The document discusses various numerical models that can be used for riverine and urban flood mitigation. It provides details on 1D hydraulic models like MIKE11, HEC-RAS, and ISIS, 2D models like MIKE21 and Delft3D, and integrated 1D-2D models like MIKE Flood. It also discusses hydrological models for rainfall-runoff modeling and flood forecasting tools. The document then focuses on setting up the MIKE Flood model, providing steps for setting up MIKE11 and MIKE21 individually and then coupling them using the MIKE Flood interface.

1. NUMERICAL MODELS AS MITIGATION MEASURES FOR RIVERINE AND URBAN FLOOD
 Riverine Flood
 Urban FlashFlood
Hydraulic (Numerical ) ModelsforRiver Flow ModellingandFloodInundation Simulation:
1. MIIKE FLOOD(coupled1D&2 D modelling)
2. MIKE 21 (2D-Modelling)
3. MIKE 11 (1D-Modelling)
4. MIKE Urban/MOUSE (Urban/FlashFloodStudy)
5. HEC-RAS (1D-Modelling)
6. ISIS_1D (1D-Modelling- Limited)
7. ISIS_2D (1D-Modelling- Limited)
8. Delft3D (1D-2D-3D modelling)
Hydrological modelsforrainfall-runoff include:
1. MIKE-SHE and NAM
2. HEC-HMS
3. SWAT
4. WMS
5. JAMS 2000
6. VIC
7. SRM (forSnowmelt Runoff)
FloodForecastinganddecisionsupportapplications
1. MIKE FLOODWATCH
2. DELTARES FEWS (FLOODEARLY WARNINGSYSTEM)
A brief descriptionof fewrobustmodelsalongwiththeirworkingmethodologyismentionedin
subsequentsections.
Freeware/Opensource
Commercial packages
Freeware/Opensource
Commercial package

2. MIKE FLOOD
INTRODUCTION
MIKE FLOOD isa tool that integratesthe one-dimensional modelsMIKEURBAN,MIKE 11 and the two-
dimensional modelMIKE21 intoa single,dynamicallycoupledmodellingsystem.Thiscoupledapproach
enablesthe bestfeaturesof bothaone -dimensional andtwodimensional modelstobe utilized,whilst
at the same time avoidingmanyof the limitationsof resolutionandaccuracy encounteredwhenusing
MIKE 11, MIKE URBAN or MIKE 21 separately.
FewModel Applicationsinclude:
 Floodplainapplications
 Storm surge studies
 Urban drainage
 Dam break
 Hydraulicdesignof structures
 Broad scale estuarine applications
SETTING UP MIKE FLOOD
MIKE FLOOD isa combinationof MIKE11/MOUSE andMIKE 21. Hence the individualmodels shouldbe
setupseparately,then joinedtogetherusingMIKEFLOOD.
MIKE 11 SETUP
A brief descriptionof modellingstepsisprovided withreferences/snapsfromstudyof few floodprone
North-Easternplaces.
The prerequisiteinanymodellingispreparation of the inputfiles.In DHI_MIKE models,the MIKEZERO
interface isprovidedforall inputfile preparation,projectsetupand organizing.
Figure 1 MIKE ZERO interface on New File creation

3. The basic filesneeded inMIKE11 Simulation are:
1. Simulation file(.sim11)
2. RiverNetworkfile (.nwk11)
3. Cross-sectionfile(.xns11)
4. BoundaryConditionfile (.bnd11)
5. Parameterfiles (Hydrodynamic,Rainfall-runoff,Advection-dispersion,SedimentTransport)
The firststepis the creationof a simulationfile(.sim11),whichcombinesall informationnecessaryto
performa simulation.Thisinformationcomprisestype of model torun,name andlocationof inputdata
files,simulationperiod,time step,etc.andname of resultfiles. Foreasy andsystematicworkinga
projectshouldbe createdinitiallywithblanknetworkeditors,cross-sectioneditors,boundaryfileand
parameterfilesandlinkingtheminthe Simulationfile.
Rivercan be manuallydigitizedorimportedfromshapefilescreatedinGISsoftware.Suitable numberof
nodesare createdin the processto whichthe rivercross-sectionsfromsurveydataor DEM can be
linked.The cross- sectioneditoristobe createdin the processwhere the cross-sectionsareadefined.
Figure 3 Network editor with main interface, tabular view and longitudinal profile view
RiverLine
Connected
Cross-sections
RiverNode
Figure 2 River nodes, lines and X-sec connected in Network Editor
TabularView
Main screen
with nodes
and riverline
Longitudinal profile
view

