4. TRACHOMA
• Trachoma; is a contagious disease of the eye caused by infection with
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS
Trachoma is a contagious its spread through contact with eyes
eyelids and nose or throat secretion of infected people
It can also be spread through handling infected items such as
handkerchiefs
5.
6. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF TRACHOMA
• The World H EALTH Organization (WHO) has identified five stages in
development of trachoma
1. Inflammation –follicular .it is early stage where follicles (small
bumps that contain lymphocytes a type of white blood cell) is
visible under magnification on the inner surface of your upper
eyelid
2. Inflammation –intense .in this stage the eye is highly infectious and
becomes irritated with a thickening or swelling of the upper eyelid
3. Eyelid scarring .Repeated infectious lead to scarring of inner eyelid .
The scars often appears as white lines when examined with
magnification
7. STAGES CONT…
4) In-turned eyelashes (tichiasis) . The scared inner lining of your
eyelid continues to deform causing the lashes to turn in so that
they rub on andscratch the transparent outer surface of the eye
(cornea)
5) Corneal clouding (opacity) . The cornea becomes affected by an
inflammation
NB: All the sign of trachoma are more severe in the upper eyelid tha in
the lower eyelid
8. SYMPTOMS OF TRACHOMA
i. At first trachoma may cause mild itching and irritation of the eyes
and eyelids
ii. Eye discharging containing mucus or pus
iii. Eyelid swelling
iv. Light sensitivity (photophobia) which mean eye discomfort in light
v. Eyes pain
vi. Redness of the eye
vii. Vision loss
9.
10. MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF TRACHOMA
It is easily spread through direct personal contact such as from
fingers through shared towels and clothes
It is also spread through flies that have been in contact with the eye
of an infected person
NB: Prolonged contact is the one which can spread the disease
therefore handshaking and hugs can not spread
11.
12. COMPLICATION OF TRACHOMA
• One episode of trachoma caused by chlamydia trachomatis can be
easily treated with early detection and use of antibiotic .Repeated or
secondary infection can lead to complications including:
1. Scarring of the inner eyelid
2. Eyelid deformities such as an inward folding eyelid (entropion) or
ingrown eyelashes (trichiasis) which can scratch the cornea
3. Corneal scarring or cloudiness
4. Partial or complete vision loss
13.
14. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE OF TRACHOMA
• Doctor can diagnose trachoma through a physical examination
• It can also be diagnosed by sending a sample of bacteria from the eye
to a laboratory for testing
15. TREATMENT OF TRACHOMA
MEDICATIONS
In the early stages of trachoma treatment with antibiotic alone may be
enough to eliminate the infection whereby a doctor may prescribe
TETRACYLINE eye ointment or oral AZITHROMYCIN (ZITHROMAX)
SURGERY
Treatment of later stage of trachoma including painful eyelid
deformities may require surgery
16. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Good hygiene practices such as washing hands and face with soap so
as remove discharge from eye and nose
• Fly control .Reducing fly population can help to eliminate a source of
transmission
• Proper waste management . Properly disposing of animal and human
waste can reduce breeding ground for flies
• Improved access to water .having a fresh water source nearby can
help to improve hygienic conditions
18. SCABIES
• I s an infestation of the skin by human the human itch mite called
SARCOPTESSCABEI
• The microscopic scabies mite burrows into the upper layer of the skin
where it lives and lays egg
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
It is usually spread by direct prolonged skin –to skin contac with
infected person .contact generally must be prolonged therefore a quick
hand shake or hug usually will not spread scabies
19.
20.
21. SYMPTOMS OF SCABIES
After the mite burrows into the skin ;it takes time to develop signs and
symptoms ;If you have had scabies before the itching usually begins
within one to four days for a person who never had it before the body
needs time to develop a reaction to mite of which can take two to six
weeks to develop symptoms which include
i. Severe itching which become worse at night
ii. Rashes which causes bumps that often form lines
iii. Sores ;they are mainly caused by scratching of the itchy rash
22.
23. POSSIBLE COMPLICATION
• The intense itching of scabies leads to scratching that can lead to skin
sores . The sore sometimes become infected with bacteria on the skin
such as staphylococcus aureus . Sometimes the bacteria skin
infection can lead an inflammation of kidney called POST
STREPTOCOCCAL GLUMERULONEPHRITIS
24.
25.
26. DIAGNOSIS OF SCABIES
• Diagnosis of scabies is usually made based on the customary
appearance and distribution of the rash and the presence of burrows
• It can also be diagnosed under microscope
TREATMENT OF SCABIES
Product used to teat scabies are called SCABICIDES because they kill
scabies mites ;some also kills eggs and the medicine should be
prescribed by the doctor
