Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category ba.pdf
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Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category based on their location. Solution Cisterna Chyll- loated in THORACIC DUCT. it is a sac in which intestinal and two lumber lymphatic trunk flow. TONSILS- located in NECK. it is near the throat made of soft lymphoid tissue. THYMUS- location THORAX. here T lymphocytes mature. THORACIC DUCT- located in thorax. it is extended in chest area at C7 vertebra. MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE- loated in thorax. it is placed between lungs in thoracic cavity. SPLEEN- located in abdomen. it is to the left of stomach and recycles RBC..
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Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
Money and Our Monetary System
The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
JAVAFor the code in which I implemented most of the quick select a.pdf
JAVA
For the code in which I implemented most of the quick select algorithm. Quick select is a O(n)
time algorithm to find the nth smallest value in an (unordered list). The following recursive
algorithm finds thenth smallest element with an index bewtween left and right in list:
Code:
Solution
A multi-year effort to prevent hackers from altering computers while they boot up has largely
failed because of lax application of preventive steps, researchers say, despite disclosures that
flaws are being actively exploited.
In the latest sign that the problem persists, researchers at the federally funded MITRE lab said
this week that many customers of Intel still had not adopted revised security designs Intel
distributed in March after the MITRE team found new vulnerabilities in the start-up process.
That could mean many newer Windows computers remain exposed, the MITRE team said ahead
of a presentation at the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas next week.
Intel’s point person on the issue, Bruce Monroe, said he did not know how many suppliers and
computer makers had followed Intel’s recommendations.
“We’re not privy to whether they’ve fixed it or not,” Monroe said. “We asked them to let us
know.”
The glitches illustrates how well-funded spying programs as those exposed by former National
Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden can continue to succeed against targets that depend
on a complex supply chain.
Long before Snowden’s documents began appearing in the media, professional technicians and
US officials were concerned about the vulnerabilities that left computers severely exposed as
they are turned on.
Years ago, then-US National Security Agency Director Keith Alexander privately urged the
chief executives of major American technology companies to do something about the boot-up
procedure known as the Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS..
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether wom.pdf
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether women exposed to high levels
of exposure to electromagnetic fields are more likely to be depressed. Low socioeconomic
status is associated with 1) living near power lines and 2) depression. What type of bias or error
is most likely to result?
a. Selection bias
b. Nondifferential misclassification
c. Ecologic fallacy
d. Confounding
e. Random error
Solution
c. ecologic fallacy.
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in.pdf
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in which each linked list node
contains an integer and each node is linked forward to the next element in the list. Implement a
node class called DoublyIntNode in which each node contains an integer number and each node
is linked not only forward to the next element in the list but also backward to the previous
element in the list. Your implementation of DoublyIntNode should adapt and implement all the
methods of IntNode including the following methods:
Constructor for DoublyIntNode
addNodeAfter, removeNodeAfter
getData, setData
getForeLink, setForeLink
getBackLink, setBackLink
listCopy
listCopyWithTail
listLength
listPart
listPosition
listSearch
IntNode and Node classes:
public class IntNode{
private int data;
private IntNode link;
// methods here
}
public class Node {
private E data;
private Node link;
// methods here
}
Solution
program
#include
using namespace std;
struct list
{
struct list *prev;
int data;
struct list *next;
}
*node = NULL, *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *node1 = NULL, *node2 = NULL;
class Dlist
{
public:
void insert_beg() {
list *addBeg = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addBeg->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
addBeg->next = NULL;
first = addBeg;
last = addBeg;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
first->prev = addBeg;
addBeg->next = first;
first = addBeg;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the beginning of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void insert_end() {
list *addEnd = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addEnd->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addEnd->prev = NULL;
addEnd->next = NULL;
first = addEnd;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addEnd->next = NULL;
last->next = addEnd;
addEnd->prev = last;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the end of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void display() {
node = first;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Ascending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->next;
}
node = last;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Descending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->prev;
}
}
void del()
{
int count = 0, number, i;
node = node1 = node2 = first;
for(node = first; node != NULL; node = node->next)
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
count++;
display();
cout << count << \" nodes available here!\" << endl;
cout << \"Enter the node number which you want to delete:\" << endl;
cin >> number;
if(number != 1)
{
if(number < count && number > 0)
{
for(i = 2; i <= number; i++)
node = node->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number-1; i++)
node1 = node1->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number+1; i++)
node2 = node2->next;
node2->prev = node1;
node1->next = node2;
node->prev = NULL;
node->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else if(number == count)
{
node = last;
last = node->prev;
last->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else
cout << \"Invalid node.
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes to.pdf
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes toward the presidential
nomination was at the New Hampshire Primary. The following exhibit shows the votes several
candidates received from registered Republicans and Independents.
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Source: ABC News
What is the probability that a randomly selected voter voted for Ron Paul?
Given that a randomly selected voter is not a Republican, what is the probability that he/she
voted for Ron Paul?
If a randomly selected voter voted for Jon Huntsman, what is the probability he is a Republican?
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Solution.
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.1. A.pdf
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.
1. An application requires users to either select one of the predefined names Alice, Bob, and
Cindy or input a new name. Which Swing component is the most suitable? Provide a code
fragment illustrating the creation of that component, with proper initialization.
2. In an interface that includes several buttons, how may an event-handling method determine
which button triggered the event? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
3. An application that displays a computationally intensive animation would benefit from
disabling the animation when the main application window is iconified. How may this feature be
implemented? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
Solution
1. Editable JCombo Box can be used. The editable combo box, features a text field with a small
button abutting it. The user can type a value in the text field or click the button to display a drop-
down list.
Implementation
2. The event handler is tied to the button, hence it is possible to differentiate between multiple
buttons.
Implementation
3. When using a JFrame, we can detect window minimization with a windowStateListener().
Implementation.
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of struct.pdf
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of structures aligned to the railway
infrastructure and explaine the impact of track engineering construction. and my report should
include examples from the following
tunnels, side bridges, sea defences, platforms, operatinal bulidings, platform awnings, mast and
towers.
iv started to answer the report but im not to sure if iv stuck to rigth path of the question. so i
wounder if any one called help me.
Solution
Railway is like a lifeline to a country. Most.of the people and goods are transported through
railways. As railway runs mostly on land , in order to make it accessible to most part of the land
supporting structures are made. Some of them are discussed below.
Tunnels- These structures are mainly made when the terrain are rough or they are at very high
altitude. At very high altitude it becomes difficult to travel and if travelling is done it is done at
very low speed. It is basically carried out in hilly areas. So to overcome this problem tunnels are
being constructed in the hills. This solve 2 main purposes. Firstly it reduces the travel time and
secondly it connects the places.
Side bridges- They are mainly constructed in order to connect the places divided by a water ,
valley etc.
Sea Defences- They are mostly constructed along the sea shore. When a railway passes through
sea , it is very likely that it will get affected by its tides. In order to neutralize it sea defences are
made to avoid water coming on the tracks and also to avoid soil erosion beneath the tracks.
