Unit 2 AS revision sociology
Education and research methods
Key concepts/ definitions
Practical and ethical issues
Sampling
Strength's and weaknesses of research methods
Theories of research
Theories and research of education
Gender, ethnicity and social class and education
Material, cultural and factors within schools affecting attainment
The document discusses feminist perspectives on research methods and epistemology. It outlines the feminist critique of traditional masculine approaches, which claim objectivity but exclude women's experiences. It also describes different feminist frameworks, including feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. Finally, it discusses ensuring gender is considered in all aspects of the research process, from topic selection to data analysis and presentation of findings.
Sociological research methods and techniques are discussed in the document. It covers:
1) Sociologists study how society influences people and how people shape society using various research methods.
2) Findings must be tested and evaluated with sociological theory rather than just accepting common assumptions.
3) The scientific method involves selecting a problem, reviewing literature, forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. It is important that sociologists observe research ethics.
This document provides an overview of the GCSE Sociology Paper 1 exam. It outlines the content covered in the exam, which focuses on studying society, family, and education. It describes the exam structure, which includes multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and longer questions requiring students to discuss concepts, research methods, ethics, and hypothetical research situations. Tips are provided on key topics, concepts, and examples that may appear on the exam. The entire exam must be completed in 90 minutes.
This document discusses different theoretical perspectives (paradigms) that can inform physical education research: positivist, interpretive, socially critical, poststructuralist, and feminist. It summarizes each perspective's definition, strengths, weaknesses, and connections to other perspectives. The conclusion emphasizes that researchers should understand how their chosen paradigm relates to their research questions and the "bigger picture," and that using multiple paradigms can provide richer insights than single paradigms. Researchers are cautioned against misusing theory for self-promotion or following theoretical fads.
This document discusses different theoretical perspectives - positivist, interpretive, socially critical, poststructuralist, and feminist - that can inform physical education research. Each perspective is defined, and its strengths and weaknesses are outlined. The document cautions that theories should be empirically grounded and connected to important issues. It concludes that using multiple perspectives can provide richer insight than a single paradigm alone. Researchers should understand the perspectives underpinning their work and how theories relate to the overall research questions.
This document outlines two different research paradigms: positivism and interpretivism.
The positivist paradigm believes in one objective reality, an independent and value-neutral researcher, and value-free and unbiased research through deductive logic and quantitative methods. The goal is explanation, prediction and control through context-free generalizations.
The interpretivist paradigm believes in multiple constructed realities, an interdependent and value-laden researcher, and inherently biased research through flexible methodology to take advantage of opportunities. The goal is specific conclusions applicable only to the particular context studied through informal qualitative reports.
Social research aims to systematically investigate social phenomena to add to knowledge. It involves careful observation and collection of data on human behavior and social life. Social research passes through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. The primary stage involves observation, interest, problem identification, hypothesis formulation, and preparation of research design and tools like questionnaires.
The document discusses feminist perspectives on research methods and epistemology. It outlines the feminist critique of traditional masculine approaches, which claim objectivity but exclude women's experiences. It also describes different feminist frameworks, including feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. Finally, it discusses ensuring gender is considered in all aspects of the research process, from topic selection to data analysis and presentation of findings.
Sociological research methods and techniques are discussed in the document. It covers:
1) Sociologists study how society influences people and how people shape society using various research methods.
2) Findings must be tested and evaluated with sociological theory rather than just accepting common assumptions.
3) The scientific method involves selecting a problem, reviewing literature, forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. It is important that sociologists observe research ethics.
This document provides an overview of the GCSE Sociology Paper 1 exam. It outlines the content covered in the exam, which focuses on studying society, family, and education. It describes the exam structure, which includes multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and longer questions requiring students to discuss concepts, research methods, ethics, and hypothetical research situations. Tips are provided on key topics, concepts, and examples that may appear on the exam. The entire exam must be completed in 90 minutes.
This document discusses different theoretical perspectives (paradigms) that can inform physical education research: positivist, interpretive, socially critical, poststructuralist, and feminist. It summarizes each perspective's definition, strengths, weaknesses, and connections to other perspectives. The conclusion emphasizes that researchers should understand how their chosen paradigm relates to their research questions and the "bigger picture," and that using multiple paradigms can provide richer insights than single paradigms. Researchers are cautioned against misusing theory for self-promotion or following theoretical fads.
This document discusses different theoretical perspectives - positivist, interpretive, socially critical, poststructuralist, and feminist - that can inform physical education research. Each perspective is defined, and its strengths and weaknesses are outlined. The document cautions that theories should be empirically grounded and connected to important issues. It concludes that using multiple perspectives can provide richer insight than a single paradigm alone. Researchers should understand the perspectives underpinning their work and how theories relate to the overall research questions.
This document outlines two different research paradigms: positivism and interpretivism.
The positivist paradigm believes in one objective reality, an independent and value-neutral researcher, and value-free and unbiased research through deductive logic and quantitative methods. The goal is explanation, prediction and control through context-free generalizations.
The interpretivist paradigm believes in multiple constructed realities, an interdependent and value-laden researcher, and inherently biased research through flexible methodology to take advantage of opportunities. The goal is specific conclusions applicable only to the particular context studied through informal qualitative reports.
Social research aims to systematically investigate social phenomena to add to knowledge. It involves careful observation and collection of data on human behavior and social life. Social research passes through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. The primary stage involves observation, interest, problem identification, hypothesis formulation, and preparation of research design and tools like questionnaires.
This document discusses four main research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism/constructivism, critical, and pragmatic. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each paradigm, including their ontology (nature of reality), epistemology (nature of knowledge), typical research questions, and common methodologies. The document uses examples from educational technology research to illustrate different studies that fall within each paradigm. Overall, it analyzes the tradeoffs of different paradigms and argues that the choice depends on personal views, the research question, available resources, and supervisory support, with no single best approach.
1) Developmental psychology research faces ethical obstacles regarding the need for voluntary and informed consent from all subjects, especially children and other vulnerable populations.
2) Stricter ethics regulations aimed at protecting subjects could hinder important research and waste talented researchers if they cannot study the samples needed.
3) India would benefit greatly from increased domestic psychological research using Indian subjects, but current ethics laws and lack of research culture potentially discourage this work.
Introduction to Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Basic Research EthicsJeanette C. Patindol
This document provides an introduction to quantitative and qualitative research approaches and basic research ethics for teaching in senior high school. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to statistically analyze relationships between variables, while qualitative research focuses on meanings and experiences through words rather than numbers. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. The document also outlines mixed methods research, common qualitative research designs including narrative research and case studies, ethical principles of research involving human subjects, and considerations for internet research and vulnerable populations.
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
This document provides an overview of the interpretive research paradigm, including its key assumptions, origins, methods, and evolution. It discusses interpretivism's focus on understanding meaning and interpretation through socially constructed realities. The document outlines interpretivism's ontology of multiple subjective realities and epistemology of dynamic, context-dependent meanings. It also summarizes common interpretive research methods like interviews and observations. Finally, it notes some challenges of interpretive research and criteria for evaluating interpretive studies.
This document discusses key concepts in sociology including:
- Sociology seeks to understand how social forces influence human behavior and life experiences through studying general patterns in particular groups.
- Sociological perspective sees how factors like gender, class, education can shape one's experiences in unexpected ways like during times of war or industrialization.
- Studies like Durkheim's research on suicide rates demonstrated how social ties and integration impact behaviors more than individualism.
- The goal of sociological inquiry is to better comprehend society and social interactions through rigorous scientific study and empirical evidence.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and research methods. It defines organizational behavior as the study of human behavior in organizations. It discusses both natural and social sciences as they relate to organizational behavior. Key research methods covered include observation, questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The document also outlines different types of interviews, observations, and research designs such as experiments, case studies, and surveys.
Feminist research deals with theories about oppression, power relations, and inequality. It challenges traditional assumptions in research and knowledge creation. Feminist methodology combines both traditional and contemporary research methods and can utilize both qualitative and quantitative data. Contemporary feminist research in India is characterized by conscious partiality where researchers identify with respondents, action research that seeks social change, and valuing diversity and differences among women. The goal of feminist research is empowerment, overcoming inequity, and representing marginalized voices.
