The theory of comparative advantage, first developed by English economist David Ricardo in 1817, is a theory about the potential gains from trade for companies, countries or people that arise on account of differences in factor endowments or technological progress.
Trade policy governs exports from and imports into a country.
Guided by the Export-Import (EXIM) Policy of the Government of India which is Regulated by the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992
It contains various policy with respect to imports and exports i.e. export promotional measures, policies and procedures related thereof. Policy was prepared and announced by the Central Government (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) for every 5 years of span.
The term import is derived from the conceptual meaning as to bring in the goods and services into the port of a country. The buyer of such goods and services is referred to an "importer" who is based in the country of import where the overseas based seller is referred to as an "exporter". Thus an import is any good(e.g. a commodity) or service brought in from one country to another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. It is a good that is brought in from another country for sale. Imported goods or services are provided to domestic consumers by foreign producers. An import in the receiving country is an export to the sending country.
The theory of comparative advantage, first developed by English economist David Ricardo in 1817, is a theory about the potential gains from trade for companies, countries or people that arise on account of differences in factor endowments or technological progress.
Trade policy governs exports from and imports into a country.
Guided by the Export-Import (EXIM) Policy of the Government of India which is Regulated by the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992
It contains various policy with respect to imports and exports i.e. export promotional measures, policies and procedures related thereof. Policy was prepared and announced by the Central Government (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) for every 5 years of span.
The term import is derived from the conceptual meaning as to bring in the goods and services into the port of a country. The buyer of such goods and services is referred to an "importer" who is based in the country of import where the overseas based seller is referred to as an "exporter". Thus an import is any good(e.g. a commodity) or service brought in from one country to another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. It is a good that is brought in from another country for sale. Imported goods or services are provided to domestic consumers by foreign producers. An import in the receiving country is an export to the sending country.
Group 7
AGUILA, Don George Kinsee M.
DIMACULANGAN, Shella H.
DINGLASAN, Rydg Chrejt V.
MANTUANO, Dannah Francesca B.
OLAN, Elona Mathel B.
PAALA, Kaycee Ericka B.
PROMENTILA, Julie Anne E.
A2D - Macecon
A power point presentation about India foreign trade's introduction, compostion of its imports and exports, also the direction of its imports and exports, with the help of some data diagrams.
The trade theory that first indicated importance of specialization in production and division of labor is based on the idea of theory of absolute advantage which is developed first by Adam Smith in his famous book The Wealth of Nations published in 1776.
Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation’s import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves. While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, the gains may not be mutually beneficial. Comparative advantage focuses on the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges.
Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country producing it.
Countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries
In economics, principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.
Group 7
AGUILA, Don George Kinsee M.
DIMACULANGAN, Shella H.
DINGLASAN, Rydg Chrejt V.
MANTUANO, Dannah Francesca B.
OLAN, Elona Mathel B.
PAALA, Kaycee Ericka B.
PROMENTILA, Julie Anne E.
A2D - Macecon
A power point presentation about India foreign trade's introduction, compostion of its imports and exports, also the direction of its imports and exports, with the help of some data diagrams.
The trade theory that first indicated importance of specialization in production and division of labor is based on the idea of theory of absolute advantage which is developed first by Adam Smith in his famous book The Wealth of Nations published in 1776.
Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation’s import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves. While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, the gains may not be mutually beneficial. Comparative advantage focuses on the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges.
Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country producing it.
Countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries
In economics, principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.
Basic introduction about business, trade and international trade.
• International Trade, basic concepts of international economics, international business, profit entities, non-profit organizations., limited liability companies, small operations, Trade, buying and selling of goods, buying and selling of goods services, exchange of goods or services, exchange between two countries, import, export, EXIM, Foreign exchange, overseas trade, sold overseas, Visible trade, Invisible trade, boost nations’ wealth, cheaper product or service, living standards, foreign suppliers, better quality, availability, foreign currency, Adam Smith (1723-1790), Scottish moral philosopher, political economy, no sufficient resources, surplus, heart of today’s global economy, Price, quality, quantity, customer satisfaction, Availability, demand, Comparative Advantage, Economies of Scale, Jobs, transfer of technology, Over-Specialization, New Companies, National Security
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1947).