Platform Awnings- Thes structures are mainly above the platforms. These are basically shed type
of structures. They can solve many purposes. Firstly they provide shed and shelter to people
beneath. Then they lower the temperature from around 5-8 . Installation of solar panels above
them can lead to generation of electricity.
Platforms- They serve the purpose of people boarding in and out of train. They also act as
waiting area for passengers. They are designed according to train length and height. A busy
station has more no of platform compared to less busy one as more no of persons are arriving and
departing at a busy station compared to less busy one.
Mast- They are constructed to hold the electric cables. These cables provide electricity for the
train to run.
Towers- They are constructed basically for signaling system..
HTML elements are split into two types “block” elements and “inline.pdf
HTML elements are split into two types: “block” elements and “inline” elements. Explain the
differences.
Solution
Block Level Elements:
A block element is an element that has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:
Inline Elements:
An inline element has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:.
Recommended
Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
Money and Our Monetary System
The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
JAVAFor the code in which I implemented most of the quick select a.pdf
JAVA
For the code in which I implemented most of the quick select algorithm. Quick select is a O(n)
time algorithm to find the nth smallest value in an (unordered list). The following recursive
algorithm finds thenth smallest element with an index bewtween left and right in list:
Code:
Solution
A multi-year effort to prevent hackers from altering computers while they boot up has largely
failed because of lax application of preventive steps, researchers say, despite disclosures that
flaws are being actively exploited.
In the latest sign that the problem persists, researchers at the federally funded MITRE lab said
this week that many customers of Intel still had not adopted revised security designs Intel
distributed in March after the MITRE team found new vulnerabilities in the start-up process.
That could mean many newer Windows computers remain exposed, the MITRE team said ahead
of a presentation at the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas next week.
Intel’s point person on the issue, Bruce Monroe, said he did not know how many suppliers and
computer makers had followed Intel’s recommendations.
“We’re not privy to whether they’ve fixed it or not,” Monroe said. “We asked them to let us
know.”
The glitches illustrates how well-funded spying programs as those exposed by former National
Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden can continue to succeed against targets that depend
on a complex supply chain.
Long before Snowden’s documents began appearing in the media, professional technicians and
US officials were concerned about the vulnerabilities that left computers severely exposed as
they are turned on.
Years ago, then-US National Security Agency Director Keith Alexander privately urged the
chief executives of major American technology companies to do something about the boot-up
procedure known as the Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS..
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether wom.pdf
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether women exposed to high levels
of exposure to electromagnetic fields are more likely to be depressed. Low socioeconomic
status is associated with 1) living near power lines and 2) depression. What type of bias or error
is most likely to result?
a. Selection bias
b. Nondifferential misclassification
c. Ecologic fallacy
d. Confounding
e. Random error
Solution
c. ecologic fallacy.
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in.pdf
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in which each linked list node
contains an integer and each node is linked forward to the next element in the list. Implement a
node class called DoublyIntNode in which each node contains an integer number and each node
is linked not only forward to the next element in the list but also backward to the previous
element in the list. Your implementation of DoublyIntNode should adapt and implement all the
methods of IntNode including the following methods:
Constructor for DoublyIntNode
addNodeAfter, removeNodeAfter
getData, setData
getForeLink, setForeLink
getBackLink, setBackLink
listCopy
listCopyWithTail
listLength
listPart
listPosition
listSearch
IntNode and Node classes:
public class IntNode{
private int data;
private IntNode link;
// methods here
}
public class Node {
private E data;
private Node link;
// methods here
}
Solution
program
#include
using namespace std;
struct list
{
struct list *prev;
int data;
struct list *next;
}
*node = NULL, *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *node1 = NULL, *node2 = NULL;
class Dlist
{
public:
void insert_beg() {
list *addBeg = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addBeg->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
addBeg->next = NULL;
first = addBeg;
last = addBeg;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
first->prev = addBeg;
addBeg->next = first;
first = addBeg;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the beginning of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void insert_end() {
list *addEnd = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addEnd->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addEnd->prev = NULL;
addEnd->next = NULL;
first = addEnd;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addEnd->next = NULL;
last->next = addEnd;
addEnd->prev = last;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the end of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void display() {
node = first;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Ascending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->next;
}
node = last;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Descending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->prev;
}
}
void del()
{
int count = 0, number, i;
node = node1 = node2 = first;
for(node = first; node != NULL; node = node->next)
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
count++;
display();
cout << count << \" nodes available here!\" << endl;
cout << \"Enter the node number which you want to delete:\" << endl;
cin >> number;
if(number != 1)
{
if(number < count && number > 0)
{
for(i = 2; i <= number; i++)
node = node->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number-1; i++)
node1 = node1->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number+1; i++)
node2 = node2->next;
node2->prev = node1;
node1->next = node2;
node->prev = NULL;
node->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else if(number == count)
{
node = last;
last = node->prev;
last->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else
cout << \"Invalid node.
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes to.pdf
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes toward the presidential
nomination was at the New Hampshire Primary. The following exhibit shows the votes several
candidates received from registered Republicans and Independents.
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Source: ABC News
What is the probability that a randomly selected voter voted for Ron Paul?
Given that a randomly selected voter is not a Republican, what is the probability that he/she
voted for Ron Paul?
If a randomly selected voter voted for Jon Huntsman, what is the probability he is a Republican?
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Solution.
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.1. A.pdf
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.
1. An application requires users to either select one of the predefined names Alice, Bob, and
Cindy or input a new name. Which Swing component is the most suitable? Provide a code
fragment illustrating the creation of that component, with proper initialization.
2. In an interface that includes several buttons, how may an event-handling method determine
which button triggered the event? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
3. An application that displays a computationally intensive animation would benefit from
disabling the animation when the main application window is iconified. How may this feature be
implemented? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
Solution
1. Editable JCombo Box can be used. The editable combo box, features a text field with a small
button abutting it. The user can type a value in the text field or click the button to display a drop-
down list.
Implementation
2. The event handler is tied to the button, hence it is possible to differentiate between multiple
buttons.
Implementation
3. When using a JFrame, we can detect window minimization with a windowStateListener().
Implementation.
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of struct.pdf
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of structures aligned to the railway
infrastructure and explaine the impact of track engineering construction. and my report should
include examples from the following
tunnels, side bridges, sea defences, platforms, operatinal bulidings, platform awnings, mast and
towers.
iv started to answer the report but im not to sure if iv stuck to rigth path of the question. so i
wounder if any one called help me.
Solution
Railway is like a lifeline to a country. Most.of the people and goods are transported through
railways. As railway runs mostly on land , in order to make it accessible to most part of the land
supporting structures are made. Some of them are discussed below.
