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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes all RNA and transcription occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region on DNA, elongation synthesizes RNA from 5' to 3' using ribonucleotide triphosphates, and termination ends transcription. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving promoter sites, transcription factors, enhancers, and processing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA into messenger RNA.
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Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
Transcription Dr Sohil
The document summarizes key differences between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm using a single type of RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs separately from translation in the nucleus using three distinct RNA polymerases and requires numerous transcription factors to initiate transcription. Eukaryotic transcription also involves more complex post-transcriptional processing including splicing of pre-mRNA and alternative splicing to generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
TRANSCRIPTION & POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes all RNA, while eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases. The enzyme binds to promoter regions on DNA and uses one strand as a template to make complementary RNA. Primary transcripts in eukaryotes undergo processing like capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to produce mature, functional RNAs that can be translated or act as non-coding RNAs. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination and can be inhibited by various antibiotics that target bacterial or eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Introduction to Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
Transcription in Pro- & eukaryotes
1.Definition
2.Transcription is selective
3.Transcription in Prokaryotes
•Initiation
•Elongation
•RNA polymerase vs DNA polymerase
•Termination
4.Transcription in Eukaryotes
•Initiation
•Elongation
•Termination
•Post transcriptional modifications
Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
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Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
Transcription Dr Sohil
The document summarizes key differences between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm using a single type of RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs separately from translation in the nucleus using three distinct RNA polymerases and requires numerous transcription factors to initiate transcription. Eukaryotic transcription also involves more complex post-transcriptional processing including splicing of pre-mRNA and alternative splicing to generate multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
TRANSCRIPTION & POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes all RNA, while eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases. The enzyme binds to promoter regions on DNA and uses one strand as a template to make complementary RNA. Primary transcripts in eukaryotes undergo processing like capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to produce mature, functional RNAs that can be translated or act as non-coding RNAs. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination and can be inhibited by various antibiotics that target bacterial or eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Introduction to Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
Transcription in Pro- & eukaryotes
1.Definition
2.Transcription is selective
3.Transcription in Prokaryotes
•Initiation
•Elongation
•RNA polymerase vs DNA polymerase
•Termination
4.Transcription in Eukaryotes
•Initiation
•Elongation
•Termination
•Post transcriptional modifications
Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and separates the strands. In elongation, RNA nucleotides bind to the template DNA strand to form mRNA. In termination, hairpin loops form in the newly synthesized RNA causing transcription to stop. The primary mRNA transcript then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are spliced together to form the final mRNA.
GENETIC EXPRESSION TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and transcribes DNA into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Transcription is regulated by factors that influence RNA polymerase binding and activity.
RNA synthesis, processing and modification.pptx
The presentation discusses RNA synthesis, processing, and modification, explaining that RNA is synthesized from DNA through transcription by RNA polymerase. It describes the post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including splicing of introns from mRNA, addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail, and modification of tRNA. The presentation also covers regulatory sequences that control transcription and the role of reverse transcription in retroviruses like HIV.
transcription in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase of prokaryotes
The core RNA polymerase associates with the sigma factor to generate the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which is required for recruiting RNA polymerase to the promoter. The sigma factor binds to the -10 and -35 promoter elements. During transcription initiation, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and begins RNA synthesis. It then enters elongation, synthesizing RNA processively until it reaches a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. RNA polymerase synthesizes various RNA transcripts including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
DNA Transcription and RNA Processing
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
molecular biology.pptx
The document provides information about the process of transcription. It defines transcription as the first step of gene expression where an RNA molecule is formed from DNA. It describes the key steps and components of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These include initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription, as well as the enzymes like RNA polymerase that are involved. The summary highlights that transcription involves copying genetic information from DNA to RNA, and differs between single-celled and multi-cellular organisms in its regulation and RNA polymerases used.
Structure of Eukaryotic Promoter .pptx
The document summarizes the structure of eukaryotic promoters. It describes the three main portions that make up a promoter: the core promoter, proximal promoter, and distal promoter. The core promoter contains elements like the TATA box and transcription start site. The proximal promoter is upstream and binds general transcription factors. The distal promoter regulates transcription. Eukaryotic promoters are more complex than prokaryotic ones, spanning different DNA sequences and using enhancers. The TATA box, CAAT box, and GC box are also discussed.