4. Due to unavailabilityof riverbed surveydatamostof the time,automaticcross-sectionextractionfrom
DEM data isfollowed.Thiscanbe done MIKE GIS,HEC-GeoRASor otherGIS tools.
Figure 4 Cross-section extraction using HEC-GeoRAS
Rivercross-section file containstwodatasets,raw and tabular. The raw data describesthe physical
shape of a cross-sectionusing(x,z) co-ordinates.The processeddata iscalculatedfromthe raw data and
containscorrespondingvaluesforlevel,cross-sectionarea,flow width,hydraulic/resistanceradius.
Also,eachcross-sectionisdefineduniquelybythe followingthree keys:
 RiverName
 TOPOID
 Chainage
ProvisionisgivenforuserdefinedDatum, definingresistance type anddistribution.Alsobankmarkers,
bedmarkersand userdefinedmarkersare providedtospecifythe banklines,resistance distribution
(channel andfloodplain).
The riverBoundary Editorscomprisesof the Time serieseditor (.dfs0) andboundaryeditor(.bnd11).
Times series of discharge,waterlevel,wind,temperature,etccanbe definedinthe time seriesfile at
specifiedintervalsorrandomperiods.
Boundarieslike open,closed,pointsource ,structuresordistributedsource canbe definedinthe
boundaryeditor.Also,boundarycanbe definedastype inflow,waterlevel,Q-h,etc.
HEC-GeoRAStoolbarinArcGIS
Cross-sectionalview

5. Figure 5 Time Series editor showing discharge-stage timeseries
Finally,the parameterfilesneedtobe createdwhichwill dependonthe type of computation.The MIKE
parametereditorsare -
 Hydrodynamic
 Advection-dispersion
 Water Quality
 SedimentTransport
 Rainfall-Runoff
For general floodmodelshydrodynamicmodule issufficient i.e.the HDparameterfile. Rainfall-runoff
module isnecessaryif we needacombinedhydrologicandhydrodynamic computation.Similarly,for
snowcharacteristicswe will need toincludethe ice parameter.
The HD parameterfile containsinitial conditionsforthe hydrodynamicsimulation.Thisincludes initial
waterlevel/depthanddischarge whichcanbe put as constantvalue or stage /discharge hydrographs.
The final stepis specifyingthe time step ,simulationstartandend date,the resultfile andvalidationof
the simulation.Anyerrorsinthe correspondingfileswill be mentionedinthe validationpage.
Aftercompletionof the simulationthe resultscanbe viewedusingMIKEView or MIKE ResultViewer.
MIKE 21 SETUP
Afterfinishingthe 1Dsetupwe needtosetupa 2D model forthe studyarea. The inputsneededforthe
purpose are-
 DEM data/Topographicsurveydata
 Bathymetric/riverdepthsurveydata
Properties
page