Tunnels- These structures are mainly made when the terrain are rough or they are at very high
altitude. At very high altitude it becomes difficult to travel and if travelling is done it is done at
very low speed. It is basically carried out in hilly areas. So to overcome this problem tunnels are
being constructed in the hills. This solve 2 main purposes. Firstly it reduces the travel time and
secondly it connects the places.
Side bridges- They are mainly constructed in order to connect the places divided by a water ,
valley etc.
Sea Defences- They are mostly constructed along the sea shore. When a railway passes through
sea , it is very likely that it will get affected by its tides. In order to neutralize it sea defences are
made to avoid water coming on the tracks and also to avoid soil erosion beneath the tracks.
Platform Awnings- Thes structures are mainly above the platforms. These are basically shed type
of structures. They can solve many purposes. Firstly they provide shed and shelter to people
beneath. Then they lower the temperature from around 5-8 . Installation of solar panels above
them can lead to generation of electricity.
Platforms- They serve the purpose of people boarding in and out of train. They also act as
waiting area for passengers. They are designed according to train length and height. A busy
station has more no of platform compared to less busy one as more no of persons are arriving and
departing at a busy station compared to less busy one.
Mast- They are constructed to hold the electric cables. These cables provide electricity for the
train to run.
Towers- They are constructed basically for signaling system..
HTML elements are split into two types “block” elements and “inline.pdf
HTML elements are split into two types: “block” elements and “inline” elements. Explain the
differences.
Solution
Block Level Elements:
A block element is an element that has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:
Inline Elements:
An inline element has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:.
How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment.pdf
How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment?
Solution
Multicore is differ from Multi processing because
A multiprocessor systems having more than one central processing unit and allowing them to
work in parallel. This is known as Simultaneous Multiprocessing.
A multicore central processing unit has many execution cores on one CPU it means different
things depending on the correct design but basically it means that a definite subset of the CPU\'s
components is duplicate so multiple cores can work in parallel on separate operations. This is
known as Chip level Multiprocessing..
How the non-dense index worksHow the non-dense index works.pdf
How the non-dense index works?
How the non-dense index works?
Solution
Dense Index:
An index record appears for every search key value in file.
This record contains search key value and a pointer to the actual record.
This makes searching faster but requires more space to store index records itself. Index
records contain search key value and a pointer to the actual record on the disk.
A non-dense index has:
One entry for each block
One entry for each different value
Sparse Index is non-dense index
In sparse index, index records are not created for every search key. An index record here
contains a search key and an actual pointer to the data on the disk. To search a record, we first
proceed by index record and reach at the actual location of the data. If the data we are looking for
is not where we directly reach by following the index, then the system starts sequential search
until the desired data is found..
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. .pdf
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. Which type of temperature
sensor has (a) highest sensitivity at low temperatures, (b) best linearity, (c) applicable for high
temperatures? What does Fourier analysis of signals mean? What information can one extract
once the analysis has been performed? How is this information useful to engineers?
Solution
Best linearity is of RTD
Thermocouple is capable for higher temperatues
Thermistor has highest sensitivity at low temperatures.
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify t.pdf
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify the possible stages below.
Select all that apply.
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili
E. Moss gametophyte
Solution
Correct answers would be:
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili.
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hy.pdf
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hydrogen ions are
pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space?
A:1
B:10
C:12
-An explanation would be appreciated!
Solution
Answer is B: NADH is the rich source of electron and it possess high reduction potential. So it
transfer electrons (2e-) to oxygen through various complexes of Electron Transport Chain of
Mitochondria. Those are Complex-I ----> Complex-III & Complex-IV. During electron transfer,
4:2:4 protons pumped form mitochondrial matrix to peri mitochondrial space via Complex-I,
Complex-III & Complex-IV respectively.
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval no.pdf
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) f(t) = cubic root 8t
- 7
Solution
given function
f(t) = (8t - 7)^1/3
The domain is all values that t can take on. There is problem with this function that it can have a
negative or positive. The result will be my domain:
(-infinte , +infinte)
since cube root can negetive and postive values
DOMAIN:(-infinte , +infinte).
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps .pdf
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps to enhance safety in the
microbiology lab. Explain whether each is necessary in all instances.
Negative air flow (i.e., air flows into laboratory rather than out
Solution
29 Equipments every microbiology laboratory should have
General Concepts : The clinical presentation of an infectious disease reflects the interaction
between the host and the microorganism. This interaction is affected by the host immune status
and microbial virulence factors.Sings and symptomes vary according to the site and severity of
infection. Diagnosis requires a composite of information, including history, physical
examination, radiographic findings, and laboratory data. In fections may be caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites. The pathogen may be exogenous(acquired form environmental or
animal sources or from other persons) or endogenous (from the normal flora)..
Answer the following questions from the Article belowExercise #1..pdf
Answer the following questions from the Article below:
Exercise #1. Read the following article and then answer the following questions in paragraph
form.
1. How has DNA changed the study of biology over the past 50 years? Explain whether scientists
have shifted to a molecular level in the various subdisciplines of biology. Also, do you believe
any trend to the molecular level will continue far into the future?
2. Explain the role of DNA in the development of an organisms. Does DNA fully provide a
blueprint to create an individual? Can DNA by itself propagate itself or does it require other
molecular machines?
3. In modern biology, which is the role of physics in the study of organisms and their molecules?
Has physics moved to the forefront or does it play an ancillary role? As described in the article,
why are the molecular forces of very low energy in an organism?
Historians have the luxury of look- ing back at human endeavor over long periods of time, but
most scien- tists are too busy working in the present and thinking anxiously about the future and
have no time to view their work in the context of what has gone before. I once remarked that all
graduate students in biology divide history into two epochs: the past 2 years and every- thing else
before that, where Archimedes, Newton, Darwin, Mendel—even Watson and Crick—inhabit a
time-compressed universe as uneasy contemporaries. It seems remark- able that historians once
thought that science progressed by the steady addition of knowl- edge, building the edifice of
scientific truth, brick by brick. In his 1962 book The Struc- ture of Scientific Revolutions,
Thomas Kuhn argued that progress occurs in revolutionary steps by the introduction of new
paradigms, which may be new theories—new ways of looking at the world—or new technical
meth- ods that enhance observation and analysis.
Between Kuhn’s revolutions, scientif ic knowledge does advance by accretion, as there is much
to do to consolidate the new sci- ence. But then, inevitably, unsolved problems accumulate and,
in many cases, the inconsis- tencies have been put to one side and every- body hopes that they
will quietly go away. The edifice becomes rickety; some of its founda- tions are insecure and
many of the bricks have not been well-baked. This is when a new rev- olutionary wave in the
form of new ideas or new techniques appears, which allows us to condemn and demolish the
unsafe or corrupt parts of the edifice and rebuild truth. Often there is great resistance to the new
wave, but as Max Planck pointed out, it succeeds because the opponents grow old and die. The
process is then repeated: The radicals become liberals, the liberals become conservatives, the
conservatives become reactionaries, and the reactionaries disappear. Students of evolu- tion will
recognize this process in the theory of punctuated equilibrium: Organisms stay much the same
for very long periods of time; this is interrupted by bursts of change when novelty appears,
f.