DNA transcription & Post Transcriptional Modification
DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region near a gene. It then elongates the RNA molecule using the DNA as a template. Transcription ends when the polymerase reaches a termination sequence. The primary RNA transcript often undergoes processing like splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and editing to become a functional mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA molecule. These post-transcriptional modifications are required for gene expression.
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
RNA SPLICING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
Prokaryotic transcription: Promoters, Structure and Function
This PowerPoint presentation offers a comprehensive exploration of transcription processes in prokaryotic organisms. It covers the fundamental mechanisms of transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination phases. Key topics include the role of RNA polymerase, promoter recognition, sigma factors, and regulatory sequences.
Eukaryotic transcription
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Transcription
1. DNA contains genes that encode the information for synthesizing proteins. The genes contain base sequences that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis.
2. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions on DNA and synthesizes mRNA complementary to the template DNA strand. The mRNA is then processed and modified before being translated into protein.
3. Transcription is regulated through control regions in DNA that bind transcription factors, inducing or repressing transcription depending on the factor. This regulates the expression of genes and allows control of protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.RNA Metabolism
RNA metabolism and transcription are complex processes involving multiple steps. There are three major types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. It requires a DNA template, RNA polymerase enzyme, and nucleotide substrates. Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase while eukaryotes have three specialized RNA polymerases. Transcription results in primary transcripts that undergo extensive processing before becoming functional RNAs. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. Transcription and its regulation play an important role in gene expression.
Biochem synthesis of rna(june.23.2010)
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
2013 transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the key differences between their transcription mechanisms. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase directly binds DNA and transcribes genes in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase requires transcription factors to bind DNA and regulate gene expression, as transcription involves promoter elements, regulatory sequences, and RNA processing.
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Similar to transcription ^0 translation.pptx
RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and separates the strands. In elongation, RNA nucleotides bind to the template DNA strand to form mRNA. In termination, hairpin loops form in the newly synthesized RNA causing transcription to stop. The primary mRNA transcript then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are spliced together to form the final mRNA.
GENETIC EXPRESSION TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and transcribes DNA into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Transcription is regulated by factors that influence RNA polymerase binding and activity.
RNA synthesis, processing and modification.pptx
The presentation discusses RNA synthesis, processing, and modification, explaining that RNA is synthesized from DNA through transcription by RNA polymerase. It describes the post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including splicing of introns from mRNA, addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail, and modification of tRNA. The presentation also covers regulatory sequences that control transcription and the role of reverse transcription in retroviruses like HIV.
transcription in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase of prokaryotes
The core RNA polymerase associates with the sigma factor to generate the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which is required for recruiting RNA polymerase to the promoter. The sigma factor binds to the -10 and -35 promoter elements. During transcription initiation, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and begins RNA synthesis. It then enters elongation, synthesizing RNA processively until it reaches a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. RNA polymerase synthesizes various RNA transcripts including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
DNA Transcription and RNA Processing
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
molecular biology.pptx
The document provides information about the process of transcription. It defines transcription as the first step of gene expression where an RNA molecule is formed from DNA. It describes the key steps and components of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These include initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription, as well as the enzymes like RNA polymerase that are involved. The summary highlights that transcription involves copying genetic information from DNA to RNA, and differs between single-celled and multi-cellular organisms in its regulation and RNA polymerases used.
Structure of Eukaryotic Promoter .pptx
The document summarizes the structure of eukaryotic promoters. It describes the three main portions that make up a promoter: the core promoter, proximal promoter, and distal promoter. The core promoter contains elements like the TATA box and transcription start site. The proximal promoter is upstream and binds general transcription factors. The distal promoter regulates transcription. Eukaryotic promoters are more complex than prokaryotic ones, spanning different DNA sequences and using enhancers. The TATA box, CAAT box, and GC box are also discussed.