The document discusses the importance of teaching ethics in schools and emphasizes integrity, honesty, and moral character. It notes that cheating among high school students has increased significantly over time and says that a lack of ethics education can lead to problems in one's career and life. The document advocates for teaching democratic values and responsibilities and emphasizes that ethics should be practiced, not just preached.
This document discusses different research philosophies and approaches. It defines key characteristics of research paradigms such as ontology, epistemology, and axiology. It presents the "research onion" as a model of the layers within research philosophy. The main research philosophies discussed are positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Positivism is defined as trying to uncover objective truths about how the world works through logical deduction and empirical observation in order to predict and control outcomes.
The document discusses several social sciences including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, economics, and social psychology. It defines each discipline and provides examples of what each field studies. The document also discusses positivism, levels of sociological analysis, sociological theories, and key figures in the development of sociology like Auguste Comte.
The document discusses key concepts in research methodology including definitions of ontology, epistemology, positivism, naturalism, qualitative and quantitative research. It also covers methods such as triangulation, surveys, and focus groups. Guidelines are provided for writing the methodology chapter of a research paper, including outlining the research question, data collection and analysis procedures, and justification for the chosen methods.
The document discusses various social science disciplines including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and economics. It defines each discipline and provides examples of topics studied within each field. It also discusses sociological research methods and key concepts like variables, hypotheses, validity, reliability, and triangulation of methods.
The document discusses key concepts in moral philosophy including morality, ethics, and philosophy. It defines morality as principles of proper conduct and ethics as the study of moral concepts like good and evil. There are two types of morality - descriptive referring to cultural norms, and normative referring to universal rational standards. Four basic moral principles are identified - do good, treat others well, ends don't justify means, and follow human nature. Ethics examines domains like meta-ethics concerning meaning, normative ethics concerning action, and applied ethics concerning specific issues. Moral philosophy studies the origin and knowledge of morals through examining systems like deontology based on rules and consequentialism based on outcomes. Its three branches are normative ethics on how we
Using qualitative methods for gender analysisIFPRI Gender
The document summarizes the use of qualitative methods to study gender issues in program evaluations, using conditional cash transfer programs as an example. It discusses how qualitative research can uncover social dynamics and norms that influence program outcomes and who benefits. It provides examples of gender issues studied, such as how social norms influence participation and outcomes. The document also describes how qualitative research adds value to quantitative research by providing context and explanations. It highlights some findings on gender from evaluations of CCT programs in Latin America and Turkey.
The goal of sociological inquiry is to better understand society and social interactions through following the scientific method. This includes defining a problem, reviewing literature, forming a hypothesis, designing research, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results. Methods used in sociological inquiry include experiments, surveys, case studies, field observations, interviews, and historical analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques are employed, with qualitative examining non-statistical data from observations and interviews, and quantitative using statistics to analyze relationships in large data sets.
Qualitative research aims to provide a detailed and complete understanding of a particular activity or phenomenon. It uses natural settings as data sources and focuses on understanding phenomena from participants' perspectives through flexible designs and inductive analysis. Qualitative research is based on philosophical assumptions that there are multiple realities shaped by social contexts and that facts and values cannot be separated. Common approaches to qualitative research include narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, case studies, and ethnographic research. Qualitative research involves purposefully sampling participants, collecting descriptive data through methods like observation and interviews, analyzing and interpreting the data, and drawing conclusions.
The document discusses two major influences on the choice of research method in sociology - positivism and interpretivism. Positivism views society like the natural sciences and uses quantitative methods to study social facts objectively from the outside. Interpretivism believes behavior is influenced by personal meanings and uses qualitative methods like participant observation to understand perspectives from within by getting involved. The two approaches differ in whether they take a macro or micro view of society and use structured or unstructured, large-scale or small-scale research techniques.
Research paradigms : simplifying complex debatesThe Free School
The document discusses research paradigms and their definitions. It begins by defining what a research paradigm is, noting that they establish practices and beliefs that guide research. It then discusses some of the main research paradigms, including positivism, post-positivism, critical theory, and constructivism. The document concludes by explaining that paradigms can shift as new knowledge is discovered, using feminism as an example of how a paradigm has changed over time with the development of related fields like men's studies.
Dsd int 2014 - data science symposium - 4th paradigm a research perspective, ...Deltares
The document discusses the concept of the "fourth paradigm" in science, which refers to data-intensive scientific discovery using large amounts of digital data. It outlines three main roles for scientists in this new paradigm: as data producers who collect data; as data users who analyze existing data; and as those responsible for data governance and management. While data has always been important in science, the current era represents a shift to greater data volumes, new types of spatial and temporal data, and more accidental or surprise data findings. This represents an evolution rather than revolution for many scientists, as their role changes from primary data collection to reusing existing data sources.
1. The document discusses paradigms in research, which are models or patterns that shape a researcher's perspective and approach.
2. Paradigms were first introduced by philosopher Thomas Kuhn and can be defined narrowly as specific methods or broadly as entire worldviews.
3. The paradigm a researcher adopts determines what questions they study, methods they use, and how they interpret results.
4. The main paradigms discussed are the normative, interpretative, and critical paradigms, which differ in their assumptions and approaches.
This document discusses different types of research paradigms and qualitative versus quantitative research. It identifies three main types of research: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research involves qualitative methods like interviews and observation, while explanatory research involves quantitative hypothesis testing. Descriptive research can use either qualitative or quantitative methods. The document also discusses key differences in the assumptions and approaches of qualitative versus quantitative research, including their views on truth, the role of the researcher's values, and whether research should aim for objectivity or be used for social change. The two main paradigms discussed are positivism, associated with quantitative research, and interpretivism, associated with qualitative research.
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research ConceptsFazalHayat12
This document discusses different types of research paradigms and concepts in qualitative research. It identifies three primary types of research: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research involves qualitative studies like observations and interviews, while explanatory research involves quantitative studies and hypothesis testing. Descriptive studies can use quantitative or qualitative methods. The document also discusses the differences between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of structure, role of the researcher, and purpose. Qualitative research is subjective and aims to understand different perspectives, while quantitative research seeks objective truths through hypothesis testing. The two main paradigms are positivism for quantitative research and interpretivism for qualitative research.
This document discusses four main research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism/constructivism, critical, and pragmatic. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each paradigm, including their ontology (nature of reality), epistemology (nature of knowledge), typical research questions, and common methodologies. The document uses examples from educational technology research to illustrate different studies that fall within each paradigm. Overall, it analyzes the tradeoffs of different paradigms and argues that the choice depends on personal views, the research question, available resources, and supervisory support, with no single best approach.
1) Developmental psychology research faces ethical obstacles regarding the need for voluntary and informed consent from all subjects, especially children and other vulnerable populations.
2) Stricter ethics regulations aimed at protecting subjects could hinder important research and waste talented researchers if they cannot study the samples needed.
3) India would benefit greatly from increased domestic psychological research using Indian subjects, but current ethics laws and lack of research culture potentially discourage this work.
Introduction to Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Basic Research EthicsJeanette C. Patindol
This document provides an introduction to quantitative and qualitative research approaches and basic research ethics for teaching in senior high school. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to statistically analyze relationships between variables, while qualitative research focuses on meanings and experiences through words rather than numbers. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. The document also outlines mixed methods research, common qualitative research designs including narrative research and case studies, ethical principles of research involving human subjects, and considerations for internet research and vulnerable populations.
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
This document provides an overview of the interpretive research paradigm, including its key assumptions, origins, methods, and evolution. It discusses interpretivism's focus on understanding meaning and interpretation through socially constructed realities. The document outlines interpretivism's ontology of multiple subjective realities and epistemology of dynamic, context-dependent meanings. It also summarizes common interpretive research methods like interviews and observations. Finally, it notes some challenges of interpretive research and criteria for evaluating interpretive studies.
This document discusses key concepts in sociology including:
- Sociology seeks to understand how social forces influence human behavior and life experiences through studying general patterns in particular groups.