All answers are in the form of TrueFalse with a explantion as to wh.pdf
All answers are in the form of True/False with a explantion as to why:
1) An ideal band-pass filter centered (at ± 0) can be created by just multiplying the sinc function
by cos(0t) in the the time domain.
2) Nyquist theorem deals with windowing of a signal in the time domain, which is translated into
leakage in the frequency domain.
3) The global frequency response of an LTI system composed of two LTI systems in parallel
with each other is simply the addition of the individual frequency responses of the systems.
4) We can find the H(j) of an unknown LTI system by stimulating it with a impulse and taking
the Fourier Transform of its response. Another more realistic way is to stimulate the LTI system
with a unit step function (signal), take the Fourier Transform of its response, multiply it by (j) for
every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.
^I believe that one is true, but I am needing help forming an explanation.
5) A first step towards sampling an unknown analog signal without aliasing is to low-pass filter
the signal.
Solution
1) False
Because fourier transform of sinc function is rectanctangular function in frequency domain, and
fourier transform of cos function is impuse function. So when when multiply in time domain that
means convoution in frequency domain. And if ve convolude rectangular function with impulse
function then it would be rectangular pulse train. Which is not ideal band paas filter at w=0.
2) False
It would be either window or leakage in time domain or frequency domain.
3) TRUE
It is simply understand by block reduction method in control system. When there is another
forward block we add both maid forward block with secondry forward block. OR LTI is linear in
nature so add in parallel and multiply in series.
4) TRUE
Its because the response or tansfer function of any system is called impulse response. It means
when the input is Impuse function what is the output of that system. Same as the relation
between unit imulse response and impuse respone in just fouries tranfer of unit step function.
Because the fourier transform of impulse is unity. so if input is unit step function multiply it by
(j) for every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.(1/(i)+(),)
5)FALSE
Low paas filter use after sampling to recover the original signal..
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription fa.pdf
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription factor binding sites?
Imagine that both miRNA target sites and transcription factor binding sites were dispersed
randomly in the genome ? Which would be likely to appear more frequent?
Solution
mRNA localization:
mRAN location is critical for regulation of gene expression by allowing spatially regulated
protein production. Through mRAN localization protein are transcribed in their intended target
site of the cell. This is especially important during early developement when rapid cell cleavages
give different cells various combinations of mRNA which can then lead to drastically different
cell fates.RBPs are critical in the location of this mRNA that insures protein are only transcribed
in ttheir intended regions. One of these proteins is ZBp1 binds to beta- actin mRNA at the site of
transcription and moves with mRNA into the cytoplasm. It then localizes this mRNA to the
lamella region of several asymmetric cell types where it can then be translated. FMRP is another
RBP involved in RNA localization. It was shown thatt in addition to other functions for FMRP in
RNA metabolism, FMRP is involved in the stimulus-induced localization of several dendritic
mRNAs in neuronal dendrites.
Transcription factors binding site:
Transcrption factors bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent gene is either
up- regulated. Transcription factors use a varity of mechanisms for the regulation of gene
expression. These mechanisms include:
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity - acetylates histone proteins, which weakens the
association of DNA with histones, which make the DNA more accessible to transcription,
thereby up- regulating transcription.
Hiestone deacetylase (HDAC) activity - deacetylates histone proteins, which strengthens the
asociation of DNA with histones, which make the DNA less accessible to transcription, thereby
down- regulating transcription.
Activation:
trancsription factors may be activated (or deactivated) through their signal- sensing domain by a
number of mechanism including:.
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)What are the bu.pdf
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)
What are the bubbles in fermented medium made of? Describe the process that they come from.
Solution
Answer:
The bubbles in the fermented medium is made of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Microbes ferment glucose/dextrose to produce gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The
medium most commonly used is phenol red glucose broth and is composed of 0.5-1.0% glucose.
As the broth gets fermented, acidic end products are produced. This reduces the pH of the media
which can be detected as the phenol red changes its colour from red to yellow. Inverted tubes
called Durham tubes can be attched to the tubes of the broth which trap any carbon dioxide
produced as a result of fermentation..
4. Pick out any text-mining tool that impressed you the most and dis.pdf
4. Pick out any text-mining tool that impressed you the most and discuss an overview of its text
mining process, sentimental & speech analytics.
Solution
LanguageWare is a natural language processing (NLP) technology developed by ibm, which
allows applications to process natural language text. It comprises a set of Java libraries which
provide a range of nlp functions: language identification, text segmentation/tokenization,
normalization, entity and relationship extraction, and semantic analysis and disambiguation. The
analysis engine uses Finite state machine approach at multiple levels, which aids its performance
characteristics, while maintaining a reasonably small footprint.
Speech analytics:
Speech analytics allows users to analyse and extract information from both live and recorded
conversations. It is being used effectively to gather intelligence for security purposes, to enhance
the presentation and utility of rich media applications, and perhaps most significantly, to deliver
quantitative business intelligence through the analysis of the millions of recorded calls .
Sentiment analysis:
Sentiment analysis is a branch of speech analytics that focuses specifically on assessing the
emotional states displayed in a conversation.
One common use of sentiment analysis within contact centres is to provide insight into a
customer’s feelings about an organisation, its products, services, customer service processes, as
well as its individual agent behaviours..
At the end of this lecture you should be able to Compare and contrast.pdf
At the end of this lecture you should be able to Compare and contrast homofermentative and
heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation. Describe how electron transport chains produce
energy. Describe syntrophy and how it benefits multiple organisms. Describe anacrobic
respiration and the role it plays in soil denitrification. The answers to these questions are
covered both in the lecture material and the textbook. What is a important intermediate
molecules shared by many fermentation reactions? What are some of the different end products
of fermentation reactions and what determines which end product will be produced by bacteria?
Define the term substrate-level phosphorylation. How does it differ from oxidative Assuming an
organism is facultative, what cultural conditions dictate whether the organism obtains energy
from substrate-level rather than oxidative phosphorylation? Why is syntrophy also called
\"interspecies H_2 transfer\"? Describe the Stickland reaction. What are the starting molecules
of this reaction and how is energy produced from this type of fermentation? Using the figure
below, describe how electron transport chains produce energy? What type of phosphorylation
typically occurs with electron transport chains? What do all electron transport chains have in
common? Can bacteria without an electron transport produce energy and a proton motive force?
so how?
Solution
Ans 1: Homofermentative LAB ferment glucose with lactic acid as the primary by-product.
