1. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING
• Associative Learning: is a process by which someone
learns an association between two stimuli or behavior
and a stimulus. (can be classical and operant
conditional).
• Latent Learning: is a form of learning that is not
immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs
without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or
association that are learned.
• Perceptual learning: process of learning improve skills
of perception.
2. • Insight learning: immediate and clear
learning/understanding that take place without overt
trial and error testing. Insight occurs in human learning
when people recognize relationships that can help the
solve new problem.
Instrumental learning: it is another name of operant
condition, which introduced by B. F Skinner. It focus into
i. The strength of behavior in modified by behaviors
consequences such as reward or punishment
ii. The behavior is controlled by background
discriminative stimuli which come to signal those
consequences.
4. • In psychology, Memory is the processes by
which the information is encoded, stored
and retrieved.
• Encoding process of receiving, processing and
combining of the received information
• Storage is a processes of creating permanent
record of the encoded information
• Retrieval is to recall/recollection. To call back
the stored information in response to some
cue for use in a process or activity.
5. Types of memory.
1. Sensory memory: this corresponds
approximately to the initial 200-
500miliseconds after an item is perceived. The
ability to look at an item and remember what
it looked like with just a second of
observation/memorization. There are several
type of sensory memory such as Iconic
memory (briefly store an image which has
been perceived for small duration).
6. Cont’d
• Another type is Echoic memory (briefly stores
sounds which has been perceived for a small
duration).
2. Short team memory: it allow the recall for a
period of several seconds to minute without
rehearsal. Its capacity is still very limited. Store of
short memory is 7 plus or minus 2 items/ or order
of 4 to 5 items although memory capacity can
being increase by the processes could CHUNK. Eg
recall the 10 digits of phone, person can CHUNK
into three numbers.
7. Cont’d
3. Long team Memory; can store much large
information than short team memory and
sensory memory. Large quantity of
information for potentially unlimited duration.
Long team memory encodes it semantically. It
maintained by permanent change in neural
connections widely spread throughout the
brain.
8. Why we forgetting.
There are several reasons, most of it are retrieval
failure, interference, failure to store, and
motivated forgetting.
1. Retrieval failure: The inability to retrieve is one
of the most common causes of forgetting.
Usually if the information is not retrieve and
rehearsed several times, it will eventually be lost.
9. Cont’d
2.) Interference: this happen when the information
is very similar to other information of the
previous stored in memory.
It can be proactive interference (when the old
memory makes it more difficult/impossible to
remember as a new memory) or retroactive
interference (occurs when new information
interferes with your ability to remember
previously learned information).
10. Cont’d
3.) Failure to Store: the encoding failures
sometimes prevent information to entering to
long team memory.
4.) Motivated forgetting: we may actively work to
forget memories, especially those of
traumatic/disturbing events/experiences. There
are two basic form of motivated forgetting; a)
suppression (a conscious form of forgetting) b)
repression (an unconscious form of forgetting).
11. How to improve memory
• Memorizing/fixate
• Over learn
• Self recitation
• Review
• Understanding.