- Sociological perspective sees how factors like gender, class, education can shape one's experiences in unexpected ways like during times of war or industrialization.
- Studies like Durkheim's research on suicide rates demonstrated how social ties and integration impact behaviors more than individualism.
- The goal of sociological inquiry is to better comprehend society and social interactions through rigorous scientific study and empirical evidence.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and research methods. It defines organizational behavior as the study of human behavior in organizations. It discusses both natural and social sciences as they relate to organizational behavior. Key research methods covered include observation, questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The document also outlines different types of interviews, observations, and research designs such as experiments, case studies, and surveys.
Feminist research deals with theories about oppression, power relations, and inequality. It challenges traditional assumptions in research and knowledge creation. Feminist methodology combines both traditional and contemporary research methods and can utilize both qualitative and quantitative data. Contemporary feminist research in India is characterized by conscious partiality where researchers identify with respondents, action research that seeks social change, and valuing diversity and differences among women. The goal of feminist research is empowerment, overcoming inequity, and representing marginalized voices.
The document discusses the importance of teaching ethics in schools and emphasizes integrity, honesty, and moral character. It notes that cheating among high school students has increased significantly over time and says that a lack of ethics education can lead to problems in one's career and life. The document advocates for teaching democratic values and responsibilities and emphasizes that ethics should be practiced, not just preached.
This document discusses different research philosophies and approaches. It defines key characteristics of research paradigms such as ontology, epistemology, and axiology. It presents the "research onion" as a model of the layers within research philosophy. The main research philosophies discussed are positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Positivism is defined as trying to uncover objective truths about how the world works through logical deduction and empirical observation in order to predict and control outcomes.
The document discusses several social sciences including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, economics, and social psychology. It defines each discipline and provides examples of what each field studies. The document also discusses positivism, levels of sociological analysis, sociological theories, and key figures in the development of sociology like Auguste Comte.
The document discusses key concepts in research methodology including definitions of ontology, epistemology, positivism, naturalism, qualitative and quantitative research. It also covers methods such as triangulation, surveys, and focus groups. Guidelines are provided for writing the methodology chapter of a research paper, including outlining the research question, data collection and analysis procedures, and justification for the chosen methods.
The document discusses various social science disciplines including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and economics. It defines each discipline and provides examples of topics studied within each field. It also discusses sociological research methods and key concepts like variables, hypotheses, validity, reliability, and triangulation of methods.
The document discusses key concepts in moral philosophy including morality, ethics, and philosophy. It defines morality as principles of proper conduct and ethics as the study of moral concepts like good and evil. There are two types of morality - descriptive referring to cultural norms, and normative referring to universal rational standards. Four basic moral principles are identified - do good, treat others well, ends don't justify means, and follow human nature. Ethics examines domains like meta-ethics concerning meaning, normative ethics concerning action, and applied ethics concerning specific issues. Moral philosophy studies the origin and knowledge of morals through examining systems like deontology based on rules and consequentialism based on outcomes. Its three branches are normative ethics on how we
Using qualitative methods for gender analysisIFPRI Gender
The document summarizes the use of qualitative methods to study gender issues in program evaluations, using conditional cash transfer programs as an example. It discusses how qualitative research can uncover social dynamics and norms that influence program outcomes and who benefits. It provides examples of gender issues studied, such as how social norms influence participation and outcomes. The document also describes how qualitative research adds value to quantitative research by providing context and explanations. It highlights some findings on gender from evaluations of CCT programs in Latin America and Turkey.
The goal of sociological inquiry is to better understand society and social interactions through following the scientific method. This includes defining a problem, reviewing literature, forming a hypothesis, designing research, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results. Methods used in sociological inquiry include experiments, surveys, case studies, field observations, interviews, and historical analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques are employed, with qualitative examining non-statistical data from observations and interviews, and quantitative using statistics to analyze relationships in large data sets.
Qualitative research aims to provide a detailed and complete understanding of a particular activity or phenomenon. It uses natural settings as data sources and focuses on understanding phenomena from participants' perspectives through flexible designs and inductive analysis. Qualitative research is based on philosophical assumptions that there are multiple realities shaped by social contexts and that facts and values cannot be separated. Common approaches to qualitative research include narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, case studies, and ethnographic research. Qualitative research involves purposefully sampling participants, collecting descriptive data through methods like observation and interviews, analyzing and interpreting the data, and drawing conclusions.
The document discusses two major influences on the choice of research method in sociology - positivism and interpretivism. Positivism views society like the natural sciences and uses quantitative methods to study social facts objectively from the outside. Interpretivism believes behavior is influenced by personal meanings and uses qualitative methods like participant observation to understand perspectives from within by getting involved. The two approaches differ in whether they take a macro or micro view of society and use structured or unstructured, large-scale or small-scale research techniques.
Research paradigms : simplifying complex debatesThe Free School
The document discusses research paradigms and their definitions. It begins by defining what a research paradigm is, noting that they establish practices and beliefs that guide research. It then discusses some of the main research paradigms, including positivism, post-positivism, critical theory, and constructivism. The document concludes by explaining that paradigms can shift as new knowledge is discovered, using feminism as an example of how a paradigm has changed over time with the development of related fields like men's studies.
Dsd int 2014 - data science symposium - 4th paradigm a research perspective, ...Deltares
The document discusses the concept of the "fourth paradigm" in science, which refers to data-intensive scientific discovery using large amounts of digital data. It outlines three main roles for scientists in this new paradigm: as data producers who collect data; as data users who analyze existing data; and as those responsible for data governance and management. While data has always been important in science, the current era represents a shift to greater data volumes, new types of spatial and temporal data, and more accidental or surprise data findings. This represents an evolution rather than revolution for many scientists, as their role changes from primary data collection to reusing existing data sources.
1. The document discusses paradigms in research, which are models or patterns that shape a researcher's perspective and approach.
2. Paradigms were first introduced by philosopher Thomas Kuhn and can be defined narrowly as specific methods or broadly as entire worldviews.
3. The paradigm a researcher adopts determines what questions they study, methods they use, and how they interpret results.
4. The main paradigms discussed are the normative, interpretative, and critical paradigms, which differ in their assumptions and approaches.
This document discusses different types of research paradigms and qualitative versus quantitative research. It identifies three main types of research: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research involves qualitative methods like interviews and observation, while explanatory research involves quantitative hypothesis testing. Descriptive research can use either qualitative or quantitative methods. The document also discusses key differences in the assumptions and approaches of qualitative versus quantitative research, including their views on truth, the role of the researcher's values, and whether research should aim for objectivity or be used for social change. The two main paradigms discussed are positivism, associated with quantitative research, and interpretivism, associated with qualitative research.
Research Paradigms Presentation Qualitative Research ConceptsFazalHayat12
This document discusses different types of research paradigms and concepts in qualitative research. It identifies three primary types of research: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research involves qualitative studies like observations and interviews, while explanatory research involves quantitative studies and hypothesis testing. Descriptive studies can use quantitative or qualitative methods. The document also discusses the differences between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of structure, role of the researcher, and purpose. Qualitative research is subjective and aims to understand different perspectives, while quantitative research seeks objective truths through hypothesis testing. The two main paradigms are positivism for quantitative research and interpretivism for qualitative research.
This document discusses research paradigms in online and distance education research. It begins by defining key terms like research paradigm, ontology, epistemology and methodology. It then outlines four main research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism, critical theory, and pragmatism. For each paradigm, it describes the underlying beliefs about the nature of knowledge and reality, as well as typical research questions and methodologies. Examples of studies using different paradigms are also provided. The document concludes by discussing considerations for choosing a research paradigm and what makes a good research question.
This document discusses research paradigms and provides examples of different types of research paradigms. It begins by defining what a research paradigm is - the underlying beliefs, assumptions, and methodologies that guide research. It then outlines four main research paradigms: positivism/quantitative, interpretivist/qualitative, critical, and pragmatic. For each paradigm, it describes the ontology (view of reality), epistemology (relationship between the researcher and what is being researched), and methodology. It provides examples of research questions and studies for each paradigm. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of different paradigms and whether they meet the needs of practicing educators.