Homofermentative LAB include Lactococcus spp. that are used in dairy starter culture
applications where the rapid development of lactic acid and reduced pH is desirable. Other
homofermentative LAB include yogurt strains consisting of rods (Lactobacillus delbruckii
subspecies bulgaricus, Lb. acidophilus) and cocci (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus)
and thermophilic strains that might be used in cheese (e.g., Lb. helveticus). Other
homofermentative cocci that might be found in milk and dairy products, but are rarely used as
starter cultures include other Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus, Pediococcus and Aerococcus.
Heterofermentative LAB ferment glucose with lactic acid, ethanol/acetic acid and carbon dioxide
(CO2) as by-products. Testing for heterofermentative fermentation generally involves the
detection of gas (e.g., CO2). With the exception of certain fermented milk products,
heterofermentative LAB are rarely used as dairy starter cultures, although they are not
uncommon in milk and dairy products. If allowed to grow to significant numbers, they can cause
defects related to their acid and CO2 production, such as slits in hard cheeses or bloated
packaging in other dairy products.
Heterofermentative LAB include Leuconostoc spp. (Gram-positive cocci) and Gram-positive
rods such as Lactobacillus brevis, Lb. fermentum, and Lb. reuteri. Other Lactobacillus species
are considered “facultatively” heterofermentative, meaning they will produce CO2 and other by-
products only und.
Case Study Amanda is a 22 year old newly qualified teacher who lov.pdf
Case Study
Amanda is a 22 year old newly qualified teacher who loves adventure. She was born with a
genetic condition called Cystic Fibrosis but she doesn’t let this hold her back in life. She has
decided to take her first teaching job abroad in Abu Dhabai. She knows some teacher friends
who already live there and they tell her about the plentiful jobs, high pay and bustling social life
not to mention the luxurious shopping malls. It all seemed very exciting. All she has to do now is
reassure her parents she can manage her illness while living abroad. Due to her condition thick
mucus builds up in her lungs which causes chronic cough, wheezing and increased susceptibility
to lung infections such as pneumonia. Finally the plan hatches and she finds herself aboard a
direct flight to Abu Dhabai. Over the next month Amanda settles into life in Abu Dhabai. She
loves her new job and meets lots of people from all over the world. Unfortunately the thrill is
short lived and Amanda comes down with a major lung infection. She goes to the hospital and
after taking note of her symptoms and examining her chest x-rays doctors conclude that she has a
severe case of pneumonia. They send her sputum specimens to the lab for culturing and
immediately treat her with antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus
pneumonia , Streptococcus pyogenes, the most common causes of pneumonia in CF patients.
They also give her aspirin to reduce her fever. Amanda calls home and lets her family know she
is in hospital and had chest x-rays that revealed lesions in her lungs in the pattern of organizing
pneumonia. She can barely speak on the phone due to her persistent cough and shortness of
breath. Her head aches and she still has a high fever. Her parents waste no time flying over to be
with her. A week into her hospital stay Amanda’s symptoms have not improved, in fact they are
much worse. Her respiratory symptoms increased in severity and she also developed
gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The sputum cultures came
back inconclusive and doctors are left searching for answers as to the cause of Amanda’s
pneumonia and recent GI symptoms. They run tests for more species of bacteria, fungi and
viruses that could be causing the lung infection. At this point they suspect that she has viral
pneumonia and administer intravenous ribavirin and discontinue other antibiotics. She is also put
on a ventilator as doctors fear she is close to respiratory failure. Her parents watch anxiously as
their exhausted daughter coughs sporadically and lapses in and out of consciousness. Finally they
are relieved when doctors tell them they finally know the cause of her symptoms. An rRT-PCR
test revealed the presence or MERS-CoV in Amanda’s sputum. She has MERS. Unfortunately
the doctors have no good news as they share the reality that there is no specific treatment for
MERS and all they can do for Amanda is support her breathing and vital body functions wh.
Write an equation for the function graphed. Show the work to find th.pdf
Write an equation for the function graphed. Show the work to find the value of a
Solution
22)roots are x =0,3
numerator has x(x-3)
vertical asymptotes at x =-3 , x=4
denominator has (x+3)(x -4)
function is of the form y =a[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)]
horizontal at y =-2
limx-->infinitya[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)] =2
limx-->infinitya[x2(1-(3/x))]/[x2(1+(3/x))(1 -(4/x))] =2
=>a[(1-(0))]/[(1+(0)(1 -(0))] =2
a =2
function is y =2[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)].
Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles,.pdf
Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles, whereas DNA viruses do not
Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles, whereas DNA viruses do not
Solution
RNA viruses replicate with the help of RNA-dependant RNA polymerases and need to code for
their polymerases as they are not present in animal cells. Therefore once the virus attacks the
host. by different means, it creates mRNA for further replication. based on how it creates the
mRNA there are different types of RNA viruses.
Plus strand viruses: the virion RNA is same as mRNA. So starts translating immediately after
infection. example poliovirus
Negative-strand RNA viruses: These viruses have RNA complementary to mRNA strands. So
require RNA-dependant RNA polymerases and transcribing enzymes. example: influenza virus.
double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses contain double-stranded RNA molecules that
cannot function as mRNA. These viruses require RNA polymerases to make their mRNA.
example: rotavirus
DNA viruses utilize host enzymes for replication and, host tRNA and ribosomes for the synthesis
of proteins. These viruses produce specific proteins that are coded by viral genes as compared to
normal cells that produce thousands of proteins. these proteins often modify host cell responses
to enhance viral replication..
Why is Tyrosine more acidic than Serine, even though they both are a.pdf
Why is Tyrosine more acidic than Serine, even though they both are alcohols?
Solution
Answer:
Both the tyrosine and serine are alocohols. They resembles due to the presence of hydroxyl
group. Tyrosine Pka value is 9.7 whereas serine Pka value is 14.2 The tyrosine is a phenol and it
is more acidic thatn the serine because of the ability of the neighbouring pi system to delocalize
the excess electron density of the anion.
which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak.pdf
which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak in bringing about national
health insurance later led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid?
which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak in bringing about national
health insurance later led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid?
Solution
Often, when charity care was provided, private payers were charged more to make up the
difference, a practice referred to as cost-shifting or cross-subsidization. In 1965, Congress passed
the amendments to the Social Security Act and created the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
Thus, for the first time in US history, the govern-ment assumed direct responsibility to pay for
some of the health care on behalf of two vulnerable population groups—the elderly and the poor.
Medicaid and Medicare were designed to cover only the most vulnerable populations. The
proposals did not reengineer how the majority of the Americans would receive health care. The
growing elderly population was becoming a politically active force among middle-class
Americans..
Which of the following are partial differential equations I. y + y.pdf
Which of the following are partial differential equations? I. y\" + y = 0 II. xy\' + 4y = 0 III. d^2
y/dx^2 - 4y (dy/d pi) + x^2 y - d^3 y/dx^3 a) II, IV b) None of these. c) III d) I e) I, II, III, IV
Solution
All the equations are Ordinarey differential equations
I . 2 nd order DE with constant coefficient .