6.  Discharge hydrographsorDischarge-stage hydrographs(bothupstream&downstream)
- optional feature if settingupaMIKE FLOODmodel
 Precipitation/Evaporation data(optional)
 Resistance (Manning/Chezy)
 Winddata (optional)
 Structure data/types/locations(optional)
The firststepis identificationof the studyareaand clipping the imageriesandDEM insuitable GIS
software.MIKE21 supports *.dfs2 formatfiles,hence conversionof DEMto Ascii formatisessential
whichcan furtherbe convertedto *.dfs2 formatusingMIKE ZeroToolbox. Itis to be notedthatthe Raw
DEM usedshouldbe hydrocorrected to minimizeeffectsof sinksinthe data.
The primaryinputfor the simulationisBathymetry file,whichisingeneral termsisthe Topographicfile
combinedwiththe bathymetricsurveydata.Extreme care shouldbe takenwhilepreparationof the
bathymetricfile asaccuracyand stabilityof the whole setupdependsonthis. Some basicoperationsto
be usedinthe bathymetricfile include-
 Importinghighresolutionimageriesforproperstudyof the landuse and modifying the
DEM accordingly
 Importriver,banksand cross-sectionshapefilesfromMIKE11 setup
 Importbuildingslayerandsettinglandvalue inthe areas(forurbanflooding)
 Remove noise andotherDEMimperfectionsusinginbuiltfilteringtechniques
 Merge the riverbeddata withtopographicdata
 Correct suddenchanges of riverslope andbankswhichusuallyoccursdue toDEM
errors. Finallyenclosethe studyareawithgridlinesfilledwithlandvalues
Figure 2 Bathymetric file of Bharalu river near Zoo Road, Guwahati using CARTOSAT 1m hybrid DEM and Cartosat imagery as
background layer

7. Simulation in MIKE 21
 Module selection:MIKE21 Simulationconsistsof firstselectingthe suitablemodule.Forflood
inundationstudywe needto selectthe Hydrodynamicmodule.
 Bathymetry: The nextstepisspecifyingthe bathymetryfile.There isadditional optionof
providingafine bathymetrytostudyindetail aparticulararea.Thus a fine DEMis enclosedina
coarse DEM. Normallycoldstartprocedure isfollowed.Hotstartfacilityisnecessaryif we want
to run multiple simulationswithsimilarinitial conditions. CoriolisforcingisnotnecessaryforHD
withoutwindconditions.
 Simulationperiod:
Timestepcanbe minimum0.5 to anyas specifiedbyuser.Highertime stepdecreasessimulation
time significantly butthere isdecreaseinstabilityof the model due tothe increase incourant
numberfactor. The courantnumberisdefinedas -
CR = c (Δt/Δx)
where, c=celerity,Δtistime stepandΔx isthe gridspacing
The courant numberactuallyexpresseshow manytime stepthe informationmovesinone
timestep. Forflowstabilitycourantnumbershouldbe below 1,butnumbersupto5 isallowed
dependingonthe bathymetry.Smootherbathymetriescan have highercourantnumbers.
The warm-upperiodis a numberof time stepsoverwhichthe forcingfunctionsare gradually
increasedfromzeroto100% of theirtrue value.Model instabilityatinitialperiodcanbe
correctedby increasingthisvalue.
 Boundary: The boundaryconditionsneedstobe specifiedforthe upstreamanddownstream
reach.This can be discharge hydrographor stage hydrograph or constantdischarge/waterlevel.
For MIKE FLOOD simulationwe usuallykeepthe boundariesclosed.
 Source and Sink: Source and sinkpointscanbe specifiedcombinedorisolated.Sourcesare
pointsfromwhere constantspecifiedinflowinoccurring.Sinksare pointsforsuckingout
specifiedinflowoutof the model ata constantrate. Up to 256 source and sinkpointsare
allowedinthe model. Source andsinkpointsshould notbe placed onlocationswhichmightdry
out as itwill make the model unstable.
 Floodingand drying : For accuracy the floodinganddryingfacilityisintroducedinthe MIKE21
module. Dryingdepthis the minimumwaterdepthallowedinapointbefore itistakenoutof
calculation,andfloodingdepthisthe waterdepthatwhichthe pointwill be reenteredintothe
calculation. Infloodplainapplicationsgenerallydryingdepthof 0.005-0.1 and floodingdepthof
0.01-0.2 is used.