This document provides an overview of social work research. It discusses that research involves scientific investigation to create or add to existing knowledge. There are different types of research approaches including quantitative, qualitative, emancipatory, feminist, and postmodern. The document outlines the characteristics, types, purposes, and examples of social work research. It also describes the major steps in the research process, including defining the problem, choosing a methodology, conducting a literature review, research design, data collection and analysis, and disseminating findings. Ethics and ensuring the research benefits the community are also addressed.
Doing sociological research involves applying the sociological perspective, being curious and asking questions objectively. There are different types of truths and ways of knowing, including scientific knowledge based on empirical evidence. Sociological research methods include positivist, interpretive, and critical sociology. Key aspects of research are concepts, variables, measurement, validity, reliability, and the relationship between variables. The scientific method involves collecting data through observation and experimentation. Common data collection methods are participant observation, interviews, surveys, existing sources, and experiments. It is important for sociological research to be objective and consider how factors like gender can influence results. Ethical standards help ensure research protects participants.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociological research methods. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, sources of primary and secondary data, sampling techniques, and issues of validity, reliability and generalizability. It also covers theoretical frameworks in sociology and how they relate to research topic selection and methodology. Examples are given of early sociological studies like Durkheim's work on suicide rates. Ethical considerations in research involving human subjects are also outlined.
Qualitative research is a type of scientific research that seeks to understand a research problem from the perspectives of the local population involved. It provides complex descriptions of how people experience issues and identifies intangible factors like social norms. Common qualitative methods are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and allows open-ended questions and probing of participants' responses to generate rich, explanatory data.
The document provides an overview of different types of research methods and their definitions. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, correlational, experimental, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, phenomenological, qualitative, and quantitative research. The key points are:
- Research involves systematic investigation to gain new knowledge or validate existing knowledge.
- The different types of research methods each have distinct goals and approaches such as describing characteristics, testing hypotheses, or discovering new theories.
- Research can be classified as qualitative, involving subjective experiences, or quantitative, using statistical techniques to measure phenomena.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It begins by defining qualitative research as an interdisciplinary field that takes a naturalistic and interpretative approach to understanding human experiences. It discusses some key characteristics, such as using multiple methods to understand subjects in their natural settings. The document then contrasts qualitative with quantitative research and covers paradigms like positivism and non-positivism. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research, common data collection techniques, approaches to analysis, and frequently asked questions.
Introduction to Qualitative Research-Week 1.pptxkiranhashmi
The document provides an overview of an introduction to qualitative research course, outlining topics like the importance of researcher reflexivity, different qualitative research designs, and key concepts in qualitative research methodology including understanding context, emergent design, and data saturation. Examples of qualitative research scenarios are also presented and discussed to help students think as researchers.
ME290Global Engineering Professional SeminarGlobalizat.docxendawalling
ME290
Global Engineering Professional Seminar
Globalization, Cultural Difference and
Collaborating Across Cultural Boundaries
Lecture-1
Globalization, Cultural Difference and
Collaborating Across Cultural Boundaries
Globalization the process by which
businesses or other organizations
develop international influence or
start operating on an international
scale.
Cultures
• Culture is the dominant set of behaviors, values,
beliefs, and thinking patterns we learn as we grow and
develop in our social groups.
In all but one of the following countries it is expected that
you bring a gift to a business meeting. In which country is it
not expected?
A. China B. Czech Republic
C. Japan D. Denmark
The correct answer is D. Denmark
Which of the following is associated with dead and should
not be given as a gift in the Chinese culture?
A. Clocks B. Straw sandals
C. Handkerchief D. Crane
The answer is - All of the above!
Typical Dimensions of Culture
Tree Model of CULTURE
Surface Culture
Deep Culture
Language
Dress
Art & Music
Food
Gestures Formality
Gender Roles
Religion
Holidays
Personal Space
Communication & Learning Styles
Time
Methods of Decision Making
Relationships
Attitudes
Work Ethic
Negotiating Styles
Values
Cultural Differences
Some main indicators of cultural differences are:
•Behavioral patterns: appearance vs. reality
•Non-verbal behavior: Gestures, signs, mimics
•Distance behavior: personal space vs. closeness
Behavioral Pattern
•If we don’t know anything about other cultures, we
tend to use stereotypes as our knowledge base –
Is this a right approach?
•What are stereotypes?
•Negative labeling of a certain group or culture
based on the actions and/or appearances of a
few individuals.
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Understood as the process of communication through
sending and receiving wordless messages.
• Language is not the only source of communication;
there are other means, including:
• Gestures and touch
• Body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact
• Object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even
architecture and symbols
• Problems and conflicts can occur when expressing
gestures or facial expressions in other cultures –
messages can often be misinterpreted.
Distance Behavior
• The right personal distance when conducting business
shows respect and acceptance.
• Too much distance gives the impression of dislike and
discomfort.
• Too little will make the person draw back.
Diversity & Inclusion
Diversity refers to differences (such as age, gender,
ethnicity physical appearance, thought styles, religion,
nationality, socio-economic status, belief systems etc.)
Inclusion refers to the creation of opportunities and the
elimination of barriers that allow all people to
participate in and contribute to ideation, planning,
projects, programs, processes, teams, organizations,
social activities, fun or any other opportunity that hel.
ME290Global Engineering Professional SeminarGlobalizat.docxjessiehampson
ME290
Global Engineering Professional Seminar
Globalization, Cultural Difference and
Collaborating Across Cultural Boundaries
Lecture-1
Globalization, Cultural Difference and
Collaborating Across Cultural Boundaries
Globalization the process by which
businesses or other organizations
develop international influence or
start operating on an international
scale.
Cultures
• Culture is the dominant set of behaviors, values,
beliefs, and thinking patterns we learn as we grow and
develop in our social groups.
In all but one of the following countries it is expected that
you bring a gift to a business meeting. In which country is it
not expected?
A. China B. Czech Republic
C. Japan D. Denmark
The correct answer is D. Denmark
Which of the following is associated with dead and should
not be given as a gift in the Chinese culture?
A. Clocks B. Straw sandals
C. Handkerchief D. Crane
The answer is - All of the above!
Typical Dimensions of Culture
Tree Model of CULTURE
Surface Culture
Deep Culture
Language
Dress
Art & Music
Food
Gestures Formality
Gender Roles
Religion
Holidays
Personal Space
Communication & Learning Styles
Time
Methods of Decision Making
Relationships
Attitudes
Work Ethic
Negotiating Styles
Values
Cultural Differences
Some main indicators of cultural differences are:
•Behavioral patterns: appearance vs. reality
•Non-verbal behavior: Gestures, signs, mimics
•Distance behavior: personal space vs. closeness
Behavioral Pattern
•If we don’t know anything about other cultures, we
tend to use stereotypes as our knowledge base –
Is this a right approach?
•What are stereotypes?
•Negative labeling of a certain group or culture
based on the actions and/or appearances of a
few individuals.
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Understood as the process of communication through
sending and receiving wordless messages.
• Language is not the only source of communication;
there are other means, including:
• Gestures and touch
• Body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact
• Object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even
architecture and symbols
• Problems and conflicts can occur when expressing
gestures or facial expressions in other cultures –
messages can often be misinterpreted.
Distance Behavior
• The right personal distance when conducting business
shows respect and acceptance.
• Too much distance gives the impression of dislike and
discomfort.
• Too little will make the person draw back.
Diversity & Inclusion
Diversity refers to differences (such as age, gender,
ethnicity physical appearance, thought styles, religion,
nationality, socio-economic status, belief systems etc.)
Inclusion refers to the creation of opportunities and the
elimination of barriers that allow all people to
participate in and contribute to ideation, planning,
projects, programs, processes, teams, organizations,
social activities, fun or any other opportunity that hel.
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Research Methods In Context Sociology AsBeth Johnson
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- Informed consent
New mothers' information experience in social media: a grounded theory study ...Kate Davis
These are the slides from my PhD final seminar presentation, which took place on Monday 15 December 2014.