II . I order linear DE
III . 3rd order DE . IV . I order DE
ANS b. none of these.
What is the meaning of leveling and balancing a Data flow diagram.pdf
What is the meaning of leveling and balancing a Data flow diagram|?
Solution
Leveling means to define data flow in details. It helps in drawing lower level diagram which can
reveal lower level information of the data flow. It exposes functional attribute of software
process in detail and helps in understanding each and every function of the process.
Balancing means preserving the input and output of the data flow. It is used to maintain
consistency in the diagram which makes it more readable and it can be understood easily.
Balancing helps in linking input and output of different levels and leveling helps in defining
desired details of a particular level..
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How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment.pdf
How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment?
Solution
Multicore is differ from Multi processing because
A multiprocessor systems having more than one central processing unit and allowing them to
work in parallel. This is known as Simultaneous Multiprocessing.
A multicore central processing unit has many execution cores on one CPU it means different
things depending on the correct design but basically it means that a definite subset of the CPU\'s
components is duplicate so multiple cores can work in parallel on separate operations. This is
known as Chip level Multiprocessing..
How the non-dense index worksHow the non-dense index works.pdf
How the non-dense index works?
How the non-dense index works?
Solution
Dense Index:
An index record appears for every search key value in file.
This record contains search key value and a pointer to the actual record.
This makes searching faster but requires more space to store index records itself. Index
records contain search key value and a pointer to the actual record on the disk.
A non-dense index has:
One entry for each block
One entry for each different value
Sparse Index is non-dense index
In sparse index, index records are not created for every search key. An index record here
contains a search key and an actual pointer to the data on the disk. To search a record, we first
proceed by index record and reach at the actual location of the data. If the data we are looking for
is not where we directly reach by following the index, then the system starts sequential search
until the desired data is found..
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. .pdf
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. Which type of temperature
sensor has (a) highest sensitivity at low temperatures, (b) best linearity, (c) applicable for high
temperatures? What does Fourier analysis of signals mean? What information can one extract
once the analysis has been performed? How is this information useful to engineers?
Solution
Best linearity is of RTD
Thermocouple is capable for higher temperatues
Thermistor has highest sensitivity at low temperatures.
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify t.pdf
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify the possible stages below.
Select all that apply.
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili
E. Moss gametophyte
Solution
Correct answers would be:
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili.
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hy.pdf
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hydrogen ions are
pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space?
A:1
B:10
C:12
-An explanation would be appreciated!
Solution
Answer is B: NADH is the rich source of electron and it possess high reduction potential. So it
transfer electrons (2e-) to oxygen through various complexes of Electron Transport Chain of
Mitochondria. Those are Complex-I ----> Complex-III & Complex-IV. During electron transfer,
4:2:4 protons pumped form mitochondrial matrix to peri mitochondrial space via Complex-I,
Complex-III & Complex-IV respectively.
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval no.pdf
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) f(t) = cubic root 8t
- 7
Solution
given function
f(t) = (8t - 7)^1/3
The domain is all values that t can take on. There is problem with this function that it can have a
negative or positive. The result will be my domain:
(-infinte , +infinte)
since cube root can negetive and postive values
DOMAIN:(-infinte , +infinte).
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps .pdf
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps to enhance safety in the
microbiology lab. Explain whether each is necessary in all instances.
Negative air flow (i.e., air flows into laboratory rather than out
Solution
29 Equipments every microbiology laboratory should have
General Concepts : The clinical presentation of an infectious disease reflects the interaction
between the host and the microorganism. This interaction is affected by the host immune status
and microbial virulence factors.Sings and symptomes vary according to the site and severity of
infection. Diagnosis requires a composite of information, including history, physical
examination, radiographic findings, and laboratory data. In fections may be caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites. The pathogen may be exogenous(acquired form environmental or
animal sources or from other persons) or endogenous (from the normal flora)..
Answer the following questions from the Article belowExercise #1..pdf
Answer the following questions from the Article below:
Exercise #1. Read the following article and then answer the following questions in paragraph
form.
1. How has DNA changed the study of biology over the past 50 years? Explain whether scientists
have shifted to a molecular level in the various subdisciplines of biology. Also, do you believe
any trend to the molecular level will continue far into the future?
2. Explain the role of DNA in the development of an organisms. Does DNA fully provide a
blueprint to create an individual? Can DNA by itself propagate itself or does it require other
molecular machines?
3. In modern biology, which is the role of physics in the study of organisms and their molecules?
Has physics moved to the forefront or does it play an ancillary role? As described in the article,
why are the molecular forces of very low energy in an organism?
Historians have the luxury of look- ing back at human endeavor over long periods of time, but
most scien- tists are too busy working in the present and thinking anxiously about the future and
have no time to view their work in the context of what has gone before. I once remarked that all
graduate students in biology divide history into two epochs: the past 2 years and every- thing else
before that, where Archimedes, Newton, Darwin, Mendel—even Watson and Crick—inhabit a
time-compressed universe as uneasy contemporaries. It seems remark- able that historians once
thought that science progressed by the steady addition of knowl- edge, building the edifice of
scientific truth, brick by brick. In his 1962 book The Struc- ture of Scientific Revolutions,
Thomas Kuhn argued that progress occurs in revolutionary steps by the introduction of new
paradigms, which may be new theories—new ways of looking at the world—or new technical
meth- ods that enhance observation and analysis.
Between Kuhn’s revolutions, scientif ic knowledge does advance by accretion, as there is much
to do to consolidate the new sci- ence. But then, inevitably, unsolved problems accumulate and,
in many cases, the inconsis- tencies have been put to one side and every- body hopes that they
will quietly go away. The edifice becomes rickety; some of its founda- tions are insecure and
many of the bricks have not been well-baked. This is when a new rev- olutionary wave in the
form of new ideas or new techniques appears, which allows us to condemn and demolish the
unsafe or corrupt parts of the edifice and rebuild truth. Often there is great resistance to the new
wave, but as Max Planck pointed out, it succeeds because the opponents grow old and die. The
process is then repeated: The radicals become liberals, the liberals become conservatives, the
conservatives become reactionaries, and the reactionaries disappear. Students of evolu- tion will
recognize this process in the theory of punctuated equilibrium: Organisms stay much the same
for very long periods of time; this is interrupted by bursts of change when novelty appears,
f.
All answers are in the form of TrueFalse with a explantion as to wh.pdf
All answers are in the form of True/False with a explantion as to why:
1) An ideal band-pass filter centered (at ± 0) can be created by just multiplying the sinc function
by cos(0t) in the the time domain.
2) Nyquist theorem deals with windowing of a signal in the time domain, which is translated into
leakage in the frequency domain.
3) The global frequency response of an LTI system composed of two LTI systems in parallel
with each other is simply the addition of the individual frequency responses of the systems.