8.  Initial surface elevation:Inmanyfloodplainapplicationsthe initial surface elevationcanbe set
to be a constantvalue.Insome applicationshowever,itisbe necessarytouse an initial spatially
varyingwatersurface that matchesthe actual water distributionandlevelsinthe model domain
at the start of the model simulation.Insome cases,where the initial surface elevationcanbe
assumedtobe at groundlevel,the bathymetryfile mayalsobe usedasinitial surface condition.
 Precipitationand Evaporation: Precipitationandevaporationcanbe specifiedasconstantor
time seriesfile.Intensityisinmm/day.Also,whenusingrainfall,the userassumes100% runoff,
whichmay or maynot be appropriate if significantinfiltrationandstorage canoccur inthe soil
or groundmaterial. Double precisionmode isneededtocalculate appropriatelysmall
incrementsof rainfall andaccumulation.
 Eddy Viscosity: The eddyviscosity canbe specifiedasconstant,Smagorinskyornil. Also,types
can be flux basedorvelocitybased.But Smagorinsky andvelocitybasedcreates stability
problem,hence usuallyconstantflux basedviscosityisused. Also,if levels/velocityshowstoo
frequentchange,itshouldbe increased.
 Resistance/BedFriction:Two typesof resistance constantsnamelyManning orChezyisused.
Thiscan be definedconstantoverthe areaordifferentbasedonlanduse/landcovermaps. It
shouldbe notedthatMIKE 21 takesinverse of resistanceconstants,i.e. aManningresistance of
0.025 isusedas 40. Manning'sresistance increasesthe CPUtime ascalculationshappenin
h^(1/6) foreach grid.Chezytakescomparativelylessertime.Itshouldbe notedthatwithlow
resistance there isincrease inmodelinstability.
 Finallythe resultfile needstobe specified. The outputitemconsistsof Waterlevel,P-Flux,Q-
Flux, Surface elevation, U-velocity,V-velocity, Stillwaterdepth,ShearstressX-direction and
ShearstressY-direction.The resultcanbe savedas type *.dfs0,*.dfs1and *.dfs2 fileswhichis
defaultfile systemfortimeseries,profileseriesand gridseriesfile. There isoptionof savingat
specifiedtime steptoreduce diskspace.Also,optionallywe canselectandsave onlythose
areas where ourinterestlies.
Figure 6 Dhannsiri river flooding in NNagaland and Guwahati urban flooding study using MIKE 21

9. MIKE FLOOD Setup
Aftercompletingthe MIKE11 andMIKE 21 setup,the modelsneedtobe linkedusingMIKEFLOOD
couplingfile.Inpresence of MIKEURBAN setup,itcan alsobe linked. Itsgoodpractice to checkthe
individualstabilityof MIKE11 andMIKE 21 setupsas FLOODsimulationcannotrunif 1D-2D setups
cannot runisolated.
The general stepsinthe processare:
1. Create a new*.couple file.
2. As we are linkingMIKE11 and 21 setups,lateral linkcouplingneedstobe done.
3. To use the automatedlateral couplingtool,rightclickonthe maplayoutand choose the option
Linkriverbranch to MIKE21. Inthe dialogthatappears,choose Lateral Link,andselectLeft
bank.In the LinkInfosectioninputthe Rivername (Wamukhra),thenclickonthe TopoID field
and itwill automaticallyinsertTopoID,upstreamanddownstreamchainages.Repeatthisfor
rightbank of the river.Each time whenyouadda link,a new line will be addedinthe dialogjust
above the layout,anda greenline will show upinlayouttoindicate the locationof linkage.
Blocking out river cells:Insome cases(if yourrivercoversmore than one grid cell),cellslyingin
the mainriverbedbetweenthe leftandthe rightleveemaybe blockedout.Thismaybe done
to ensure thatmass isnot double counted.
4. Once we finishaddinglinkage,we shouldgotoLateral linkoptionsinNavigation,thenspecify
parameterslike depthtolerance,Friction,etc.Forasimple model we cankeepother
parametersasdefaultexceptresistance whichwe needtospecify asperourbedmaterial/area
landuse.
5. Finallywe canstart the Simulation fromRunmenu byclickingstartsimulationbutton.
The simulationcantake fewminutestohoursor evendaysdependinguponourstudyarea,
simulationtime,gridsize andselectionof variousparameters (suchasManningor Chezy
resistance).A numberof logfilesare createdinthe process. The detailsof simulationcanbe
checkedfromthese logfiles. Incase of model instabilityalso,errorlogsare createdinthese log
files,whichcanbe referredto make changesand bringstabilityinthe model.