The mission of Good Pharmacy Practice is to provide Medication and Health care products & services to people and society to achieve good outcome from treatment.
FSSAI
Challenges and Shortcomings
and Definitions.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been set up under Food Safety Act, 2006 which solidifies different Acts and Orders that have until now taken care of food-related issues in different Ministries and Departments. FSSAI has been made for setting down science-based benchmarks for articles of food and to manage their production, deal, and import to guarantee accessibility of protected and healthy food for human utilization.
FSSAI-Food Safety and Standards Authority of India – is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. FSSAI was set up in 2006 under Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA).
A sales promotion is a marketing strategy in which a business uses a temporary campaign or offer to increase interest or demand in its product or service.
Sales promotion helps make personal selling and advertising more effective.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
Biomedical waste
‘Bio-medical waste’ means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research pertaining thereto or in the production or testing thereof.
FIRST AID
First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range.
•First aid is normally performed until the injury or illness is satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until the next level of care, such as a paramedic or doctor, arrives.
•First aid is an emergency aid or treatment given to someone injured, suddenly ill, etc., before regular medical services arrive or can be reached.
Food can be defined as anything edible that can be solid, semisolid or liquid which when swallowed, digested and assimilated in the body, proves useful to it. These substances not only keep the person alive, but also provide energy used for growth and development, regulate the body processes and protect the body from diseases.
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
Prohibited Advertisements under the Drug & Magic remedies Act 1954:-
Prohibition of Advertisement of Certain Drugs for Treatment of Certain Diseases and Disorders:-
The procurement of miscarriage in women or prevention of conception in women; or
The maintenance or improvement of the capacity of human beings for sexual pleasure;
The correction of menstrual disorder in women; or
The diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of any disease, disorder or condition specified in the Schedule, or any other disease, disorder or condition which may be specified in the rules made under this Act (Sch. J).
State pharmacy council and joint state pharmacy council:
Under the Pharmacy Act each Sate Govt. is required to constitute a state pharmacy council for the maintenance of register of Pharmacists of the State and to monitor their professional activities.
Two or more states can also enter into an agreement to form a Joint State Pharmacy Council.
More from Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy (20)
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. TRADE
The word “Trade means buying, selling and exchange of goods.” Trade may be
described as the nucleus of commercial activity. A trader purchases goods to be sold
to other traders or consumers at a profit. Generally he buy those goods which are in
demand or which are likely to find in the market. Sometime they may get good
margin on profit but sometime they may go in loss.
The producers build the goods, then it transfer to the whole seller, then to a retailer
and finally reached to the consumer.
Traders act as intermediaries between producer and consumers.
3. Classification of Trade
Trade generally classified into two broad categories'
1- Internal Trade
2- International Trade
Internal
Trade
Foreign
Trade
4. 1- Internal trade
It is also called home trade and consist of sale and exchange of goods
within the boundaries of a country. The payment involved in business
transaction are made in the nation’s own currency directly or through
banking system.
The movements of goods is through internal transport system owned
by state government, central government or by any private agencies.
The internal trade is carried on the following basis:-
1. Wholesale trade 2. Retail trade
5. Wholesale Trade
They are the people who buy in bulk from the producers and sell in
small quantities to the retailers. The wholesaler served as a link
between the procedure or manufacturer of goods and the retail
traders.
Drug Mfg plant
Finished Drug
Product
6. Retail Trade
Retailers are the traders who buy goods from wholesalers or sometimes directly
from producers and sell them to the consumers. They usually operate through a
retail shop and sell goods in small quantities. They keep a variety of items of daily
use.
Retailer act as a link between wholesaler and the actual consumer.
In Pharmaceutical trade, the chemist or the druggist plays the role of a retailer.
Thus a retailer chemist in a outlet for providing drugs or health-care services to the
patient.
A retailer dispenses the prescription of the medical practitioner and sells medicines
to a patient.
7. International Trade or Foreign Trade
International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between the
countries. In simple words, it means the export and import of goods and services.
Export means selling goods and services out of the country, while import means
goods and services flowing into the country.
International trade supports the world economy, where prices or demand and
supply are affected by global events. The movement of goods is through
international transport system.