I undertook a constructivist grounded theory study that investigated new mothers' engagement with information in social media spaces. The primary data collection strategy was multiple sequential semi structured interviews. This was supplemented by social media observation to inform the second interview with each participant.
Image and font credits are available at http://www.slideshare.net/katiedavis/new-mothers-information-experience-in-social-media-a-grounded-theory-study-phd-final-seminar-presentation
I am grateful to my participants for sharing their time and experiences with me. It has been a pleasure to watch their children grow up over the course of the study and a privilege to be allowed insight into their lives during a period of immense change and transition.
Thanks also to my supervisors, who put up with my stubborn independence and sporadic work on the PhD, and supported me through a crazy completion timeline that I'm sure none of us thought I'd make. And I certainly wouldn't have without them.
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Presentation presented in the ALISE 2023 conference in October 2023 in Pittsburgh - Juried Panel presentation. The presentation discusses socially just research impact assessment support from the LIS discipline. Research and research impact assessment have been greatly transformed over the years and thus providing an opportunity for the LIS discipline to explore equitable and context-sensitive approaches that cater for marginalized groups; and how these approaches can be embedded in LIS scholarship and education. Andiswa discuss challenges and propose solutions on how research impact assessment support from the LIS discipline can be more inclusive, flexible, and equitable in practice and in curricula.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
3. KEY CONCEPTS
• -Validity=if data is genuine and measures what it claims to measure
• -Ethics=are issues of right and wrong
• -Reliability=if data is repeatable and produces similar results
• -Generalisability=data obtained from small scale can be applied to the
whole population
• -Representativeness=research is small scale and can be typical of the
rest of society
• -Objectivity=research must be impartial and unbiased
4. PRIMARY QUALITATIVE AND QUANTATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS
• Questionnaires- a list of questions, either on paper or increasingly online.
• Interviews- can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured.
• Focus groups- a group of people will be encouraged to discuss an issue with
the researcher present acting as a moderator.
• Observational methods- involves the researcher watching a group’s
behaviour in their usual setting.
• Positivists= quantative data
• Interpretivists= qualitative data
5. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
RESEARCH
• Survey- large scale quantative study, data is collected by
questionnaires or structured interviews.
• Ethnographic methods- linked to participant observation.
• Longitudinal studies- observational research over a certain amount of
time.
• Methodological pluralism- use of more than one research method.
• Triangulation- sociologists use 2 different research methods.
6. SECONDARY RESEARCH METHODS
• Existing sociological research- literature review=summary of what is
already known & highlighting areas of debate or gaps in knowledge.
• Official statistics- are probably the most widely used secondary source in
sociological research.
• Documents;- meaning and motives of people.
• 1)letters
• 2)diaries
• 3)newspaper reports
7. SAMPLING
• REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES;
• Sampling frame- list of all the members of the target population.
• Random- everyone has same chance of being picked.
• Stratified- the population is divided up, then each section is sampled.
• Systematic- having a system approach to selecting participants.
• Quota- the researcher calculates how many people from each group
and groups people based on characteristics.
8. SAMPLING
• NON-REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES;
• Snowball- gatekeeper; introduces researcher; snowball gets bigger.
• Volunteer- self-selecting sample.
• Purpose- chose people suitable for the sample.
• Opportunity- people who are willing to take part.
9. SAMPLING
• Target population- the social group that the researcher is interested
in.
• Gatekeeper- if gaining access to the group is difficult, then a
gatekeeper is used as they are trusted and respected by the group.
• Access- before any research is undertaken the researcher needs to
access those under study.
10. ETHICAL ISSUES
• Deception- if the subjects are unaware or misled about it’s aims.
• Sensitivity- touch on aspects of personal life, crime, deviant
behaviour.
• Confidentially- protecting the information that is collected.
• Informed consent&vulnerability- agreement to take part.
• Anonymity/privacy- names of people, organisations and places aren’t
mentioned.
• Right to withdraw- linked to consent.
• Protection- information stays confidential & health and safety
regulations are said.
11. PRACTICAL ISSUES
• Operationalisation- before data can be collected, terms must be
defined.
• Choice of research- based on factors=personal influences, events,
trends in society, type of theory.
• Choice of target population- so the conclusions/data can be
generalised to this population.
• Access- need to be given permission to do research.
• Time- with more time a longitudinal study can be used; therefore can
investigate social change over time.
• Cost- with more money a larger sample can be used.
13. POSITIVIST
This approach is associated with the work of Comte and Durkheim who wanted to create a ‘science of
society’. The other theories have developed in reaction to positivism. Positivism is based on the
assumption that there are ‘social facts’ waiting to be identified and studied; this requires quantative data.
Social facts are aspects of behaviour that can be seen, counted and measured. Whether or not they are
being studied, these social facts exist and they influence the behaviour of people in society.
For example, the age at what people get married might appear to be based on individuals and couples
making their own decision. Positivists argue that analysis of the evidence shows that there is an
identifiable pattern to age at marriage that most people conform to; there are social expectations about
marriage, part of societies culture, that influence decisions.
As data is collected, trends and patterns can be identified in these statistics; positivists seek to explain
these trends by reference to other trends and developments in society. The average age of marriage has
increased in the last 150 years or so. At the same time other changes have taken place: life expectancy has
increased, education lasts much longer for most people and there are more women in the workforce.
More importantly, there is a casual relationship between these social facts; eg=is one change bringing
about another? Questioning the data in this way mimics the scientific approach and the desire to find laws
which explain behaviour in the natural world.
14. INTERPRETIVIST
• This approach prefers to collect detailed accounts in words, that is qualitative data. This enables
the researcher to find out about peoples feelings, attitudes and experiences. Rather than
counting how many people get married or at what age, interpretivists would want to know why
people are getting married, what marriage means and how this meaning has changed. As
women’s roles have changed, does this affect how marriage is seen; do people have different
expectations of marriage in the 21st century compared to previous generations? They do not look
for casual relationships because they see human behaviour as different from the behaviour of
things in the natural world: humans consider what things mean and then decide to act.
15. REALISTS
• Realists argue that the best way to proceed is to recognise that both interpretivism and positivism
are useful and use the methods that are the most suitable for the issue that is being studied.
• If the research is investigating trends in the numbers of marriages, then it makes sense to refer to
official statistics. If the aim is to find out more about the experience and expectations of marriage
and how they’ve changed, then it is more appropriate to use interviews.
• The influence of the realist approach can be seen in research which makes use of methodological
pluralism and triangulation. Methodological pluralism recognises that no single approach has all
the answers to questions about society and understanding behaviour. Likewise, triangulation
research methods available to sociologists have both strengths and weaknesses. To fully
appreciate what is going on in society and to know how and why people behave as they do, it is
necessary to adopt a range of techniques.
• Realists suggest that the best approach to research is to recognise that both positivism and
interpretivism can be useful when studying society.
16.
17. FUNCTIONALIST VIEW
• 4 functions of education system;
• 1)transmits culture to children through socialisation
• 2)bridges the gap between values of home and school. And people gain status on their efforts
• 3)provides a good and highly trained workforce (vocationalism)
• 4)Davis and Moore: education is meritocratic and sorts the most able for the best jobs
• Provides a ladder of opportunity for the best students to do well
• Only the best achieve
• Inequality in education is NECESSARY!
18. MARXIST VIEW
• Source of social inequality
• A tool of an unequal social system
• The inequality in educational opportunity socialises people into accepting that some people have more
access to power and wealth than others.