10. 6. Aftersuccessful simulationwe canview the resultsandchecktheiraccuracyusingMIKE Result
ViewerandAnimator(for3Dviewing). Properinterpretationof resultsneed relevantexperience
inthe fieldandknowledgeof hydrodynamics. Special care shouldbe takensothatassumed
parametersdonot have adverse effectonthe waterdepth,flux andvelocity. Also,the final
resultscanbe convertedto*.asc filesorkml/kmzfilesandimportedtoGISor Google Earth for
betterviewing.

11. RIVER FLOOD MODELLING using HEC-RAS and GeoRAS
HydrologicEngineeringCenter's RiverAnalysisSystem orHEC-RAS inshortisa one-dimensional steady
flowhydraulicmodel designedtoaidhydraulicengineersin channel flow analysisandfloodplain
determination. HEC-GeoRAS isatool forArcGIS for pre and/orpost-processingof GISdataand HEC-RAS
resultsforfloodinundationmapping.
HEC-RASand HEC-GeoRASisfreelyavailablefrom HydrologicEngineeringCenter,U.S.ArmyCorpsof
Engineerswebsite:
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/
DifferentHEC-GeoRASinstallersare availableforArcGIS 9.3, 10 and10.1. Before installingwe have to
make sure that any oldversionsof HEC-GeoRAS,APFramework,MSXMLor XML Data Exchange Toolsare
properlyuninstalled.
In thistutorial we will explain briefly abasicsetupof HEC-RASmodel usingHEC-GeoRAStoolbarin
ArcGIS.
HEC-GeoRASsetupprocedure:
1. OpenArcMap. HEC-GeoRASwill be loadedasatoolbarinArcMap.
We should alsoactivate the Editortoolbar,Spatial Analystand3D Analyst ,as they will be
neededlater.
2. Create yourWorkingdirectory. Save youremptyArcMap map inyour workingdirectory.
3. The main data inputforcreatingfloodplainsforariverisa digital terrainmodel (DTM)/Digital
Elevationmodel (DEM)
4. We are now readyto create the RAS layersinArcMap, which are usedto create geometricdata
setsthat will be modeledin HEC-RAS.The RASlayerscreatedwill be storedcollectivelyina
GeoDatabase,whichHEC-GeoRAScreatesautomatically.Bydefault,thisGeoDatabase will be
DEM TIN

12. savedinthe same locationas the ArcMap projectwithwhichyouare workingandwill be given
the same name.
5. To create the RASlayers,onthe HEC-GeoRAStoolbar,selectRASGeometry/Create RASLayers
/ All.We can alsocreate layersone byone selectingonlythe oneswe need. The created layers
will be showninthe Table of ContentsinArcGIS.
6. Nowwe have to digitalize eachindividuallayersusingeditingtoolsinArcMap.
i) StreamCenterline Layer: Thislayerwill be used todigitize (draw)the riverreachnetwork
for the systemyouare studying. Multiple networksof streams canbe digitalizedand
modelled withHEC-GeoRAS
Note:Alwaysdigitizethe streaminthe directionof flow.Thatis,you mustbeginatthe most
upstreamendof the stream,and workyour waydownstreamendingat the outletor
beginningof the nextdownstreamreach.
ii) River Reach Name: Each riverand eachreach withineachrivermusthave a name which
uniquelyidentifiesit.The RiverReachIDtool on the HEC-GeoRAStoolbarwill allowyouto
numberthe reaches. Afterlabelingthe riverreach,openandexamine the attribute tablefor
the rivercenterline “River”.Notice thatmanyof the fieldsinthe attribute table have been
automaticallypopulated.
iii) NetworkConnectivity :Next,we will populate the “ToNode”and“From Node”fieldsinthe
Rivercenterlineattribute table.Fromthe HEC-GeoRAStoolbarselectRASGeometry/
StreamCenterlineAttributes/Topology. Selectthe name of yourstreamcenterlineand
terrainTIN inthe drop-downmenus andthenselectOK.
Next,todetermine the lengthof eachreachand populate the “FromSta”and“ToSta”
fieldsinthe attribute table,fromthe HEC-GeoRAStoolbarselectRASGeometry/
StreamCenterlineAttributes/ Lengths/Stationsfrom the menu.