DNA transcription & Post Transcriptional Modification
DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region near a gene. It then elongates the RNA molecule using the DNA as a template. Transcription ends when the polymerase reaches a termination sequence. The primary RNA transcript often undergoes processing like splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and editing to become a functional mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA molecule. These post-transcriptional modifications are required for gene expression.
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
RNA SPLICING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
Prokaryotic transcription: Promoters, Structure and Function
This PowerPoint presentation offers a comprehensive exploration of transcription processes in prokaryotic organisms. It covers the fundamental mechanisms of transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination phases. Key topics include the role of RNA polymerase, promoter recognition, sigma factors, and regulatory sequences.
Eukaryotic transcription
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Transcription
1. DNA contains genes that encode the information for synthesizing proteins. The genes contain base sequences that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis.
2. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions on DNA and synthesizes mRNA complementary to the template DNA strand. The mRNA is then processed and modified before being translated into protein.
3. Transcription is regulated through control regions in DNA that bind transcription factors, inducing or repressing transcription depending on the factor. This regulates the expression of genes and allows control of protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.RNA Metabolism
RNA metabolism and transcription are complex processes involving multiple steps. There are three major types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. It requires a DNA template, RNA polymerase enzyme, and nucleotide substrates. Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase while eukaryotes have three specialized RNA polymerases. Transcription results in primary transcripts that undergo extensive processing before becoming functional RNAs. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. Transcription and its regulation play an important role in gene expression.
Biochem synthesis of rna(june.23.2010)
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
2013 transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the key differences between their transcription mechanisms. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase directly binds DNA and transcribes genes in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase requires transcription factors to bind DNA and regulate gene expression, as transcription involves promoter elements, regulatory sequences, and RNA processing.
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Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
transcription ^0 translation.pptx
- 2. TRANSCRIPTION Transcription is a process in which ribonucleic acid (RNA) is synthesized from DNA. The word gene refers to the functional unit of the DNA that can be transcribed. Transcription is selective The product formed in transcription is referred to as primary transcript. Most often, the primary RNA transcripts are inactive. They undergo certain alterations (splicing, terminal additions, base modifications etc.) commonly known as post-transcriptional modifications, to produce functionally active RNA molecules.
- 3. TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES A single enzyme—DNA-dependent RNA polymerase or simply RNA polymerase— synthesizes all the RNAs in prokaryotes. Transcription involves three different stages—initiation, elongation and termination. Initiation The binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase to DNA is the prerequisite for the transcription to start. The specific region on the DNA where the enzyme binds is known as promoter region. sigma factor of RNA polymerase can recognize for initiation of transcription
- 4. Pribnow box (TATA box) Located on the left side about 10 bases away The ‘–35’sequence : It contains a base sequence TTGACA, which is located about 35 bases away on the left side from the site of transcription start. Elongation RNA is synthesized from 5’ end to 3’ end (5’-3’) antiparallel to the DNA template. RNA polymerase utilizes ribonucleotide triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP) for the formation of RNA. Termination 1. Rho (ρ) dependent termination 2. Rho (ρ) independent termination - This occurs due to the presence of palindromes.
- 5. TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is a much more complicated process than the transcription described above for prokaryotes. RNA polymerases RNA polymerase I is responsible for the synthesis of precursors for the large ribosomal RNAs. RNA polymerase II synthesizes the precursors for mRNAs and small nuclear RNAs. RNA polymerase III participates in the formation of tRNAs and small ribosomal RNAs. There also exists a mitochondrial RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. PROMOTER SITES This sequence, known as Hogness box (or TATA box), located on the left about 25 nucleotides away
- 6. CAAT box, between 70 and 80 nucleotides upstream from the start of transcription. Initiation of transcription 1. Chromatin containing the promoter sequence made accessible to the transcription machinery. 2. Binding of transcription factors (TFs) to DNA sequences in the promoter region. 3. Stimulation of transcription by enhancers. In humans, about six transcription factors have been identified (TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE, TFIIH) Enhancer can increase gene expression by about 100 fold. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) The primary mRNA transcript produced by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes is often referred to as heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). This is then processed to produce mRNA needed for protein synthesis.