
– two or more organ dysfunction that requires– two or more organ dysfunction that requires
41. Recognition of Septic ShockRecognition of Septic Shock
Early –Early – warm shockwarm shock
Late –Late – Cold shockCold shock
42. Early vs Late Septic ShockEarly vs Late Septic Shock
EarlyEarly LateLate
Heart rateHeart rate TachycardiaTachycardia Tachycardia/Tachycardia/
bradycardiabradycardia
Blood pressureBlood pressure NormalNormal decreaseddecreased
PeripheralPeripheral
PerfusionPerfusion
Warm/coolWarm/cool
Dec./inc. pulsesDec./inc. pulses
CoolCool
Dec. pulsesDec. pulses
43. Early vs Late Septic ShockEarly vs Late Septic Shock
EarlyEarly LateLate
End-organ: skinEnd-organ: skin Dec. cap refillDec. cap refill Very dec. capVery dec. cap
RefillRefill
BrainBrain Irritable,Irritable,
restlessrestless
Lethargic,Lethargic,
unresponsiveunresponsive
KidneysKidneys OliguriaOliguria Oliguria,Oliguria,
AnuriaAnuria
44. DiagnosisDiagnosis
General variables:General variables:
1. Fever (> 38.3°C)1. Fever (> 38.3°C)
Hypothermia (core temperature < 36°C)Hypothermia (core temperature < 36°C)
2.Heart rate > 90/min2.Heart rate > 90/min
3.Tachypnea3.Tachypnea
4. Altered mental status4. Altered mental status
45. 5. Significant edema or positive fluid balance (>5. Significant edema or positive fluid balance (>
20mL/kg over 24hr)20mL/kg over 24hr)
6. Hyperglycemia (plasma glucose > 140mg/dL or6. Hyperglycemia (plasma glucose > 140mg/dL or
7.7 mmol/L) in the absence of diabetes7.7 mmol/L) in the absence of diabetes
46. Inflammatory variables:Inflammatory variables:
1. Leukocytosis (WBC count > 12,000 µL–1)1. Leukocytosis (WBC count > 12,000 µL–1)
2. Leukopenia (WBC count < 4000 µL–1)2. Leukopenia (WBC count < 4000 µL–1)
3. Normal WBC count with greater than3. Normal WBC count with greater than
10% immature forms10% immature forms
4. Increased Plasma C-reactive protein4. Increased Plasma C-reactive protein
5. Increased Plasma procalcitonin5. Increased Plasma procalcitonin
51. Severe sepsisSevere sepsis
Lactate above upper limits laboratoryLactate above upper limits laboratory
Urine output < 0.5mL/kg/hr for more than 2 hrsUrine output < 0.5mL/kg/hr for more than 2 hrs
despite adequate fluid resuscitationdespite adequate fluid resuscitation
Acute lung injury with Pao2/Fio2 < 250 in theAcute lung injury with Pao2/Fio2 < 250 in the
absence of pneumonia as infection sourceabsence of pneumonia as infection source
52. Acute lung injury with Pao2/Fio2 < 200 in theAcute lung injury with Pao2/Fio2 < 200 in the
presence of pneumonia as infection sourcepresence of pneumonia as infection source
Creatinine > 2.0mg/dL (176.8 µmol/L)Creatinine > 2.0mg/dL (176.8 µmol/L)
Bilirubin > 2mg/dL (34.2 µmol/L)Bilirubin > 2mg/dL (34.2 µmol/L)
Platelet count < 100,000 µLPlatelet count < 100,000 µL
Coagulopathy (international normalized ratio >Coagulopathy (international normalized ratio >
1.5)1.5)
57. Severe sepsis bundleSevere sepsis bundle
Design to optimize the timing ,sequence, andDesign to optimize the timing ,sequence, and
goals of the individual element care.goals of the individual element care.
Includes:Includes:
- goal directed hemodynamic stabilization- goal directed hemodynamic stabilization
- early appropriate antimicrobial therapy- early appropriate antimicrobial therapy
- associated adjunctive therapy- associated adjunctive therapy
58. SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN BUNDLESSURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN BUNDLES
TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 3 HOURS:TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 3 HOURS:
1) Measure lactate level1) Measure lactate level
2) Obtain blood cultures prior to administration of2) Obtain blood cultures prior to administration of
antibioticsantibiotics
3) Administer broad spectrum antibiotics3) Administer broad spectrum antibiotics
4) Administer 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or4) Administer 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or
lactate > 4mmol/Llactate > 4mmol/L
59. TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 6 HOURS:TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 6 HOURS:
5) Apply vasopressors (for hypotension not5) Apply vasopressors (for hypotension not
responding to initial fluid resuscitation)responding to initial fluid resuscitation)
6) persistent arterial hypotension despite volume6) persistent arterial hypotension despite volume
resuscitation or initial lactate 4 mmol/L measure:resuscitation or initial lactate 4 mmol/L measure:
- central venous pressure- central venous pressure
- central venous oxygen saturation- central venous oxygen saturation
7) Remeasure lactate7) Remeasure lactate
64. Antibiotic ManagementAntibiotic Management
Is patient
immunocompromised?