13. iv) BankLines Layer : The purpose of creatingthislayeristodistinguishbetween the main
channel of the riverand the floodplains(overbanks) of the river.The banklines will be
createdinsimilarfashionasthe rivercenterlineandalsostartingfromupstream.Contour
linescan alsohelpguide youdigitizethe banklines.
v) FlowpathCenterlines : The flowpath centerline layerisasetof linesthatfollowsthe center
of massof the waterflowingdownthe river.Forthe mainchannel,the streamcenterlineis
the flowpathcenterline.Forthe channel overbanks(floodplains),the flowpathcenterlineis
locatedin the centerof the overbank,andissetslightlyoutsidethe mainchannel banklines.
Note that the widthsof the floodplainsare unknownthusfar.The flowpathcenterlinesare
usedto calculate the downstreamreachlengthsbetweencross-sections.
 SelectRASGeometry/Create RASLayers / FlowpathCenterlines.Anoptionwillbe
shownforcopyingthe streamcenterline asyourmainchannel flowpathline. You
still needtodigitizethe overbankflowpathlinesinthe downstream direction.
 Next,youneedtolabel eachflowpathlineusingthe AssignLine Type tool .
Afterclickingonthe AssignLine Type tool,clickona Flowpaths line,andthen
selectthe correctoption(i.e.,rightorleft) inthe window thatpopsup. Repeatwith
all three flowpaths. Note the rightflowpathisthe line onyourrightif
youwere lookingdownstreamandwaterwashittingyouinthe back.
vi) XS CutLines : Cross-sectional cutlines are usedtodefinecross-sectionsalongthe channel
networkbyusingvertical planes(i.e.,the XScutlines) to cutthe terrainTIN.There are a few
importantrulestokeepinmindwhen drawingcross-sectioncutlines.
• Cut linesshouldbe perpendiculartothe directionof flow.Youcan use boththe river
centerline andthe flowpathlinestoassistyouinthistask.
• Cut linesshouldbe drawndirectionallyfromlefttorightbank.
• Cut linesshouldextendfarenoughoneitherside of the channel toencompassthe entire
portionof the floodplainyouwanttomodel.Theyshouldendatthe same elevationatboth
ends.
• Cut linesshouldnotintersecteachother.
• Cut linesshouldbe spacedclose enoughtoaccountfor notable changesinthe
hydraulicsorgeometryof the stream, suchas changesin discharge,slope,cross
BanksdigitalizedRivercentreline

14. sectionshape,roughnessorpresence of hydraulicstructures(bridges,levees,
weirs.)
• Each bridge intersectionwillrequire4cut lines, 2upstreamof the bridge and2
downstreamof the bridge.
As youare drawingcut linesyoucanpreview the cross-sectionusingthe XSPlottool. This
feature will helpyouensure youare drawingyourcross-sectionslongenoughtocapture the
entire floodplain.
vii) Attributing Cross-Section CutLines& Creating a 3D FeatureClass : Now,we will populatethe
attribute table of the XSCutLinesfeatureclasswe justdigitized.Fromthe HEC-GeoRAS
toolbar,selectRASGeometry/XSCut Line Attributes/All.
Selectthe correctlayername for eachitem on the list.The first5 itemson the listwill be
usedto populate the emptyfieldsinthe attribute tableof the XSCutLinesfeature class.The
lastitem(i.e.,XSCutLinesProfiles)isthe name of anew feature classthatwill be created.
The 2Dfeature class XSCutLineswill be intersectedwiththe TIN tocreate a feature classwith
3Dcross-sectioncutlines. Aftercompleting, openthe attributetable of the new feature class
XSCutLines3Dandexamine the populatedfields.
viii) Bridges/Culverts: Bridgesandculvertsare treatedsimilarlytocreatingthe cross-section
layer.Beginaneditingsession,andthenselectCreate New Feature forthe TaskandBridges
as the Target layerinthe Editor toolbar.Digitize linestracingeachbridge/culvertcrossing
Cross-sections