8. Types of International Trade
Foreign trade is conducted mostly on wholesale basis and is subdivided in
to:-
(a) Import trade
(b) Export trade
(c) Entrepot trade
(a) Import- Import trade means purchasing goods and services from a foreign
country because they cannot be produced in sufficient quantities or at a
competitive cost in your own country.
For example, India imports 80-82% of its crude oil requirements from countries
like UAE and Venezuela. This is because these countries possess massive oil
fields and are quite competent in exploring, processing, and transporting oil at an
economical rate. Similarly, UAE imports agriculture and apparel based products
from India because it is easier and cheaper to import these, rather than produce
them in their own country.
9. (b) Export Trade-
Quite like its import counterpart, export trade is a type of international
trade which relies on selling locally manufactured goods and services to foreign
countries. In theory, it is considered to be just the opposite of import trade.
For example, India exports inorganic chemicals, oilseeds, raw ores, iron and steel,
plastics, and dairy products to a country like China. In return, China exports
electrical equipment, organic chemicals, silk, mineral fuels, and fertilizers to India.
These goods are exchanged between both countries so that they can make the most
of their respective production capacities.
10. (c) Entrepot Trade-
Entrepot trade, in simple terms, is a specific form of international trade that
comprises both – import and export trade. Under this type, goods and services are
imported from one country so that they can further be exported to another country.
This is to say that the imported goods are not used for consumption or sale in the
importing country. Instead, the importing country just adds some value to the
goods before exporting them yet again.
For example, if India imports rubber from Thailand, processes it, and re-exports it
to another country like Japan, it would be referred to as Entrepot trade.
Most countries deal in Entrepot trade because of the following reasons:
1. Lack of access or direct connection between any two countries
2. Better processing or logistical facilities available with a third country
3. Absence of a trade agreement between two countries
4. No trade finance in banking facilities available in the importing country
11. Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade
Advantages:-
Optimal use of natural resources
• Global trade helps countries to make optimum use of their natural resources. Each
nation concentrates on the production of those products for which the resources are
available in abundance and best suited.
Availability of a wide variety of goods
• It lets a country, it import items which are not produced due to higher costs or
other issues. Likewise, selling goods to foreign countries allows a nation to get rid
of its excess production.
Specialization
• Foreign trade results in specialization and promotes manufacturing of different
products in different nations. Due to competitive advantages, goods can be
produced at a relatively low cost, and this benefit all countries.
Increased efficiency
• Since international trade is highly competitive, produces in any country tries to
make good quality products at low rates. This in turn boosts efficiency and benefits
customers all over the world.
12. Establishment of new industries and exchange of technique and technology:
• Underdeveloped nations are able to establish new industries with the technical
know-how, machinery and equipment imported from developing and developed
nations. As such, underdeveloped countries are able to develop speedily.
Understanding and cooperation between countries:
• Through global trade, people of different regions come in close contacts with each
other. As a result of this, understanding, co-operation and cordial relations tend to
build up among nations at large.
Foreign Exchange:
• A country is able to earn valuable foreign exchange by exporting its goods to other
countries. With the help of foreign exchange it can purchase goods of its need from
other countries.
Culture development
• The trade people of different countries come in contact with each other through
international trade. They learn about each other’s culture qualities.
13. Disadvantages:-
Impediment in the Development of Home Industries:
• International trade has an adverse effect on the development of home industries. It
poses a threat to the survival of infant industries at home. Due to foreign
competition and unrestricted imports, the upcoming industries in the country may
collapse.
Economic Dependence:
• The underdeveloped countries have to depend upon the developed ones for their
economic development. Such reliance often leads to economic exploitation. For
instance, most of the underdeveloped countries in Africa and Asia have been
exploited by European countries.
Mis-use of Natural Resources:
• Excessive exports may exhaust the natural resources of a country in a shorter span
of time than it would have been otherwise. This will cause economic downfall of the
country in the long run.
Trade Wars:
• International trade breeds rivalries amongst nations due to competition in the foreign
markets. This may eventually lead to wars and disturb world peace.
14. Effect on culture:
• There are so many goods which are not suitable in accordance with our couture
and traditions etc. The import of these goods affect our culture and civilization.
Shortage of goods in a country:
• To earn more profits, sometimes the traders prefers to sell the goods to other
countries than in their own country. This results in the shortage of goods within
the country.