The document discusses the rise of transformative paradigm methods between 1980-1990 based on sociological and psychological theories. It focuses on social justice and marginalized groups. The transformative paradigm uses diverse qualitative and mixed methods to describe contextual and historical factors, especially as they relate to oppression. Example methods mentioned include action research.

1. • AROSE DURING THE YEARS (1980-1990)
 SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSICOLOGICAL
THEORIES.
• SOCIAL JUSTICE AND MARGINALISED
PEOPLE.

3. Paradigm Methods (primarily)
Data collection tools
(examples)
Transformative
Diverse range of tools -
particular need to avoid
discrimination. Eg:
sexism, racism, and
homophobia.
Qualitative methods with
quantitative and mixed
methods. Contextual and
historical factors
described, especially as they
relate to oppression
(Mertens, 2005, p. 9)
E.g. ACTION RESEARCH
Taken from: http://www.iier.org.au/iier16/mackenzie.html

4. Critical theory
Neo-marxist
Feminist
Critical Race Theory
Freirean
Participatory
Emancipatory
Advocacy
Grand Narrative
Empowerment
issue oriented
Change-oriented
Interventionist
Queer theory
Race specific
Political
Adapted from Mertens (2005) and Creswell (2003)
Taken from: http://www.iier.org.au/iier16/mackenzie.html