15. for the stream.Bridges/culvertsfollowthe same directional rulesasthe cross-sectionlayer.
Remembertodrawthemfromleftoverbanktorightoverbank.Youcan use the TIN,the
contourslayer,or the aerial photoprovidedinthe datafoldertolocate eachbridge and
draw a line alongthe centerline of the bridge withoutintersectingthe crosssections.Extend
your line beyondthe endsof the bridge,sothatyouare sure to capture the topographyof
the section.Once finished,save editsandendyoureditsession.
ix) Attributing Bridges/Culverts& Creating a 3D FeatureClass : From the HEC-GeoRAStoolbar,
selectRASGeometry/Bridges/Culverts/ All.
x) OptionalRASLayers: Apartfrom layersmentionedabove,there are several emptyfeature
classes(SAConnections,StorageAreas,IneffAreas,BlockedObs, LandUse…) thatwere
createdat the beginning.Theycanbe populated whentheirapplicationis necessary and
complicacyneededinmodels.
7. ExportingGISData to HEC-RAS:
The final model shouldbe exportedfromGISintoHEC-RASformatfor Simulation.The export
procedure includes:
i. Selecting Datafor Export:Fromthe HEC-GeoRAStoolbar,selectRASGeometry/Layer
Setupfromthe menu.The LayerSetupwindow withfourtabs(RequiredSurface,
RequiredLayers,OptionalLayersandOptional Tables)willappear.The purpose of the
Layer Setupmenuistodefine whichlayerswill be exportedtoHEC-RAS. Inactive menu
itemsi.e.whichare notused will show aNull value.Once youhave made all your
selectionsinthe LayerSetuptabs,selectOK.
ii. Exporting GISData:From the HEC-GeoRAStoolbar,selectRASGeometry/ExtractGIS DATA menuitem.
Choose a file name anddirectorytosave the data in. By defaultthe name isGIS2RAS.Keepsame or
change and save it inyourworkingdirectory
Hydraulic Analysis in HEC-RAS
HEC-RAScan performsteadyandunsteady simulationof riverflow inone dimension. The current
versionis HEC-RAS4.1.0.
 Starting a project:
Start HEC-RASfrom programs. SelectFile/New Projectfromthe mainHEC-RASinterface.
Browse to yourworkingdirectoryandcreate a new folderinitto store the HEC-RAS files
separately.Enteratitle andfilename forthe project(theycanhave the same name) andselect
OK.Note that by defaultthe unitsare “US CustomaryUnits”,can be changedto "Metric" as per
necessity.

16.  Importing RAS LayersfromGIS: Openthe GeometricDatawindow byselecting
fromthe mainHEC-RASuserinterface.SelectFile /ImportGeometryData/ GIS
Format. In the browserwhichappears,navigate toyourworkingdirectorywhere you
storedthe RAS GIS importfile GIS2RAS(notice itiscalledGIS2RAS.RASImport.sdf)
and selectit.SelectOKinthe browsingwindow.
The Import Optionswindow withfourtabswill appear. Choose appropriate unitsystem,then
pressNext.The secondtabis forselectingriverreachstreamlines.The thirdtabisCross
SectionsandIB Nodes.Thistablistsall of our cross-sectionsaswell asthe structures.The fourth
tab isfor any storage areasor storage connections. Finally, selectFinished –ImportData from
the ImportOptionswindow.
Perform Steady
Simulation
Perform Unsteady
Simulation
Edit/Enter
Geometric data
Edit/Enter
Steadydata
Edit/Enter
Unsteadydata
View cross-
sections
View
Profiles
Stage andflow
hydrographs

17. EnteringAdditionalDatainthe HEC-RASModel:The GeometricDatawindow canbe usedto
entermore data aboutthe stream.
i. Cross-SectionPointsFilter:HEC-RASallowsamaximumof 500 data pointspercross-
section.HEC-RAShasa cross-sectionpointsfilter,whichwillallow ustodelete excess
and duplicate points.
ii. Manning’sRoughnessValues(n): We needtoenterManning’s n valuesforeachcross-
section.Inthe GeometricData window selectTables/Manning’s n or k values.Inthe
EditManning’s n or k Valueswindow,select(All Rivers)fromthe drop-downbox inthe
Riveroption.Youwill see all of yourcross-sections andanystructures listedinthe table,
withblankspaceswhere youwill type inyourn values.
The fields n#1 andn#3 are for the Manning’sn valuesforthe overbanks(floodplains).
Similarly,the field n#2is forthe mainchannel Manning’snvalue.Once you’ve
populatedthe whole table,selectOK.Make sure yousave yourgeometrydataagain to
retainthisinformation.