• Negative view of hidden curriculum
• Cultural capital
• Notice class differences in education
• Highlights the ideological role of formal education
19. FEMINIST VIEW
• Oppresses women/ girls
• Exists to socialise children into traditional gender patterns which lead to gender inequality
• Girls are disadvantaged
• Sexist curriculum
• Oakley: gendered language used in schools
• Kelly (1987): gendered roles in books
• Symbolic annihilation (invisibility of females in curriculum)
• Lack of positive role models
• Culley (1986): girls are made to feel uncomfortable in male subjects)
20. THE NEW RIGHT VIEW
• Gorard and Gerwitz: argue that middle classes can get their children into more desirable schools
• Main aims of the education system are;
• 1)encouraging competition
• 2)meeting needs of employers
• 3)improve educational standards for all children
• 4)equality of opportunity and encourage meritocracy
• 5)allow freedom of choice
• 6)the performance of a school and of teachers can be measured by success rates in exams
• Chubb and Moe: found that poor children in fee paying schools achieved better than state run schools
21. INTERACTIONALIST VIEW
• Labelling theory
• Self fulfilling prophecy
• Looks at relationships between teacher and pupils
• Looks at the impacts on pupils self esteem and self identity after labelling
• Working class are more vulnerable to teacher labelling
• Selection on the basis of ability can damage a child’s self-esteem
22. POSTMODERNIST VIEW
• Similar to interactionalist view but not critical of education system
• Teachers and pupils are ‘constructions of knowledge’
• Teachers pass on values to children
• We create an identity for ourselves
• All cultures are of equal values
• Knowledge
• Culture
• Societal values
• Identity and understanding
23.
24. POSTMODERNIST&INTERACTIONALIST VIEWS
OF EDUCATION SYSTEM?
• Postmodernists= not critical, similar to interactionalists views,
teachers and pupils are ‘constructions of knowledge’, teachers pass
on values, we create our own sense of identity, knowledge, culture,
identity and understanding, societal values.
• Interactionalists= critical, working class are more vulnerable to
teacher labelling, self fulfilling prophecy, look at the impacts on
children’s self esteem and self identity from labelling, looks at
relationships between pupils and teacher, selection based on ability
can lower/damage self esteem and confidence.
25. FUNCTIONALIST, MARXIST, FEMINIST VIEW OF
HIDDEN CURRICULUM.
• FUNCTIONALISTS= support it as it teaches norms, values
(socialisation)
• MARXISTS= against the idea of hidden curriculum
(negative&oppressive)
• FEMINISTS= against (gender stereotyping)
26. WHY ARE CHINESE AND INDIANS OVER-
ACHIEVING?
• High expectations
• Role models
• Pressure
• Longer school days
• Better schools
• High labels
• Favourited
• Punished if don’t do well
27. FEMINISTS VIEWS OF EDUCATION; OAKLEY,
KELLY, MCCABE, CULLEY?
• OAKLEY= gendered language used in schools
• KELLY (1987)= gendered roles in books
• MCCABE (2014)= invisibility of females in curriculum
• CULLEY (1986)= girls are made to feel uncomfortable in male subjects
28. MARXIST- BOWLES AND GINTIS’ VIEW ON
EDUCATION?
• See’s schools as a mirror to society, so just like society is a hierarchy
with workers being oppressed by bosses, schools oppress children by
teachers and the education system.
29. MARXIST- ALTHUSSER AND ILLICH VIEW ON
EDUCATION?
• ALTHUSSER= argued that schools transmit capitalist ideology and the
education system is an Ideal State Apparatus that justifies capitalism.
• ILLICH= said that school kills creativity of children. And children learn
to accept authority without challenging it.
30. WHY ARE BOYS NOW UNDER- ACHIEVING?
• Lack of male role models as teachers
• Lower expectations
• Anti- school subcultures
• Laddishness
• Overly confident so don’t think they need to revise as much
• Un-organized and un-neat work
• Less male employment
• Peer pressure
• 90,000 boys didn't get any GCSE’s last year
• Boys are 4 times more likely than girls to get permently excluded
31. FEMINIST VIEW OF EDUCATION SYSTEM?
• Oppresses women
• Teaches inequality of the genders
• Girls are disadvantaged
• Sexist curriculum
• Lack of positive role models
32. WHAT WAS SUE SHARPES RESEARCH FOR
EDUCATION?
• In 1970 Sue Sharpe studied girls attitudes and found that girls are
focused on finding a husband and creating a family. When she did the
research again in 1990 she found that these social attitudes have
changed as girls demonstrated that they’re interested in their futures
and careers.
33. WHAT DID SUE SHARPE (1976) SAY ABOUT
GENDER DIFFERENCE IN EDUCATION?
• Suggests that gender differences at school reflect the creation of
gender identity.
• And this shows by the way boys and girls chose ‘masculine’ or
‘feminine’ subjects.
34. WHICH CHILDREN EXPERIENCE MATERIAL
DEPRIVATION?
• Single parent families
• Council house families
• Welfare state/ benefits
• Large house holds
• Poor families
• Family dept.
• Some ethnic minorities
• Workless families
35. WHO HAS A POSITIVE VIEW OF THE SELF
FULFILLING PROPHECY?
• JACOBSEN
• He argued that positive teacher labelling can lead to a self fulfilling
prophecy where the student believes their label and it comes true.
36. MARXIST VIEW OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM?
• Source of social inequality
• Cultural capital
• A tool of an unequal social system
• Negative view of the idea of the hidden curriculum
• Class differences in education system
• Highlights the ideological role of formal education
37. FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF EDUCATION
SYSTEM?
• Meritocratic
• Ladder of opportunity for the best students to do well
• Education system provides 4 functions:
• 1)vocationalism
• 2)transmits culture through process of socialisation
• 3)bridges the gap between family and school and gaining a status
• 4)Davis and Moore- education is meritocratic where the best students
get the best jobs and do the best
• Inequality in education is necessary!!
38. WHAT ARE THE 8 FUNCTIONS OF THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM?
• 1)vocationalism
• 2)allocate children into different social roles
• 3)children learn social value
• 4)help children become more active participants in society
• 5)to live healthy and productive lives
• 6)agency of secondary socialisation
• 7)provide opportunities for children
• 8)provide training in logical thinking
39. WHAT DID BALL (1981) AND GOOD ACRE (1986)
SAY ABOUT LABELLING AND SELF FULFILLING
PROPHECY?
• BALL (1981)= said that schools label/ stream children on the basis on
their behaviour rather than their ability.
• GOODACRE (1986)= found that working class children were under-
marked by teachers.
40. THE NEW RIGHT BELIEFS FOR SOCIAL
BEHAVOUR?
• Loss of grammar and high schools
• School discipline has gotten worse
• Lack of accountability
• New teaching methods involved active methods failed
• Teachers were forcing pupils into left wing beliefs
• Schools are wasting money
41. 3 POSTMODERNISTS THEORIES OF
RESEARCH?
• 1) TEACHERS AND CHILDREN CONSTRUCT KNOWLEDGE TOGETHER
• 2) CULTURES ARE OF EQUAL VALE
• 3)VALUES DEPEND ON CULTURE
42. INTERACTIONALISTS VIEWS OF EDUCATION?;
JONES+DIANA(2004), STARWORTH(1985),
FRANCIS, SEWELL+COARD(1980)
• 1) found that teachers praise boys more, making girls feel less valued.
• 2) found careers teachers offering strongly gendered advice.
• 3) found that boys were less positively labelled in schools.
• 4) said that teachers are racist to ethnic minorities.
43. PERCENTAGE OF PUPILS ACHIEVING 5+ A*-C
GCSE’S?;
• 1) Chinese= 74.4%
• 2) Indian= 72.9%
• 3) Bangladeshi= 61.3%
• 4) Black African= 56.8%
• 5) White British= 56.4%
• 6) Pakistani= 51.4%
• 7) Black Caribbean=47%
44. WHAT DOES STRAND (1999) SAY ABOUT THE
LINK BETWEEN ATTAINMENT AND ETHNICITY?
• Found that in primary and secondary schools in London, both black
and white children from disadvantaged backgrounds failed to make
the expected progress.
• However, Chinese and Indian pupils performed better than expected.
45. BERNSTEIN AND GILLIES (2005) RESEARCH
ABOUT CULTURAL DEPRIVATION?
• BERNSTEIN= suggests that working class families and their children rely on the restricted language
code.
• GILLIES= found that parents with high educational qualifications are more able to help/ influence their
knowledge to their children.