4) We can find the H(j) of an unknown LTI system by stimulating it with a impulse and taking
the Fourier Transform of its response. Another more realistic way is to stimulate the LTI system
with a unit step function (signal), take the Fourier Transform of its response, multiply it by (j) for
every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.
^I believe that one is true, but I am needing help forming an explanation.
5) A first step towards sampling an unknown analog signal without aliasing is to low-pass filter
the signal.
Solution
1) False
Because fourier transform of sinc function is rectanctangular function in frequency domain, and
fourier transform of cos function is impuse function. So when when multiply in time domain that
means convoution in frequency domain. And if ve convolude rectangular function with impulse
function then it would be rectangular pulse train. Which is not ideal band paas filter at w=0.
2) False
It would be either window or leakage in time domain or frequency domain.
3) TRUE
It is simply understand by block reduction method in control system. When there is another
forward block we add both maid forward block with secondry forward block. OR LTI is linear in
nature so add in parallel and multiply in series.
4) TRUE
Its because the response or tansfer function of any system is called impulse response. It means
when the input is Impuse function what is the output of that system. Same as the relation
between unit imulse response and impuse respone in just fouries tranfer of unit step function.
Because the fourier transform of impulse is unity. so if input is unit step function multiply it by
(j) for every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.(1/(i)+(),)
5)FALSE
Low paas filter use after sampling to recover the original signal..
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription fa.pdf
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription factor binding sites?
Imagine that both miRNA target sites and transcription factor binding sites were dispersed
randomly in the genome ? Which would be likely to appear more frequent?
Solution
mRNA localization:
mRAN location is critical for regulation of gene expression by allowing spatially regulated
protein production. Through mRAN localization protein are transcribed in their intended target
site of the cell. This is especially important during early developement when rapid cell cleavages
give different cells various combinations of mRNA which can then lead to drastically different
cell fates.RBPs are critical in the location of this mRNA that insures protein are only transcribed
in ttheir intended regions. One of these proteins is ZBp1 binds to beta- actin mRNA at the site of
transcription and moves with mRNA into the cytoplasm. It then localizes this mRNA to the
lamella region of several asymmetric cell types where it can then be translated. FMRP is another
RBP involved in RNA localization. It was shown thatt in addition to other functions for FMRP in
RNA metabolism, FMRP is involved in the stimulus-induced localization of several dendritic
mRNAs in neuronal dendrites.
Transcription factors binding site:
Transcrption factors bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent gene is either
up- regulated. Transcription factors use a varity of mechanisms for the regulation of gene
expression. These mechanisms include:
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity - acetylates histone proteins, which weakens the
association of DNA with histones, which make the DNA more accessible to transcription,
thereby up- regulating transcription.
Hiestone deacetylase (HDAC) activity - deacetylates histone proteins, which strengthens the
asociation of DNA with histones, which make the DNA less accessible to transcription, thereby
down- regulating transcription.
Activation:
trancsription factors may be activated (or deactivated) through their signal- sensing domain by a
number of mechanism including:.
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)What are the bu.pdf
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)
What are the bubbles in fermented medium made of? Describe the process that they come from.
Solution
Answer:
The bubbles in the fermented medium is made of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Microbes ferment glucose/dextrose to produce gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The
medium most commonly used is phenol red glucose broth and is composed of 0.5-1.0% glucose.
As the broth gets fermented, acidic end products are produced. This reduces the pH of the media
which can be detected as the phenol red changes its colour from red to yellow. Inverted tubes
called Durham tubes can be attched to the tubes of the broth which trap any carbon dioxide
produced as a result of fermentation..
4. Pick out any text-mining tool that impressed you the most and dis.pdf
4. Pick out any text-mining tool that impressed you the most and discuss an overview of its text
mining process, sentimental & speech analytics.
Solution
LanguageWare is a natural language processing (NLP) technology developed by ibm, which
allows applications to process natural language text. It comprises a set of Java libraries which
provide a range of nlp functions: language identification, text segmentation/tokenization,
normalization, entity and relationship extraction, and semantic analysis and disambiguation. The
analysis engine uses Finite state machine approach at multiple levels, which aids its performance
characteristics, while maintaining a reasonably small footprint.
Speech analytics:
Speech analytics allows users to analyse and extract information from both live and recorded
conversations. It is being used effectively to gather intelligence for security purposes, to enhance
the presentation and utility of rich media applications, and perhaps most significantly, to deliver
quantitative business intelligence through the analysis of the millions of recorded calls .
Sentiment analysis:
Sentiment analysis is a branch of speech analytics that focuses specifically on assessing the
emotional states displayed in a conversation.
One common use of sentiment analysis within contact centres is to provide insight into a
customer’s feelings about an organisation, its products, services, customer service processes, as
well as its individual agent behaviours..
At the end of this lecture you should be able to Compare and contrast.pdf
At the end of this lecture you should be able to Compare and contrast homofermentative and
heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation. Describe how electron transport chains produce
energy. Describe syntrophy and how it benefits multiple organisms. Describe anacrobic
respiration and the role it plays in soil denitrification. The answers to these questions are
covered both in the lecture material and the textbook. What is a important intermediate
molecules shared by many fermentation reactions? What are some of the different end products
of fermentation reactions and what determines which end product will be produced by bacteria?
Define the term substrate-level phosphorylation. How does it differ from oxidative Assuming an
organism is facultative, what cultural conditions dictate whether the organism obtains energy
from substrate-level rather than oxidative phosphorylation? Why is syntrophy also called
\"interspecies H_2 transfer\"? Describe the Stickland reaction. What are the starting molecules
of this reaction and how is energy produced from this type of fermentation? Using the figure
below, describe how electron transport chains produce energy? What type of phosphorylation
typically occurs with electron transport chains? What do all electron transport chains have in
common? Can bacteria without an electron transport produce energy and a proton motive force?
so how?
Solution
Ans 1: Homofermentative LAB ferment glucose with lactic acid as the primary by-product.
Homofermentative LAB include Lactococcus spp. that are used in dairy starter culture
applications where the rapid development of lactic acid and reduced pH is desirable. Other
homofermentative LAB include yogurt strains consisting of rods (Lactobacillus delbruckii
subspecies bulgaricus, Lb. acidophilus) and cocci (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus)
and thermophilic strains that might be used in cheese (e.g., Lb. helveticus). Other
homofermentative cocci that might be found in milk and dairy products, but are rarely used as
starter cultures include other Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus, Pediococcus and Aerococcus.
Heterofermentative LAB ferment glucose with lactic acid, ethanol/acetic acid and carbon dioxide
(CO2) as by-products. Testing for heterofermentative fermentation generally involves the
detection of gas (e.g., CO2). With the exception of certain fermented milk products,
heterofermentative LAB are rarely used as dairy starter cultures, although they are not
uncommon in milk and dairy products. If allowed to grow to significant numbers, they can cause
defects related to their acid and CO2 production, such as slits in hard cheeses or bloated
packaging in other dairy products.