18. iii. Cross-Sectioneditor:The cross-sectioneditorisusedtosee the cross-sectionpointsand
modifyif needed.Clickonthe button(orbyrightclickingonthe cross-sectionsin
geometriceditor) tobringthe general/tabularcross-sectioneditorasshown below.The
leftside showsthe stationdistance andcorrespondingelevation.The button canbe
usedto show/hidethe cross-sectionplotonthe right.
Anymodificationtocross-sectioncanbe done by openingthe graphical cross-section
editorusing button.
iv. RiverProfile:The riverprofile plot,profile tableandxyzplotcan be seenbyleftclicking
on the riverin GeometricView.
HEC-RAS Simulation
UNSTEADY FLOW ANALYSIS
HEC-RAScan do steady,unsteadyandquasi-steadysimulation,althoughhere we will giveabrief tutorial
on unsteadysimulationonly.
 Unsteadydata input and editing:
Once the geometricdatais entered,the unsteadyflow dataforsimulationcanbe entered.The unsteady
flowdataeditorscreencan be broughtby selecting Unsteady Flow Data fromEditmenu.

19. Here we can enterboundaryconditionsatall the external boundariesof the systemaswell asany
desiredinternal locations,andsetthe initial flow andstorage areaconditionsatthe simulation.
BoundaryConditions:
The primaryboundaryconditionsavailable are -
 Stagehydrograph - Upstream/downstreamapplicable
 FlowHydrograph - mostlyusedasUpstreamcondition
 Rating Curve- downstreamcondition.Shouldbe usedsufficientlydownstreamfromstudyareato
minimize anyerrors
 NormalDepth - Can be usedas downstreamcondition.Similarlylikeratingcurve shouldbe used
sufficientlydownstreamfromstudyareato minimizeanyerrors
 Stage/Flowhydrograph - Mixedboundaryconditionwhere stage hydrographisinsertedas upstream
boundaryuntil the stage hydrographrunsoutof data, at whichtime the flow hydrographis
automaticallyswitchedtoasthe boundarycondition
Initial conditions: Initial conditions of the system atthe beginningof unsteadysimulationshould
be entered. Itconsistsof stage and flow informationateachof the cross-sectionaswell as
elevationfromanystorage areasdefinedinthe system.
 PerformingUnsteadyFlowcalculation
Afterenteringthe geometryandunsteadyflow data,the unsteadyflow calculationscanbe
performed. Thiscanbe done by clicking Unsteady flow analysis inRun menu.
There are three componentswhichare usedwhilerunningsimulationwithHEC-RAS
GeometricData Preprocessor,Unsteadyflow simulatorandOutputpost-processor.
The geometricpreprocessor isusedtoprocessthe geometricdataintoa seriesof hydraulic
propertiestables,ratingcurves,andfamilyof ratingcurves.Thisisdone tospeedupthe
unsteadyflowcalculations.

21. References:
C Goswami, R Pebam, D Chutia, SB Borah, S Sudhakar (2012). Mapping of Flood Inundated
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CM Bhatt, G. Srinivasa Rao, Asiya Begum, P. Manjusree, S. V. S. P. Sharma, L. Prasanna, V.
Bhanumurthy (2013). Satellite Images for Extraction of Flood Disaster Footprints and Assessing
the Disaster impact: Brahmaputra floods of June–July 2012, Assam, India. Current science;
104(12):1692-1700.
UR Rao (1994). Floods and Droughts. IAF COSPAR Symposium on Space Applications for Disaster
Prevention, Warning, Mitigation and Relief. Viena Feburary 21-22.