46. FUNCTIONALIST, MARXISTS AND
INTERACTIONALISTS VIEW ON CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES AS A CAUSE OF
UNDERATTAINMENT?
• FUNCTIONALISTS= working class are culturally deprived. The poor fail for reasons such as a lack of ambition
and to do with their own cultural values.
• MARXISTS= cultural issue is power and influence; working class isn’t deprived but just not highly viewed.
• INTERACTIONALISTS= teachers favour those pupils who are similar to them in terms of culture and class.
47. DEFINITION OF CULTURAL DEPRIVATION AND
CULTURAL CAPITAL?
• CULTURAL DEPRIVATION= working class is seen as inferior to middle class/middle class is superior.
• CULTURAL CAPITAL= working class culture isn’t valued. The middle class have access to social systems that
give them advantages.
48. POLICIES OR ORGANISATIONS THAT HAVE
TRIED TO HELP MATERIAL DEPRIVATION?
• Sure start
• Vocational education
• Specialist schools
49. RESEARCH OF ONS AND GOODMAN AND
GREGG FOR MATERIAL DEPRIVATION?
• ONS- CHILDREN HAVE A 7.5 HIGHER CHANCE OF UNDERATTAINMENT
IF THEIR FATHERS DID BAD/ FAILED IN SCHOOL.
• GOODMAN AND GREGG- FOUND THAT POOR FAMILIES HAVE LITTLE
SPACE FOR CHILDREN TO REVISE OR STUDY CAUSING
UNDERATTAINMENT.
50. WHY ARE GIRLS OVER-ACHIEVING?
• Women’s rights
• Higher expectations
• Mature earlier
• More job opportunities
• More pressure to do well
• Concentrate easier
• Neater and better work than boys
• More organised
• Care about their futures
• Understand the importance of exams
• Use their time wisely
• Contribute more in class
51. 9 MATERIAL FACTORS AFFECTING
ATTAINMENT?
• 1)lack of money to buy possessions
• 2)parents cant afford school books
• 3)no space to study at home
• 4)can’t afford computers or laptops
• 5)can’t afford tutors or extra help
• 6)poor housing can lead to illness
• 7)can’t afford resources
• 8)poor diet/ lack of nutrition
• 9)part time jobs taking away time to work and revise
52. HISTORICAL REASONS WHY WE EDUCATE
CHILDREN?
• CHILD LABOUR= protected from exploitation by employers when in
school
• VOCATIONALISM= children are taught things that lead to work
• PUBLIC HEALTH= children from poorer families can be offered
nutrition and encouraged a healthy lifestyle
• RELIGIOUS REASONS= if children read the bible it may teach them
moral behaviour
53. WHAT DID CONNOR ET AL (2001) FIND OUT
BEING SOCIALISED INTO POVERTY?
• Found that being born into poverty means that working class
students are less likely to want to go to uni than middle class students
because they’re more dept. conscious.
54. WHICH PERSPECTIVES ARE THE FOLLOWING
SOCIOLOGISTS FROM?;
• SUE SHARPE= feminist
• PARSONS= functionalist
• GIDDENS= postmodernist
• MURRAY= the new right
• WILLMOTT= functionalist
• BALL= interactionalist
55. WHAT ARE THE 8 FUNCTIONS OF THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM?
• 1)children learn social values
• 2)allocate children into different social roles
• 3)provide opportunities
• 4)vocationalism
• 5)help children become active participants in society
• 6)live healthy and productive lives
• 7)agency of secondary socialisation
• 8)provide training in logical thinking
56. WHY ARE BLACK CARIBBEAN PUPILS
UNDERACHIEVING?• Labelled negatively
• Racism
• High levels of pupils expelled
• Poverty
• Low income
• Restricted language code
• Lack of motivation
• Low expectations
• Lack of role models
• Anti school subcultures
• High levels of lone parent families
• Low self esteem
• Not favoured by teachers
• Curriculum is British focused
• Poor nutrition levels
57. WHICH CHILDREN EXPERIENCE MATERIAL
DEPRIVATION?
• Poor families
• Lone parent families
• Extended/ large families
• Welfare state/ benefit families
• Some ethnic minorities
• Family dept.
58. INTERACTIONALISTS VIEWS OF EDUCATION?
• 1)JONES AND DIANA(2004)= found that teachers praise boys more
making girls feel less valued.
• 2)STANWORTH(1985)= found that careers of teachers offer gendered
advice.
• 3)FRANCIS= found that boys are labelled less positively then girls.
• 4)SEWELL AND COARD(1980)= said teachers are racist towards some
ethnic minorities.
59. RESEARCH AND STUDIES SUPPORTING
LABELLING THEORY?
• BECKER(1971)- found teachers making educational judgements on
the basis of social class and appearance and favourited middle class
children.
• BALL(1981)- pupil behaviour was a factor in placing children into
ability streams in a comprehensive school.
• More recent research by BOALER(2002)- in Britain and the USA has
found students taught in mixed- ability classes out perform those
taught in streamed classes.
60. CRITICISMS OF LABELLING THEORY?
• The theory doesn’t actually explain why labels develop in the first
place.
• It states that once given a label, you act accordingly, but many pupils
(especially ethnic minority girls) challenged their label and decided to
prove their teachers wrong.
• By blaming teachers for pupils poor performance, it ignores the fact
that the pupils might just not have cared/tried.
• MARXISTS point out that it overlooks the importance of social
structures such as; class, racism and sexism in creating school
inequalities.
61.
62. REALIST THEORY?
• Suggest that the best approach to research is to recognise that both
positivism and interpretivism can be useful when studying society.
• Methodological pluralism
• Triangulation
• Use methods that are most suitable for the issue being studied.
63. INTERPRETIVISTS THEORY OF RESEARCH?
• They want to know WHY, MEANS AND HOW
• Don’t look at casual relationships
• Prefers to collect detailed accounts in words
• QUALITATIVE DATA
• Researcher can find out about peoples feelings, attitudes and
experiences.
64. POSITIVIST THEORY OF RESEARCH?
• As data is collected, patterns and trends can be identified in these
statistics; positivists seek to explain these trends by other references
to other trends and development in society.
• QUANTATIVE DATA
65. DEFINITIONS OF?;
• DECEPTION- IF THE SUBJECTS ARE UNAWARE OR MISLED ABOUT IT’S AIMS
• SENSITIVITY- TOUCH ON ASPECTS OF PERSONAL LIFE/CRIME OR DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
• CONFIDENTIALLY- PROTECTING THE INFO COLLECTED
• CONSENT/VULNERABLILITY- AGREEMENT TO TAKE PART
• ANONYMITY/PRIVACY- NAMES OF POPLE/ PLACES/ ORGANISATIONS ARENT MENTIONED
• RIGHT TO WITHDRAW- LINKED TO CONSENT
• PROTECTION- INFOR STAYS CONFIDENTIAL/ HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS ARE SAID
66. DEFINITIONS OF?;
• 1) SNOWBALL SAMPLE- gatekeeper introduces research and snowball
gets bigger
• 2)VOLUNTEER SAMPLE- self- selecting sample
• 3)PURPOSE SAMPLE- chose people suitable for the sample
• 4)OPPORTUNITY SAMPLE- people who are willing to take part
67. DEFINITIONS?;
• 1) VALIDITY= id data is genuine and measures what it claims to
measure
• 2)ETHICS= are issues of right and wrong
• 3)RELIABLILTY= if data is repeatable and produces similar results
68. DEFINITIONS?;
• 1)SAMPLING FRAME- a count/list of the target population.
• 2)RANDOM SAMPLING- everyone has an equal chance of being picked.
• 3)STRATIFIED SAMPLE- the population is divided and each section is
sampled.
• 4)SYSTEMATIC SAMPLE-a system approach to selecting participants.
• 5)QUOTA- researcher calculates how many people from each group and
each group is based on characteristics
69. DEFINITIONS?;
• 1) EXISTING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH- literature review: summary of
what is already known + highlighting areas of debate or gaps in
knowledge.
• 2)OFFICIAL STATISTICS- are probably the most widely used secondary
source in sociological research.