Heterofermentative LAB include Leuconostoc spp. (Gram-positive cocci) and Gram-positive
rods such as Lactobacillus brevis, Lb. fermentum, and Lb. reuteri. Other Lactobacillus species
are considered “facultatively” heterofermentative, meaning they will produce CO2 and other by-
products only und.
Case Study Amanda is a 22 year old newly qualified teacher who lov.pdf
Case Study
Amanda is a 22 year old newly qualified teacher who loves adventure. She was born with a
genetic condition called Cystic Fibrosis but she doesn’t let this hold her back in life. She has
decided to take her first teaching job abroad in Abu Dhabai. She knows some teacher friends
who already live there and they tell her about the plentiful jobs, high pay and bustling social life
not to mention the luxurious shopping malls. It all seemed very exciting. All she has to do now is
reassure her parents she can manage her illness while living abroad. Due to her condition thick
mucus builds up in her lungs which causes chronic cough, wheezing and increased susceptibility
to lung infections such as pneumonia. Finally the plan hatches and she finds herself aboard a
direct flight to Abu Dhabai. Over the next month Amanda settles into life in Abu Dhabai. She
loves her new job and meets lots of people from all over the world. Unfortunately the thrill is
short lived and Amanda comes down with a major lung infection. She goes to the hospital and
after taking note of her symptoms and examining her chest x-rays doctors conclude that she has a
severe case of pneumonia. They send her sputum specimens to the lab for culturing and
immediately treat her with antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus
pneumonia , Streptococcus pyogenes, the most common causes of pneumonia in CF patients.
They also give her aspirin to reduce her fever. Amanda calls home and lets her family know she
is in hospital and had chest x-rays that revealed lesions in her lungs in the pattern of organizing
pneumonia. She can barely speak on the phone due to her persistent cough and shortness of
breath. Her head aches and she still has a high fever. Her parents waste no time flying over to be
with her. A week into her hospital stay Amanda’s symptoms have not improved, in fact they are
much worse. Her respiratory symptoms increased in severity and she also developed
gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The sputum cultures came
back inconclusive and doctors are left searching for answers as to the cause of Amanda’s
pneumonia and recent GI symptoms. They run tests for more species of bacteria, fungi and
viruses that could be causing the lung infection. At this point they suspect that she has viral
pneumonia and administer intravenous ribavirin and discontinue other antibiotics. She is also put
on a ventilator as doctors fear she is close to respiratory failure. Her parents watch anxiously as
their exhausted daughter coughs sporadically and lapses in and out of consciousness. Finally they
are relieved when doctors tell them they finally know the cause of her symptoms. An rRT-PCR
test revealed the presence or MERS-CoV in Amanda’s sputum. She has MERS. Unfortunately
the doctors have no good news as they share the reality that there is no specific treatment for
MERS and all they can do for Amanda is support her breathing and vital body functions wh.
Write an equation for the function graphed. Show the work to find th.pdf
Write an equation for the function graphed. Show the work to find the value of a
Solution
22)roots are x =0,3
numerator has x(x-3)
vertical asymptotes at x =-3 , x=4
denominator has (x+3)(x -4)
function is of the form y =a[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)]
horizontal at y =-2
limx-->infinitya[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)] =2
limx-->infinitya[x2(1-(3/x))]/[x2(1+(3/x))(1 -(4/x))] =2
=>a[(1-(0))]/[(1+(0)(1 -(0))] =2
a =2
function is y =2[x(x-3)]/[(x+3)(x -4)].
Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles,.pdf
Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles, whereas DNA viruses do not
Why does a RNA virus carry essential enzymes within its particles, whereas DNA viruses do not
Solution
RNA viruses replicate with the help of RNA-dependant RNA polymerases and need to code for
their polymerases as they are not present in animal cells. Therefore once the virus attacks the
host. by different means, it creates mRNA for further replication. based on how it creates the
mRNA there are different types of RNA viruses.
Plus strand viruses: the virion RNA is same as mRNA. So starts translating immediately after
infection. example poliovirus
Negative-strand RNA viruses: These viruses have RNA complementary to mRNA strands. So
require RNA-dependant RNA polymerases and transcribing enzymes. example: influenza virus.
double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses contain double-stranded RNA molecules that
cannot function as mRNA. These viruses require RNA polymerases to make their mRNA.
example: rotavirus
DNA viruses utilize host enzymes for replication and, host tRNA and ribosomes for the synthesis
of proteins. These viruses produce specific proteins that are coded by viral genes as compared to
normal cells that produce thousands of proteins. these proteins often modify host cell responses
to enhance viral replication..
Why is Tyrosine more acidic than Serine, even though they both are a.pdf
Why is Tyrosine more acidic than Serine, even though they both are alcohols?
Solution
Answer:
Both the tyrosine and serine are alocohols. They resembles due to the presence of hydroxyl
group. Tyrosine Pka value is 9.7 whereas serine Pka value is 14.2 The tyrosine is a phenol and it
is more acidic thatn the serine because of the ability of the neighbouring pi system to delocalize
the excess electron density of the anion.
which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak.pdf
which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak in bringing about national
health insurance later led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid?
which particular factors that earlier may have been somewhat weak in bringing about national
health insurance later led to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid?
Solution
Often, when charity care was provided, private payers were charged more to make up the
difference, a practice referred to as cost-shifting or cross-subsidization. In 1965, Congress passed
the amendments to the Social Security Act and created the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
Thus, for the first time in US history, the govern-ment assumed direct responsibility to pay for
some of the health care on behalf of two vulnerable population groups—the elderly and the poor.
Medicaid and Medicare were designed to cover only the most vulnerable populations. The
proposals did not reengineer how the majority of the Americans would receive health care. The
growing elderly population was becoming a politically active force among middle-class
Americans..
Which of the following are partial differential equations I. y + y.pdf
Which of the following are partial differential equations? I. y\" + y = 0 II. xy\' + 4y = 0 III. d^2
y/dx^2 - 4y (dy/d pi) + x^2 y - d^3 y/dx^3 a) II, IV b) None of these. c) III d) I e) I, II, III, IV
Solution
All the equations are Ordinarey differential equations
I . 2 nd order DE with constant coefficient .
II . I order linear DE
III . 3rd order DE . IV . I order DE
ANS b. none of these.
What is the meaning of leveling and balancing a Data flow diagram.pdf
What is the meaning of leveling and balancing a Data flow diagram|?
Solution
Leveling means to define data flow in details. It helps in drawing lower level diagram which can
reveal lower level information of the data flow. It exposes functional attribute of software
process in detail and helps in understanding each and every function of the process.
Balancing means preserving the input and output of the data flow. It is used to maintain
consistency in the diagram which makes it more readable and it can be understood easily.
Balancing helps in linking input and output of different levels and leveling helps in defining
desired details of a particular level..
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