HIV
Neutropenia
Chronic corticosteroids
Malnutrition
Receiving chemotherapy
Give antibiotic therapy to
opportunistic pathogens
+
Bacterial pathogens
Consider likely bacterial
infection based on clinical
presenatation
Human immunodeficiency
antibodies
Extended spectrum beta-
lactamase
Methicillin resistant
staphylococcus aureus
65. Risk factors for healthcare-
associated infection present:
• Recent hospitalization
• residence in nursing
home/rehabilitation
• Regular visits to hospital
• Home infusion or
wound therapy
Consider nosocomial bacterial
pathogens that are potentially
antibiotic resistant:
• MRSA
• pseudomonas aeruginosa
• acinetobacter species
•Klebsiella pneumonia
• E - coli
Consider community-based
bacterial pathogens that are
antibiotic sensitive :
•Streptococcus pneumoniae
• e coli
• legionaella pneumophila
• haemophillia influenza
• klebsiella pneumonia
* Broad spectrum cephalosporin /
* Carbapenam /
* Beta-lactam /
* Fluroquinolone /
* Aminoglycoside /
* MRSA- Directed agent
(vancomycin, linezolid,
tigecycline)
66. Select single agent therapy:
• ceftriaxone
• fluroquinolone
• ampicillin/sulbactum
• macrolides (azithromycin,
clarithromycin, telithromycin)
Modify and/or narrow antibiotic
regimen based on organism
identified and susceptibilty
testing
67. Activated Protein CActivated Protein C
(drotrecogin - alpha)(drotrecogin - alpha)
Recombinant Human Activated Protein CRecombinant Human Activated Protein C
Prevent DIC cascade with antithrombotic activityPrevent DIC cascade with antithrombotic activity
by inhibiting factors Va & VIIIaby inhibiting factors Va & VIIIa
May exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibitingMay exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting
TNF and by blocking leukocytes adhesionsTNF and by blocking leukocytes adhesions
68. Side effectsSide effects
BleedingBleeding
Pediatric trial terminated early (03/04) due toPediatric trial terminated early (03/04) due to
no benefit to known risk of bleedingno benefit to known risk of bleeding
70. Immunoglobulin E mediated immediateImmunoglobulin E mediated immediate
hypersensitivity reactionhypersensitivity reaction
It involve mast cell and basophil degranulationsIt involve mast cell and basophil degranulations
Clinically it is indistinguishable fromClinically it is indistinguishable from
anaphylactoid reactions (direct mast cellanaphylactoid reactions (direct mast cell
degranulation)degranulation)
71. Reaction develop in < 1hour after exposure toReaction develop in < 1hour after exposure to
triggering substancestriggering substances
Initial symptoms:Initial symptoms:
- flushing- flushing
- pruritis- pruritis
- sense of doom- sense of doom
72. Causes?Causes?
Anaphylaxis (IgE mediated) Anaphylactoid reaction
-Foods (nuts, egg, fish, shellfish,
cows
milk)
- vaccines
- anesthetic agents
- insulin and other harmones
- antitoxins
- blood and blood products
- insect stings and bites (bee,
wasp
and ant)
- snake bites
- latex
- allergy immunotherapy
-NSAIDs
- opiates
- sulfites
- radioconstrast media
- neuromuscular blocking agents
- gamma globulin
- antisera
- exercise
73. Clinical ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
1. Cardiovascular collapse (shock) – seen in 20%1. Cardiovascular collapse (shock) – seen in 20%
Results from:Results from:
- hypovolemia induced by increased vascular- hypovolemia induced by increased vascular
permeability and loss of intravascular volume.permeability and loss of intravascular volume.
- hypotension from peripheral vasodilation- hypotension from peripheral vasodilation
- myocardial depression- myocardial depression
- bradycardia- bradycardia
74. 2. Respiratory symptoms - seen in 50% of2. Respiratory symptoms - seen in 50% of
patientspatients
Can results in :Can results in :
- severe upper airway edema- severe upper airway edema
- bronchospasm- bronchospasm
- cardiogenic and non- cardiogenic pulmonary- cardiogenic and non- cardiogenic pulmonary
edemaedema
Biphasic reactions occurs in 20 % within, 1 to 8Biphasic reactions occurs in 20 % within, 1 to 8
hours after initial reactionshours after initial reactions
80. Remember….Remember….
- intravenous steroids have no role in the acute- intravenous steroids have no role in the acute
treatment of anaphylaxis but may preventtreatment of anaphylaxis but may prevent
phase 2 reactionphase 2 reaction
- given IV methyl prednisolone 1-2 mg/kg and- given IV methyl prednisolone 1-2 mg/kg and
continue up to 4 days (IV / Orally)continue up to 4 days (IV / Orally)
- on discharge, refer the patient to allergist for- on discharge, refer the patient to allergist for
testing and monitoring and provide with hometesting and monitoring and provide with home
epinephrine self – injectors (EpiPen)epinephrine self – injectors (EpiPen)
81. Practically Speaking….Practically Speaking….
Know how to distinguish different types of shockKnow how to distinguish different types of shock
and treat accordingly.and treat accordingly.
Look for early signs of shock.Look for early signs of shock.
Monitor the patient using the HR, MAP, mentalMonitor the patient using the HR, MAP, mental
status, urine output.status, urine output.
SHOCK is not equal to hypotension.SHOCK is not equal to hypotension.
Start antibiotics within an hour !Start antibiotics within an hour !
Do not wait for cultures or blood work.Do not wait for cultures or blood work.