• 3)DOCUMENTS- meaning and motives of people.
70. DEFINITIONS?;
• 1)SURVEY= large scale quantative study, data s collected by questionnaires or interviews.
• 2)ETHNOGRAPHIC METHODS= linked to participant observation.
• 3)LONGITUDINAL STUDIES= research over a long/certain period of time.
• 4)METHODOLOGICAL PLURALISM= use of more than one research method.
• 5)TRIANGULATION= sociologists use 2 different research methods.
71. DEFINITIONS?;
• 1)QUESTIONNAIRES- A LIST OF PREPARED QUESTIONS, EITHER ON PAPER OR INCREASED ONLINE.
• 2)INTERVIEWS- STRUCTURED OR UNSTRUCTURED OR EVEN SEMI-STRUCTURED.
• 3)FOCUS GROUPS- RESEARCHER ENCOURAGES A GROUP TO TALK ABOUT A PARTICULAR ISSUE
WITH THE RESEARCHER PRESENT ACTING AS A MODERATOR.
• 4)OBSERVATIONAL METHODS- OBSERVING OR THE RESEARCHER WATCHES THE BEHAVIOUR
OF A GROUP IN THEIR ‘NATURAL’ SETTING.
72. SAMPLING DEFINITIONS?;
• 1)TARGET POPULATION= who the researcher is aiming the research at/interested in.
• 2)GATEKEEPER= someone who is trusted and respected by the group.
• 3)ACCESS= before any research is undertaken, permission to access the group is required.
78. PRIMARY QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS?
• 1) QUESTIONNAIRES
• 2) INTERVIEWS
• 3)FOCUS GROUPS
• 4)OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
79. DEFINITIONS?;
• 1)GENERALISABILITY= DATA OBTAINED FROM SMALL SCALE GROUPS THAT CAN BE APPLIED TO
THE WHOLE POPULATION.
• 2)REPRESENTATIVENESS= RESEARCH IS SMALL SCALE AND CAN BE TYPICAL OF THE REST OF
SOCIETY.
• 3)OBJECTIVITY= RESEARCH MUST BE IMPARTIAL AND UN-BIASED.
80. WHAT ARE THE KEY PRACTICAL ISSUES?
• Choosing a research topic
• Choosing a target population
• Timescales
• Funding the research
• Operationalising concepts
• Negotiating access
81. NAME 3 FAMOUS LONGITUDINAL STUDIES?
• 1) Millennium cohort study-2000
• 2) British cohort study-1970
• 3) Child development study-1958
82. WHAT WAS EMILE DURKHEIMS RESEARCH?
• Emile used quantitative methods in his study on suicide in order to
discover whether suicide was a ‘social fact’.
• He used official statistics and analysed patterns and trends.
• This approach is positivist because it is scientific, so it can be used to
compare information.
83. ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRES?
• Quick to collect data and to make
• Cheap
• Closed questioned answers can be quantified
• Large sample can be studied in a short amount of time
• Standardised- reliable
• Anonymous- more honest answers
• Revisiting the sample allows for the identification of change over time
84. DISADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRES?
• Respondents might not understand questions
• Cant go in to depth about answers
• Postal questionnaires have poor response rate
• Respondents may not interpret the questions or answers in the same
way as the researcher, eg= ‘poor’ may be have a worse meaning to
the researcher than the respondent
• Respondents may not be truthful/ honest because it may be an
embarrassing topic
85. ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTED INTERVIEWS?
• If respondent is unsure about something, perhaps the language in a
question, the interviewer can explain things
• Data is reliable
• Data can be collected more quickly
• The presence of the researcher can improve response rates
86. DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED
INTERVIEWS?
• More time consuming than questionnaires
• Interviewer bias could take place
• A rigid schedule can limit the opportunity for the respondent to
explain or discuss their answers
87. ADVANTAGES OF UNSTRUCTURED
INTERVIEWS?
• No schedule allows in-depth discussion
• More ‘natural’ setting can encourage openness and honesty
• More valid
• Can answer in depth and in own words
• Face-to-face, so researcher can read their body language
• Open ended questions
88. DISADVANTAGES OF UNSTRUCTURED
INTERVIEWS?
• Time consuming
• Small groups studied
• Interviewer has to be highly skilled
• Analysing data is complicated and subjective
• Interviews are different= less reliable data
• Interviewer bias
• Respondents answer question in a way the researcher would want to here
• Ethnicity/age/gender of respondent and interviewer can affect nswers and
relationship
89. ADVANTAGES OF FOCUS GROUPS?
• Views and opinions can be explored in detail
• Group discussion can be more informative and revealing
• Quick answers
• More confident in a group
• Cheap
• The group members influence the discussion, perhaps introducing
ideas that the research might not have considered.
90. DISADVANTAGES OF FOCUS GROUPS?
• Group moderator needs to be highly skilled to keep the discussion
focused and not go off topic
• Some participants may feel awkward to speak/ share opinions in a
group setting
• Small groups are studied- not representative
• Unique focus groups- results not reliable
• Group member influence opinions of other- not valid
• Difficult to analyse/ generalise qualitative data
91. ADVANTAGES OF OVERT PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION?
• The ethical issues of deception and obtaining consent are resolved.
• Researcher can ask questions openly without der of ‘giving the game
away’
• Record making and note- taking is easier= making data more accurate
92. DISADVANTAGES OF OVERT PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION?
• Hawthorne effect is likely to occur
• The question of how far the researcher should become involved,
especially in deviant behaviour= have to think about the safety of the
researcher
93. ADVANTAGES OF OVERT NON-PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION?
• It is easier to make a record of what is happening
• Ethical issues are resolved
• Researcher can openly ask questions
• Qualitative and quantative data is collected
• Researcher isn’t likely to be involved in behaving illegally
94. DISADVANTAGES OF OVERT NON-
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION?
• In everyday life, we don’t expect those who are with us to be taking
notes= Hawthorne effect
• By remaining on the edge of a group, not joining in, then the
researcher isn’t fully experiencing their life= undermines the aim of
the research
95. WHY USE SECONDARY SOURCES?
• A literature review will indicate what sorts of questions have already
been asked about a topic and any aspects that have been
controversial or influential on the subject of debate.
• Time and money can be saved if the information needed already
exists and in the case of official statistics there may be more
information available than a sociologist could collect.
• If a study is concerned with social change, and comparing
contemporary society with the past, then it is inevitable that existing
sources have been explored.
96. HAWTHORNE EFFECT?
• The Hawthorne effect is when people behave differently if they know
they are being studied. This effects the validity of the data collected.
Some researchers argue that if a study lasts long enough, a
relationship of trust is created and over time everyone behaves more
or less ‘naturally’. In some circumstances, though, sociologists decide
to hide the fact that they are doing the research. This raises ethical
issues.
97. A FAMOUS EXAMPLE OF PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION?
• While teaching in an approved school in Glasgow, James Patrick (not
his real name for safety’s sake) wanted to know more about the lives
and lifestyles of the young men who were sent there.
• He was introduced into a Glasgow Gang by ‘Tim’ who acted as a
gatekeeper and was able to smooth over any problems that Patrick’s
unfamiliarity with the gang’s behaviour may have caused.
98. PRIMARY DATA AND SECONDARY SOURCES?
• PRIMARY DATA has been collected by those who are using it; for
example, Jan Pahl used interviews to investigate how families made
decisions.
• SECONDARY DATA is information collected by others; a common
source is statistics collected by the Government such as the Census or
the British Household Panel survey. Other sources that can be
referred to include media content and contemporary letters and
diaries.
99. DATA?
• QUANTITIVE- positivists tend to favour quantative data, counting and
measuring aspects of social behaviour. Data of numbers.
• QUALITATIVE- interpretivists prefer qualitative data. Descriptive data
in words.
100. NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND RESEARCH?
• Many companies and research organisations gather quantitative data
online; one of the largest organisations is Survey Monkey and some
groups will actually pay participants for filling in surveys for marketing
purposes.
• There are many sources of data and research available in the UK. The
largest is possibly the ONS or government website.